东海区3种型刺网对日本方头鱼的选择性研究

为探索东海区日本方头鱼(Branchiostegus japonicus)三重刺网与海洋渔业资源的适宜性。2015年4月开展了3种型刺网(单片刺网、双重刺网和三重刺网)3种网目尺寸(50、60和70mm)的选择性试验。应用Normal、Lognormal、Gamma和Bi-normal 4种选择性曲线进行拟合,采用极大似然法估算模型参数研究3种型刺网的选择性。研究表明:3种型刺网共捕获种类33种,鲈形目最多(15种),鲉形目次之(5种),其中日本方头鱼为第一优势种,渔具具有较强的选择性;在同型刺网中,随着网目尺寸的增加(50~70mm),日本方头鱼优势体长组逐渐增大,网目尺寸对于其体长选择具有显著影响;日本方头鱼刺网最适选择性曲线为Lognormal曲线,3种型刺网选择性曲线基本相同;采用选择性曲线法推算出3种型刺网对日本方头鱼最佳网目尺寸依次为77.57、74.84和70.91mm。依据以上研究结果,针对日本方头鱼三重刺网,将其网目尺寸调整为70.91mm,可以有效保护当前渔业资源。     

基于刺网和地笼渔获物的人工鱼礁区资源丰度比较研究

2013—2015年在山东小石岛和俚岛人工鱼礁区用刺网和地笼进行了6次渔业资源调查,并利用丰度和丰富度2个指标比较分析了2种网具的渔获物组成。研究表明,2个鱼礁区共捕获65种生物,其中,地笼和刺网分别捕获52种和48种,2种网具捕获的生物种类相似性均较高,索伦森指数S分别为0.66和0.58;相似性分析检验(ANOSIM)和t检验结果均表明,地笼捕获的生物种类与生物数量均高于刺网,但无显著差异;基于距离的置换多元方差分析(PER-MANOVA)得到鱼礁区生物资源丰度与地理位置以及年份显著相关,而与网具类型和季节无显著关系;累积种类数量图表明地笼相较刺网可以捕获更多生物种类;大泷六线鱼(Hexagrammos otakii)和许氏平鲉(Sebastes schlegeli)的体长分布曲线表明,地笼捕获样品的体长范围大于刺网,但刺网捕获样品的规格显著大于地笼。综合分析认为,地笼和刺网2种调查网具的混合采样,可弥补单一调查网具的不足,以更加全面了解人工鱼礁区的生物群落结构。     

西沙群岛重要岛礁鱼类资源调查

为摸清岛礁海域鱼类资源种类及分布 ,合理安排渔船生产 ,2 0 0 3年 5月采用延绳钓和底层刺网在西沙群岛的浪花礁、东岛、永兴岛、华光礁、金银岛、玉琢礁和北礁等 7座珊瑚礁水域进行了 1个航次的鱼类资源调查。 2种作业投入的捕捞努力量分别为延绳钓 3 740钓、底层刺网 14 480m ,单次作业努力量延绳钓 80～ 3 2 0钓、底层刺网 12 0～ 80 0m。捕获鱼类 177种 ,渔获量 3 70 0尾 2 767.0 0kg ,其中延绳钓 3 3种计 77尾 1711.5 5kg ,底层刺网共 15 3种计 3 62 3尾 10 5 5 .45kg。按岛礁平均 ,渔获率和单位捕捞努力量渔获量 (CPUE)延绳钓为 2 .0 6尾·(10 0钓 ) -1、45 .76kg·(10 0钓 ) -1,底层刺网为 2 5 0 .2 1尾·(1km) -1、72 .89kg·(1km ) -1。捕获的主要经济种类有鲨鱼、裸胸鳝、石斑鱼、笛鲷、裸颊鲷、鹦嘴鱼和绯鲤等。北礁、金银岛和玉琢礁的鱼类资源比较丰富 ,开发潜力较高 ;浪花礁、东岛、华光礁和永兴岛次之 ,也有一定的生产价值。     

