西藏羊八井七弄沟地区全新世温度变化的泥炭汞记录

分析了青藏高原东南部羊八井七弄沟(QNG)地区泥炭中汞浓度含量指示温度变化的意义,通过与其他气候代用指标对比分析,发现泥炭汞能作为气候代用指标反映地区温度。QNG泥炭汞浓度变化记录了七弄沟地区全新世时期9.1~3.5kaBP的温度变化趋势,主要包括3个阶段:第Ⅰ阶段(约9.1~7.2kaBP),处于全新世大暖期,温度较高,波动下降;第Ⅱ阶段(约7.2~5.6kaBP),温度波动剧烈,存在5.9和6.3kaBP两个冷期;第Ⅲ阶段(约5.6~3.5kaBP),在频繁剧烈波动中温度下降。3个阶段分别反映了3次北大西洋浮冰事件(IRD)(8.2、5.9和4.2kaBP事件)。此外,在7.5、6.3、4.7kaBP左右也出现了变冷事件。利用REDFIT对QNG泥炭汞浓度进行红色噪声谱分析,发现其存在1 100、650、450、310以及110a周期,反映了青藏高原地区对不同等级太阳活动变化的响应。     

北大西洋45°N区氧同位素3期以来上层水体性质的变化

北大西洋45°N区是北大西洋冰筏碎屑(IRD)带的中心区,其海洋沉积物包含高分辨率沉积环境和气候变化信息,对45°N区沉积记录的研究有利于反演末次冰期以来古海洋环境的变化.通过对岩心Hu71-377中IRD含量的统计、浮游有孔虫组合及氧和碳同位素(δ18O和δ13C)分析,重建了北大西洋45°N上层水体水团性质演化历史...     

西北冰洋北风脊氧同位素5期以来的水体结构变化:来自有孔虫组合及其氧碳同位素的证据

通过分析采集自北风脊的ARC3-P37岩心中有孔虫组合和浮游有孔虫氧碳同位素的变化,旨在反映深海氧同位素(MIS)5期以来西北冰洋水团和洋流系统对气候变化的响应。ARC3-P37中有孔虫丰度的大量增加可能反映了北太平洋水向西北冰洋的输入。有孔虫组合中浮游有孔虫Neogloboquadrina pachyderma(sin.)(Nps)占90%以上。底栖有孔虫组合以深水种Cibicidoides wuellerstorfi和Oridorsalis umbonatus为主,反映了主要受北极深层水和底层水影响的沉积环境,冷期大西洋水种Cassidulina neoteretis的出现反映了中层水下沉。Nps-δ13 C总体来说在暖期较重,反映较高生产力和海汽交换。而Nps-δ18 O受其生活习性迁移、水温变化、盐跃层深度变化、融冰作用的影响复杂多变,总体在冷期偏重,反映海冰环境,但在受融冰影响阶段反映为轻值。在MIS3期褐色层B2b之上,MIS1和MIS3期的Nps-δ18 O受到海水变暖和融冰水影响偏轻;而在B2b及其下部,暖期Nps-δ18 O偏重可能反映了盐跃层变浅和Nps生活习性向深部迁移。     

南海北部15 kaBP以来表层海水温度变化:来自海洋硅藻的记录

对西太平洋边缘海148个表层硅藻样品中菱形海线藻(Thalassionema nitzschioides)及其小形变种(Thalassionema nitzschioidesvar.parva)的分布与表层海水温度(SST)之间关系进行研究,将菱形海线藻小形变种与所有菱形海线藻百分含量的比值(简称硅藻Rparva值)视为温度指数,开展南海北部MD05-2904孔附近海域15kaBP以来表层海水温度变化研究。结果表明:(1)南海北部15 kaBP以来表层海水温度呈现明显的阶段性波动特点,即末次冰消期气候转暖过程中,12.9~11.5 kaBP前后温度略有下降,与新仙女木事件对应,全新世南海北部气候依次经历了升温期、高温期和降温期3个变化阶段;(2)全新世大暖期鼎盛期结束后,南海北部海水温度阶段下降,两次明显降温分别发生于4 kaBP前后和1.5 kaBP前后;(3)MD05-2904孔硅藻Rparva值时间序列曲线与董哥洞D4石笋δ18O曲线对比表明,南海北部表层海水温度变化与末次冰消期以来东亚季风强度变化关系较为密切。     