多元统计软件PRIMER在张网渔具种类选择性研究中的运用

本文根据2014年秋季青岛斋堂岛海域双桩竖杆张网的网囊网目选择性试验数据,运用PRIMER软件中的相似性分析、非参数多维标度分析和相似性百分比分析模块分析了张网渔具种类选择性。试验采用平行作业法,以传统网具(2a=16mm的菱形目网囊)作为对照网,设计了网目尺寸(2a)为30和35mm的菱形目网囊(以30D和35D表示)和网目尺寸(2a)为20、30和35mm的方形目网囊(以20S、30S和35S表示),进行选择性实验。研究显示:(1)35D、30S和35S渔获组成与对照网存在显著性差异,其余各网之间差异不显著。(2)改良后的试验网具能有效释放舒氏海龙;除20S组外,其余各试验网对方氏云鳚亦有较好的释放效果。(3)方形目网囊较相同尺寸的菱形目网囊具有更好的种类选择性;对相同网目形状的试验网囊进行比较,种类选择性随网目尺寸的增大而增大。(4)综合分析不同网具的渔获物组成和规格,在斋堂岛海域秋季小黄鱼、带鱼渔汛期,推荐使用30mm方形目网囊;方氏云鳚渔汛期,推荐使用20mm方形目网囊进行捕捞作业。研究结果表明,运用多元统计软件PRIMER进行张网渔具种类选择性分析虽然存在待完善之处,但该方法为本领域研究提供了有益参考。     

不同尺寸虾拖网网囊网目对副渔获物的选择性研究

为了分析黄海区虾拖网网囊网目对副渔获物的选择性,运用套网法对30,33,40 mm 3种网目尺寸的网囊进行了选择性试验。用统计学方法求得几种优势副渔物的逃逸率,并用极大似然法对渔获数据进行处理求得相关的选择性参数。结果表明,大部分副渔获物的逃逸率随着网囊网目尺寸的增大而增大,在网目尺寸为30,33,40 mm时矛尾虎鱼(Chaeturichthys stigmatias)的逃逸率分别为48.3%,59.7%和62.6%;细巧仿对虾(Parapenaeopsis tenella)的逃逸率分别为67.0%,68.2%,68.7%。矛尾虎鱼的选择性参数也随着网目尺寸的增大而增大,在网目尺寸为30,33,40 mm时,矛尾虎鱼的50%选择体长L50分别为81.858,86.715和88.028 mm,选择范围SR分别为41.097,45.007和50.423 mm。研究表明,单靠放大网囊网目尺寸来释放虾拖网中副渔获物,效果不甚理想。     

坛子网方形网目逃逸窗选择性研究

为了评价和改善坛子网的作业性能,本文在网囊前端安装由方形网目网片(网目尺寸分别为35、40、45和50mm)和刚性框架(长80cm,宽60cm)所组成的方形网目逃逸窗装置来释放幼鱼,并利用套网法在海州湾海域开展海上试验。在分析渔获的基础上,运用相对重要性指数、logistic模型等分析方法,获得了坛子网渔获物种类组成、优势种和主要经济渔获物小黄鱼(Larimichthys polyactis)和鹰爪虾(Trachypenaeus curvirostris)的选择性曲线。研究显示,随着逃逸窗网目尺寸增大,小黄鱼、鹰爪虾的50%选择体长(L50)逐渐增大,且L50的值与逃逸窗网目尺寸呈线性关系;逃逸窗网目尺寸为35、40、45和50mm时,小黄鱼的L50分别为9.27、12.54、13.46和15.94cm,鹰爪虾的L50分别为5.31、6.35、7.73和8.66cm。根据试验结果,结合小黄鱼的最小可捕体长及鹰爪虾第一次性成熟体长,推算小黄鱼和鹰爪虾坛子网方形网目逃逸窗网目尺寸分别为47.7和36.3mm。研究结果可为我国海州湾海区渔具管理以及渔业资源的可持续发展与管理提供技术依据。     

东海区小型鱼类生态研究Ⅰ——小型鱼类的种类组成及季节变化

根据1997~2000年东海区底拖网渔业资源调查资料,分析和讨论了东海区小型鱼类的种类组成和季节变化。结果表明,东海区小型鱼类共有98种,优势种为发光鲷(Acropomajaponicum)、鳄齿鱼(Champsodon capensis)、鳀鱼(Engraulis japonicus)、七星底灯鱼(Benthosema pterotum)、细条天竺鲷(Apogon lineatus)、尖牙鲈(Synagrops japonicus)、黄鲫(Setipinna taty)、麦氏犀鳕(Bregmaceros macclellandi),各季节小型鱼类出现种类数及出现频率变化较小,渔获尾数和渔获质量变化显著。     