东帝汶海30ka以来的表层水和温跃层水温度变化及其古海洋学意义

研究了钻取于东帝汶海印尼穿越流出口处MD98-2172岩心沉积物,分析了浮游有孔虫表层水种Globigerinoides ruber和温跃层水种Pulleniatina obliquiloculata的Mg/Ca值,重建了30kaBP以来东帝汶海区的表层水温度和温跃层水温度。结果显示东帝汶海区末次冰盛期以来表层水温度距早全新世的最大温差约为4.2℃;冰消期间表层水温度有两次显著的降温事件,可分别与新仙女木事件和海因里希事件1对应;约15kaBP以来帝汶海表层水温度与南极大气温度记录同相位变化,说明热带海区与高纬度地区气候变化有着紧密联系。末次冰盛期以来温跃层水温度距早全新世的最大温差约为4℃;全新世温跃层水温度呈现出波动降低的过程,最大降温幅度约3℃;表层水温度和次表层水温度差值在全新世逐渐增加,指示了温跃层深度的持续变浅,这一变化可能与海平面上升、季风活动和厄尔尼诺-南方涛动事件影响的印度尼西亚穿越流次表层流增强有关。     

菲律宾海北部19cal.kaBP以来表层海水温度变化

对菲律宾海北部E-2岩心柱(29.62°N、131.14°E,水深3 877m)进行了浮游有孔虫δ18 O分析、AMS14 C测年以及U3k7表层海水温度(U3k7-SST)的测试。结果表明,E-2岩心记录了约19cal.kaBP以来U3k7-SST变化过程,其末次冰消期整体变化过程与北大西洋高纬地区相似,记录了Heinrich 1(H1)、Blling/Allerd(B/A)和Younger Dryas(YD)等快速气候事件,同时也识别出发生于19.4～19.2和18.5～18.0cal.kaBP的2次变冷事件,说明了研究区与北大西洋气候存在遥相关;在B/A和YD阶段中发现的百年尺度气候波动及变化过程,可能反映了热带过程对研究区域的影响;E-2岩心柱末次冰消期变暖存在阶段性,其变暖时间开始于19.4cal.kaBP,而大幅升温阶段则从15.3cal.kaBP开始。     

南海南部浮游有孔虫氧碳同位素记录的末次冰期以来古环境变迁

以南海南部86GC沉积物柱状样为研究对象,通过对浮游有孔虫氧、碳同位素组成和AMS14C测年的研究,初步确定该柱状样包含了氧同位素3期晚期以来约31 400 a的沉积。结合浮游有孔虫组合和沉积物地球化学记录,分析认为,研究区域末次盛冰期发生于大约29~19 kaBP,其中又以28~26 kaBP为顶峰时段;在大约21~20 kaBP之间,可能有过一次短暂的海平面快速上升事件。单从δ18O记录来看,全新世南海南部的气候和古海洋环境似乎保持着较为稳定的状态,但期间δ13C及其他一些古气候指标却记录了多次回返性事件,反映出由于冬季风的短暂加强,导致全新世该区域气候环境在总体适宜的背景下仍然具有不稳定性。     

末次冰期以来西太平洋暖池变化的浮游有孔虫记录

探讨了末次冰期以来西太平洋暖池区浮游有孔虫动物群变化对环境和全球气候变化的响应。对取自西太平洋暖池核心区WP92-5柱样中的浮游有孔虫及其壳体δ^18O的分析结果表明,西太平洋暖池末次冰期的冬季表层水温比全新世低2℃以上;浮游有孔虫Neogloboquadrina pachyderma的含量变化与Globigerinoides sacculifer的δ^18O值呈明显相关,各时段的峰值可能与YD事件和Heinrich事件H1、H2和H3大致对应,分别出现在21—29、38—46、64—72和106—117cm,^14C年龄约为9．7—11．1、12．8—14．7、19—20．9和26．2—27．4ka B．P．;浮游有孔虫N．pachyderma的含量与G．sacculifer的δ^18O在各峰值之间含有数个频次不等的亚级变化,反映了末次冰期以来西太平洋暖池区气候的短尺度快速变化特征。     