中沙群岛春季珊瑚礁鱼类资源组成的初步研究

2003年5月采用延绳钓和底层刺网在中沙群岛珊瑚礁水域进行了1个航次的鱼类资源调查。两种作业投入的捕捞努力量分别为延绳钓5620钓、底层刺网16120m,单次作业努力量延绳钓80~600钓、底层刺网600~1200m。捕获鱼类105种,渔获量1067尾2645.76kg,其中延绳钓34种计134尾2294.32kg,底层刺网共86种计933尾351.44kg。按岛礁平均,渔获率和单位捕捞努力量渔获量(CPUE)延绳钓为2.38尾.(100钓)-1、40.82kg.(100钓)-1,底层刺网为57.88尾.(1km)-1、21.80kg.(1km)-1。捕获的主要经济种类有鲨鱼、裸胸鳝、石斑鱼、笛鲷、裸颊鲷、鱼参科鱼类和大眼鲷等。     

东海南部海域头足类群落结构特征及其与环境关系

根据2008年春(5月)、夏(8月)、秋(11月)、冬(2009年2月)四季东海区桁杆拖虾网调查期间所采集的头足类资料,分析了东海南部海域头足类种类组成及优势种,采用生态多样性指数分析了群落物种多样性,并运用典范对应分析法研究了头足类群落变化与主要环境因子的关系。结果表明:东海南部海域共捕获头足类22种,隶属于3目6科8属,优势种主要有神户乌贼(Sepia kobiensis)、双喙耳乌贼(Sepiola birostrata)、短蛸(Octopus ocellutus)和杜氏枪乌贼(Loligo duvaucelii)等;种类丰富度指数D变化范围为0—1.30,多样性指数H′变化范围为0—1.69,均匀度指数J变化范围为0.02—1.00,t检验表明,各群落多样性指数四季之间的差异均不显著(P0.05);根据典范对应分析认为,底层水温为影响调查海域头足类种类组成的主要环境因子。     

黄海双船变水层疏目拖网网囊网目尺寸选择性研究

为支撑《全国海洋捕捞准用渔具目录》的实施与管理,本文利用套网法在黄海区海州湾海域开展了黄海双船变水层疏目拖网网囊选择性研究。在分析渔获的基础上,运用相对重要性指数(IRI)、Logistic模型等分析方法,获得了双船变水层疏目拖网渔获物种类组成、优势种和主要渔获物竹荚鱼(Trachurus japonicus)、小黄鱼(Larimichthys polyactis)和带鱼(Trichiurus lepturus)的选择性曲线。研究显示,随着网囊网目尺寸的增加,渔获物质量和逃逸率均逐渐增加;竹荚鱼、小黄鱼和带鱼的50%选择体长(L_(0.5))逐渐增大,且L_(0.5)与网囊网目尺寸呈线性关系;双船变水层疏目拖网网囊最小网目尺寸按照底拖网54 mm网目尺寸标准执行偏小。根据试验结果,结合小黄鱼、竹荚鱼和带鱼最小可捕规格,变水层疏目拖网网囊最佳网目尺寸分别为65.78、78.82和67.36 mm。在目前渔业资源状况下,为保护小黄鱼等中小型经济鱼类,建议将双船变水层疏目拖网网囊最小网目尺寸(网目内径)设定为66 mm。研究结果可为我国近海捕捞渔具管理以及渔业资源的可持续发展提供理论支撑。     

Temporal changes in fish community structure near a sewage ocean outfall,Mokapu, Oahu,Hawaii

The results of a study performed before and after the discharge of an ocean outfall off Mõkapu Point, Oahu, Hawaii, from 1975 to 1979 show large increases in the number of species and abundance of fish around the outfall site. The construction of the outfall afforded new rock substratum for the attachment of algae and sessile animals which attracted large aggregations of fish. During a $\text{1}\text{1}\text{2}$ year period there were no significant community structure 1–5 km from the outfall when measured by similarity indices. No significant changes in algal biomass occurred between samplings.Similarity indices may be better indicators of fish community change than diversity indices since the former reflect changes in the relative abundance of species in common and large temporal changes in a community structure may occur without changing the value of its diversity index. Morisita's (1959) similarity index has greater sensitivity to the changes in fish community structure than the index derived by Sorensen (1954) due to emphasis on the relative abundance of dominant species.     

A Survey of Estuarine Benthic, Zoo-planktonic and Phytoplanktonic Communities of Amvrakikos Gulf, Ionian Sea

Abstract. The estuarine ecosystem of the Amvrakikos Gulf, a semi-enclosed embayment of the Ionian Sea, was surveyed at 9 stations in June, 1980. Quantitative and qualitative relationships among the phytoplanktonic, zooplanktonic and benthic populations were examined and related to environmental parameters. It was found that quantitative maxima of each of the three components occurred at different stations. When stations were grouped according to a similarity index of each community, it could be shown that the stations were very similar with regard to phytoplankton and slightly less similar with regard to zooplankton. The stations differed considerably as far as the benthos is concerned. The phytoplankton also exhibited a lower species diversity (0.08-0.82 bits-indiv.^-1) than the zooplankton (1.08-2.10 bits indiv.^-1) and the benthos (0.85-5.06 bits indiv.^-1). Differences in salinity among stations showed no significant correlation with the abundance or species diversity of phytoplankton, zooplankton or benthos.     

The elasmobranch fisheries of the Azores

In the Northeast Atlantic, elasmobranchs are a common bycatch in many fisheries, including demersal trawls, longlines, or gillnets and many countries do not have regulations or any control over the amount taken. In the Mid Atlantic, the Azores EEZ (Exclusive Economic Zone), small-scale fishing operations, artisanal and hook-and-line fishing methods are responsible for part of local total landed elasmobranch biomass, although some species are specifically focused and severely harvested by international large-scale fleets. This work provides a review and analysis of the commercial elasmobranch fisheries in the Azores EEZ, and its evolution over the last two decades, highlighting management priorities, taking into account the Northeast Atlantic elasmobranch fisheries status. In the Mid-Atlantic, elasmobranch fisheries mainly target 4 species, that are usually landed as bycatch: the tope shark (Galeorhinus galeus) and the thornback ray (Raja clavata), captured mainly by local demersal artisanal fisheries, the blue shark (Prionace glauca) and the shortfin mako shark (Isurus oxyrinchus) captured by a more industrialised fleet, including those from foreign nations. Considering elasmobranchs life history traits and fishery history, caution is advised in the development of a management strategy focusing on these species, considering the Northeast Atlantic context and regional, local and national interests.     

Diversity patterns in macrobenthos across a continental slope in the NE Atlantic

Different estimates were used to assess the diversity of the total macrofauna and its major taxonomic groups separately from a broad bathymetric range at a site in the NE Atlantic. In the Goban Spur region, a transect was sampled from the shelf to the abyssal plain over a depth range from 200 to 4500 m and in the Porcupine Sea Bight two stations were sampled (at 3670 m and 4115 m). Species diversity (the number of species per number of individuals) increased with increasing water depth, both when expressed as Hurlbert's E(S_n) and as Shannon's H′log e. The expected number of species in a 100-individual sample E(S₁₀₀) of total macrofauna increased from 30 on the shelf to 68 on the abyssal plain. Evenness (the proportional abundance of species), estimated with Shannon's J′, also increased with water depth from 0.66 to 0.91, whereas dominance (Simpson's D) decreased from 0.09 to 0.01. Species richness (the number of species per unit of area), however, showed a parabolic pattern with a peak at the upper slope. The largest number of species was found at the slope station at 1425 m (232 species within 0.66 m²). It is argued that species richness is not a synonym of species diversity, but that species richness depends both on species density (which decreases with increasing water depth) and on species diversity. Across the whole bathymetric range (200 to 4500 m) a total of 696 species within 8327 specimens in a total sampled area of 4.12 m² were counted, yielding mean values of 12 individuals per species and 169 species per m². Different communities were found to exist on the shelf, slope and abyss. It is suggested that this could have been caused by different selection processes. Differences in life-history strategies and organic-matter supply could (at least partly) explain the different community structures and diversity patterns found along the depth gradient.     

Structure of a mudflat diatom community in the Avon‐Heathcote Estuary,New Zealand

Parameters of community structure (species composition and relative abundance, number of taxa, diversity, evenness, and cell density) were measured for a mudflat diatom community in the Avon‐Heathcote estuary, New Zealand. Fifty three diatom species were identified: 25 taxa (species and varieties) are new New Zealand records. The Shannon‐Wiener information index (H') was 3.46, indicating high diversity. Evenness (J') ranged from 0.57–0.67. The association between the biomass of the pulmonate gastropod, Amphibola crenata, and benthic diatom community structure was studied using large open enclosures (4.0 m²) to manipulate snail biomass. Community structure was compared at 0, 5 (natural biomass), and 10 g A. crenata dry weight per m. A similarity index (SIMI=0.88–0.95), as well as H’ and J’ indicated close similarity between the diatom assemblages within all enclosures, but number of taxa increased from 33 to 49 with increasing snail biomass. Cell densities were significantly lower at high snail biomass (6088 valves per mm²) compared to enclosures with no snails (10 110 valves per mm ). A. crenata had a higher ratio of diatom fragments to whole diatom valves in its faeces (2.42) than in its crop (0.55), indicating that it is capable of fragmenting diatoms.     