东海泥质沉积区8千年来的有孔虫Mg/Ca和δ~(18)O记录及其古环境意义

对东海陆架泥质沉积区MD06-3040柱状样有孔虫进行了地球化学分析,获得了底栖有孔虫(Rotalinoides gaimardii)Mg/Ca和δ18O及浮游有孔虫(Globigerina bulloides)δ18O等的高分辨率记录。通过与微体化石群、沉积物粒度等古环境替代性指标对比分析,认为研究区有孔虫Mg/Ca和δ18O的变化主要受浙闽沿岸流和台湾暖流及其相关的东亚季风所控制,并推测了研究区近8千年来的古环境演变过程:8.0~4.1 cal.kaBP时期,夏季风盛行,台湾暖流和黑潮发育强盛,底层和表层海水都具有较高的温度、盐度和δ18O值,其中底层海水温度在5.7~5.2和4.6~4.1 cal.kaBP两个时期最高;4.1~0.4 cal.kaBP时期,冬季风盛行,台湾暖流和黑潮影响减弱,浙闽沿岸流发育增强,使海水温度和盐度及δ18O显著下降;0.4 cal.kaBP以来夏季风再次变强,台湾暖流和黑潮的影响随之增强,海水温度又明显上升。     

南海中部全新世以来海山深潜区有孔虫的地球化学记录及反映的气候变化

有孔虫在生长发育过程中能够捕获或黏附周围海水中的钙质或硅质形成自己的壳体,因此有孔虫的地球化学特征能够记录古气候、古海洋和古环境信息。以2017年蛟龙号第136潜次在南海珍贝海山底部约2500 m水深位置精准采集的柱状样品为研究对象,对其中的G.ruber以及G.sacculifer两类浮游有孔虫壳体的Mg/Ca以及碳氧同位素组成进行了分析测试。结果表明自12.6 ka以来该海域表层海水温度(SST)的变化范围为24.4~29.3℃,平均温度为26.2℃,并能够识别出明显的气候突变事件,在时间范围上与新仙女木事件和全新世东亚夏季风突变事件大致吻合。这些突变事件可能受控于ENSO活动和热带辐合带(ITCZ)平均位置的纬向移动,并与北大西洋冰筏事件具有遥相关。此外,发现全新世期间浮游有孔虫G.sacculifer和G.ruber的碳同位素分馏值Δ^13CG.sacculifer-G.ruber与SST变化有关,SST降低时,Δ^13CG.sacculifer-G.ruber呈负偏;而在SST升高时,Δ^13CG.sacculifer-G.ruber呈正偏。     

Comparison between the magnetic and petrological characteristics of the peridotites from the gorringe ridge and the peridotites from the mid-ocean ridges

The purpose of our work was to obtain the most possible detailed information about the composition, concentration, and structural features of the magnetic minerals contained in the rock to reveal the differences in the magnetic properties of the peridotites under various circumstances of the mantle magmatism and different conditions of metamorphism. To do this, we examined and analyzed the magnetic and petrographic characteristics of four collections of oceanic and alpinotype spinel peridotites. The main object for comparing the magnetic characteristics was the Gorringe ridge, which lies in the eastern part of the Atlantic Ocean. The peridotite samples from the Gorringe ridge differ from the other collections in many magnetic parameters: I _n , χ, Q, I _rs /I _s , H _c , H _cr , and H _m . The principal question of our work was to clarify the nature of the Earth’s crust where the Gorringe ridge formed. This subject was studied many times in the literature, but the researchers did not reach a common opinion. In accordance with our data, the spinel peridotites from the Gorringe ridge represent a subcontinental lithosphere mantle of the Iberian continental margin. During the metamorphism, the formation of magnetite occurred in the peridotites of the Gorringe ridge in several stages and had a regressive character. Our investigations explain the results of the analysis of the anomalous magnetic field over the Gorringe ridge, which is characterized by sharp roughness and high intensity of the local signchanging anomalies.     