Diet of landlocked sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) and trout in the Waitaki lakes,New Zealand

Landlocked sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka), ranging in fork length (FL) from 105 to 313 mm, were captured in fine‐mesh gill nets set in the limnetic zone of the Waitaki hydro lakes (44° 30′ S, 170° 10’ E) in the South Island, New Zealand. A total of 443 stomachs was examined and the frequency of occurrence, volume and weight of prey items calculated. In the Ahuriri Arm of Lake Benmore the principal food (54% by weight) was zooplankton (Boeckella dilatata) whereas in the Haldon Arm of Lake Benmore it was larval and juvenile common bullies (Gobiomorphus cotidi‐anus) (73% by volume). In Lake Waitaki in winter, salmon had eaten insects (43% by volume) with smaller amounts of snails (Potamopyrgus antipo‐darum, 23%) and bullies (24%). In Lake Ohau adult insects may be an important food. There were also variations in diet with season and fish size. The stomachs of 147 brown trout (Salmo trutta) and 181 rainbow trout (S. gairdnerii) caught in the same gill nets were also examined. In contrast to sockeye salmon stomachs they contained negligible amounts of zooplankton (< 1% by weight) and large amounts of aquatic insects (50–58% by weight in the Ahuriri Arm of Lake Benmore). Comparisons with juvenile sockeye salmon and kokanee in North American lakes are made. The impact of introductions of sockeye salmon into other New Zealand lakes is discussed.     

浙江南部近海春季鱼类群落结构特征及其年际变化

根据2016年和2020年5月在浙江南部近海采集的渔业资源调查资料,采用相对重要性指数、Bray-Curtis聚类和相似性百分比SIMPER分析、生物量谱及ABC曲线等方法,分析该水域春季鱼类群落结构特征及其稳定性的年际变化。结果显示:(1)2016年春季共捕获鱼类65种,优势种为带鱼Trichiurus lepturus、七星底灯鱼Benthosema pterotum和鳀Engraulis japonicus,而2020年春季共捕获鱼类30种,优势种为七星底灯鱼和带鱼;(2)通过聚类分析发现,2016和2020年春季鱼类群落空间格局相似,均可划分为南、北群落;(3)通过SIMPER分析,2016年春季南部群落典型种为二长棘鲷Evynnis cardinalis、龙头鱼Harpadon nehereus和鳀,北部群落典型种为龙头鱼,群落间的分歧种为带鱼;2020年南部群落典型种为七星底灯鱼,北部群落典型种为镰鲳Pampus echinogaster和小黄鱼Larimichthys polyactis,群落间的分歧种为带鱼、镰鲳和小黄鱼;(4)基于生物量谱分析,2016年和2020年春季鱼类标准生物量谱的斜率均小于-1,表明生物量均随个体平均体质量的增加而减少;(5)ABC曲线结果表明,2016年春季鱼类群落处于中等干扰状态(W=-0.22),而2020年春季鱼类群落则处于严重干扰状态(W=-0.09);(6) 经RDA排序分析,2016年和2020年春季影响鱼类群落分布的主要环境因子均为表层水温、盐度和水深。综上所述,浙江南部近海的鱼类年际变化为鱼类种类显著下降,群落特征种更替明显,群落受外界干扰影响加剧。     

浙江沿岸海域螺贝类群落结构及其季节变化

根据2019年全年4个航次浙江沿岸海域单船底拖网调查资料,分析了浙江沿岸海域螺贝类的种类组成、优势种及资源密度分布的季节变化,采用生态多样性指数和丰度/生物量比较曲线(ABC曲线)分析了群落物种多样性及其动态变化。结果表明:浙江沿岸海域全年共捕获螺贝类43种,隶属于2纲, 7目, 26科。螺贝类群落优势种为棒锥螺(Turritella bacillum)、习见蛙螺(Bursa rana)和褐管蛾螺(Siphonalia spadicea),其中棒锥螺为浙江沿岸螺贝类群落中的绝对优势种。浙江沿岸海域螺贝类年平均资源密度为212.06kg/km²,其中夏季平均资源密度为全年最高,资源密度总体上呈现由北向南逐渐增高的趋势。种类丰富度指数(D)、物种多样性指数(H’)和种类均匀度指数(J′)三种群落多样性指数均不高,螺贝类群落多样性处于较低水平;根据ABC曲线评估干扰对螺贝类群落的影响可得:全年4个季节浙江沿岸螺贝类群落均处于中等干扰状态。