On the Concentrations of the Dissolved Chemical Elements in the Estuary Water of the Chikugogawa River

When river water mixes with sea water in estuary area, the concentrations of the dissolved element in river water may be changed by either a simple physical mixing process or some complex chemical processes. It has been clarified in the Chikugogawa River estuary area that the change in concentrations of SO ₄ ²⁻ , BO ₃ ³⁻ , Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺ and F⁻ is only due to the mixing process but the change in concentrations of SiO ₃ ²⁻ and Al³⁺ is due to the chemical process in addition to the mixing process.      

The study of the Kuroshio in the East China Sea and the currents east of the Ryukyu Islands

In this study, the inverse method is used to compute the Kuroshio in the East China Sea and southeast of Kyushu and the currents east of the Ryukyu Islands, on the basis of hydrographic data obtained during September-October, 1987 by R/V Chofu Maru. The results show that: (1)A part of the Taiwan Warm Current has a tendency to converge to the shelf break; (2) the Kuroshio flows across the section C3 (PN) with a reduced current width, and the velocity of the Kuroshio at the section C3 increases and its maximum current speed is about 158 cm/s, and its volume transport here is about 26×106m3/s; (3) the Kuroshio has two current cores at the sections C3 (PN) and B2 (at the Tokara Strait); (4) the currents east of the Ryukyu Islands are found to flow northward over the Ryukyu Trench during September-October, 1987. The velocities of the currents are not strong throughout the depths. At the section C2 east of the Ryukyu Islands, the maximum current speed is at the 699 m levei and its magnitude is 25 cm/s, and i     

Flow resistance in the Great Belt,the biggest strait between the North Sea and the Baltic Sea

The Danish Straits are part of the transition area between the North Sea and the central Baltic Sea. More precisely, the Danish Straits connect Kattegat to the Arkona Basin and includes the relatively narrow and shallow sub-areas: Great Belt, Little Belt, Fehmarn Belt and Sound. The flow resistances in the straits are hydraulically determined by among other factors, the contractions, sills and stratification found in the straits. Close to the entrance to the Arkona Basin the Darss and Drogden Sills are located that trap inflowing dense water partially before it enters the central Baltic Sea. Hence, the resistances in the Danish Straits are of crucial importance for the stratification and ecosystems in the central Baltic Sea. The present work comprises calculations of flow resistance in the Great Belt based on measurements collected as part of the Great Belt Fixed Link investigations. The specific resistance in the Great Belt is determined to be an average of 41.2 × 10⁻¹² s² m⁻⁵, but it depends heavily on the interface position. When calculating long-term discharge time-series on the basis of the momentum equation it is advised to apply a seasonal varying resistance.     

Determining the influence of wind-wave breaking on the dissipation of the turbulent kinetic energy in the upper ocean and on the dependence of the turbulent kinetic energy on the stage of wind-wave development

New experimental data that make it possible to explain and predict the observed variability of turbulent-energy dissipation in the upper ocean are discussed. For this purpose, the dependence of the energy dissipation rate of breaking wind waves on their propagation velocity (see [1]) is used. The turbulent-energy dissipation values obtained earlier in [2, 3] by a direct method are compared to the results of radar measurements of individual breaking events presented in [1]. On the basis of this comparison, a strong dependence of the turbulent-energy dissipation value on the stage of wind-wave development, which is characterized by the ratio U _a /c _p (U _a is the wind speed and c _p is the phase speed of the peak of the wind-wave spectrum) is confirmed. This dependence was found earlier purely empirically. Moreover, it is shown that the theoretically obtained dependence (c _p /U _a )⁴, does not contradict the available empirical data. The results of this study opens possibilities for scientifically substantiated calculations of greenhouse-gas exchange (specifically, CO₂ exchange between the ocean and the atmosphere).     

A study on the polyculture of the algae, the shrimp and the crab

A study was made on the polyculture of the red algae Gracilaria tenuistipitata Chang et Xia f. Liui Zhang et Xia, f. nov. , the shrimp Penaeus penicillatus Alcock and the mud crab Scylla serrata (Forskal) . The photosynthesis of the algae produces the oxygen on which the shrimp and the crab breathe. The algae are the reproductive place of the organism for the food of the shrimp and the carb, also is the shelter of the shrimp and the crab. The shrimp and the crab regard the algae as the vegetable     

On the origin and the spreading of the shallow Mediterranean water core in the Iberian basin

The origin and the spreading of the shallow Mediterranean water core (Ms) in the Iberian basin is discussed with a quasi-synoptic hydrographic data set enhanced by chlorofluoromethane (CFM) measurements. Its characteristic density level is found to be σ_t = 27.4. Characterized by high temperature and CFM values, Ms enters the Iberian basin in the region of Cape St Vincent between depths of 500–750 dbar. A heat anomaly of >11.8 × 10⁹ J m⁻² is chosen as the boundary between the presence of Ms and the background field. The core is found in a tongue-like shape as well as in separate isolated eddies of both cyclonic and anticyclonic circulation. Using the optimum multiparameter analysis (Tomczak and Large, 1989, Journal of Geophysical Research, 94, 16141–16149), the North Atlantic Central Water (NACW), which mixes with the Mediterranean outflow to form Ms, turned out to be in the mean 1°C warmer and 0.11 saltier than in regions with minor Mediterranean influence. This points to the Gulf of Cadiz as the origin of Ms, where the Mediterranean oufflows is in contact with NACW of the appropriate characteristics.     

On the influence of the sea surface temperature on the carbon dioxide exchange with the atmosphere

The influence of the sea surface temperature (SST) on the carbon dioxide (CO₂) exchange with the atmosphere at different spatial and temporal scales, which has a multidirectional character, was studied. The initial data included the monthly averages of the CO₂ flux during the period of 1982–2011 at grid nodes of 4° by latitude and 5° by longitude, as well as the SST satellite data from January 1, 1982 to December 31, 2012 at the geographical grid nodes of 0.25° × 0.25°. Statistical models of estimation of the resulting global CO₂ flux were suggested on the basis of data on SST anomalies. It is demonstrated that the SST variations in the equatorial zone mostly control the interannual fluctuations of the resulting CO₂ flux in the ocean-atmosphere system.     

南海北部海区波高与厄尔尼诺关系探究

以欧洲中期天气预报中心的23年再分析风场数据为基础,采用HIRHAM风场模式和SWAN海浪模型对南海北部海域的波浪场进行推算,并将南海北部海域的有效波高与厄尔尼诺指数作对比,探究两者的关系,分析结论如下：（1）南海海域波高具有较强的季节性变化特征,冬季波高大于夏季波高;（2）南海北部海域月平均波高与Niño3.4指数呈负相关,大部分海域呈中度相关,台湾和菲律宾之间的部分海域呈高度相关;（3）在强厄尔尼诺年,南海北部海域的有效波高明显偏小,且厄尔尼诺指数变化越大,波高越小;反之,在强拉尼娜年,南海北部海域的有效波高较大。     

Environmental record from the mud area on the inner continental shelf of the East China Sea since the midHolocene

Paleoclimate record was revealed in Core MZ01 covering the mid-Holocene in age, located in the mud area of the inner continental shelf of the East China Sea. The ancient environment featured low-energy shallow sea shelf deposition formed mainly by coastal currents. The results show that temporal variation in geochemistry corresponds with the climate changes inferred from historical record. Relatively low MgO/Al₂O₃, CaO/K₂O and high Al₂O₃/Na₂O, K₂O/Na₂O, MnO/CaO values reflected a warm and humid climate in general, and vice versa. Therefore, these chemical indices could be applied to identify the variation of palaeoclimate in eastern China. The authors reconstructed the history of mid-Holocene climatic variation of the inner continental shelf of the East China Sea. From 8 300 a BP to 4 200 a BP, the climate was moderately warm and humid. From 4 200 a BP to 2 000 a BP, the climate turned cool and dry, and the regional climate frequently fluctuated in alternation of cool-dry periods (3 700 a BP, 2 850 a BP and 2 400 a BP) and warm-wet periods (3 250 a BP and 2 650 a BP). After 2 000 a BP, the climate of the study area gradually turned warm again, while the Little Ice Age, a cold event centered at around 250 a BP was indicated by those geochemical indices as mentioned above.