等效介质理论中裂缝密度的适用性研究

为了比较裂缝等效介质理论的预测精度,本文利用物理模拟的方法制作了一组9个裂隙密度模型,其中裂隙密度从0增大到12%,裂隙厚度和直径保持不变,分别为0.12 mm和3 mm.使用0.5 MHz的纵横波换能器,采用脉冲透射法得到纵横波的速度和各向异性.然后,将基质的模量、裂缝填充物模量和裂缝参数代入等效介质理论中,计算出纵横波速度和各向异性随着裂隙密度的变化情况.通过纵横波速度的实测值与等效介质理论的定量对比,发现当裂隙密度小于12%时,Hudson理论和线性滑动理论对纵波速度的预测与实测值非常吻合.当裂隙密度小于8%时,Hudson理论和线性滑动理论对快横波速度的预测与实测值非常吻合.当裂隙密度小于9%时,各向异性自洽理论和NIA（非相互作用近似）理论对慢横波速度的预测与实测值非常吻合.通过纵横波速度各向异性实测值与理论计算值定量对比,发现当裂隙密度小于12%时,Hudson理论和线性滑动理论对纵波速度各向异性的预测与实测值更吻合;当裂隙密度小于6%时,各向异性自洽理论和NIA理论对横波速度各向异性的预测与实测值更吻合.

     

不同尺度裂缝对弹性波速度和各向异性影响的实验研究

裂缝广泛分布于地球介质中并且具有多尺度的特点,裂缝尺度对于油气勘探和开发有着重要的意义.本文制作了一组含不同长度裂缝的人工岩样,其中三块含裂缝岩样中的裂缝直径分别为2 mm、3 mm和4 mm,裂缝的厚度都约为0.06 mm,裂缝密度大致相同（分别为4.8%、4.86%和4.86%）.在岩样含水的条件下测试不同方向上的纵横波速度,实验结果表明,虽然三块裂缝岩样中的裂缝密度大致相同,但是含不同直径裂缝岩样的纵横波速度存在差异.在各个方向上,含数量众多的小尺度裂缝的岩样中纵横波速度都明显低于含少量的大尺度裂缝的岩样中纵横波速度.尤其是对纵波速度和SV波速度,在不同尺度裂缝岩样中的差异更明显.在含数量多的小尺度裂缝的岩样中纵波各向异性和横波各向异性最高,而含少量的大尺度的裂缝的岩样中的纵波各向异性和横波各向异性较低.实验测量结果与Hudson理论模型预测结果进行了对比分析,结果发现Hudson理论考虑到了裂缝尺度对纵波速度和纵波各向异性的影响,但是忽略了其对横波速度和横波各向异性的影响.

     

压力对含裂缝岩石各向异性速度的影响

深入了解压力作用下裂缝性岩石的声学各向异性,在地球物理应用中具有重要意义.本文基于各向异性微分等效介质模型,结合不同压力下含硬币状定向排列裂缝岩石以及不含裂缝岩石在不同方向上的超声速度测量数据,计算得到不同压力下的裂缝参数,并进一步分析了压力引起的裂缝参数的改变,及其对岩石各向异性速度的影响.结果表明,岩石的裂缝密度与...     

弱裂隙各向异性对地震体波的效应

由数据模拟证明，尽管对地震体波走时及纵波动力学特征来讲，弱裂隙各向异性的影响可以忽略，但与各向同性介质中的横波相比，即使对弱裂隙介质，穿透其中的横波的偏振特征也会出现显著的不同。     

云南高黎贡山典型板岩地震波各向异性研究

板岩作为一种浅变质岩在我国有着广泛的分布,对其地震波速度的研究将有助于对这类过渡性岩石的有效区分,对于浅层地壳的各向异性研究也具有重要意义.本文对采自云南丙中洛地区的板岩样品进行了地震波速度的室内实验研究,其中部分实验是在加拿大Dalhousie High Pressure Laboratory完成.实验获得了板岩在围压10~600 MPa条件下、不同构造主方向（X,Y和Z）上的地震波速度,在围压600 MPa时,X、Y、Z三个方向的P波速度分别为6.58、6.46、5.91 km/s,平均速度为6.30 km/s,S波平均速度约为3.62 km/s,VP/VS=1.74;并初步分析了板岩地震波速度、横波分裂及其波速各向异性随着围压的变化规律,发现所测量的板岩在较低围压（150 MPa时）微裂隙基本闭合,黑云母、阳起石等片状矿物的定向排列成为其地震波各向异性的主导诱因,此时（围压为600 MPa）VP、VS的各向异性分别稳定在13%、16%左右.本研究所获取的基础实验数据及所探讨的板岩地震波性质将为确定地壳上部显微裂隙的优选定向、浅层地壳的各向异性分析、地球物理模型条件约束等提供基础.     

渤海潜山储层岩石孔隙结构反演实验研究

多形态拓展孔隙、裂隙并存理论描述了介质中孔隙与多形态裂隙体之间的相互作用,现已被用于岩石的孔隙结构反演．利用实验室加压条件下干燥和流体饱和岩石的纵、横波速测量数据,联合反演了潜山储层岩石的孔隙纵横比谱．反演结果表明：随着有效压力的增加,裂隙元素的纵横比减小,小纵横比裂隙的闭合降低了裂隙密度,导致低压段的弹性波速度显著增大．同时,在双对数刻度下,孔隙度与孔隙纵横比之间存在幂函数关系,孔隙结构指数随总孔隙度单调增加,此关系可用于判别潜山储层的有效性．本文的研究不仅为潜山储层岩石孔隙结构分析方法提供了实验验证,而且给出了一种潜山储层有效性的辅助判别方法．     

岩石正交各向异性的实验观测

岩石速度各向异性由多种因素引起,如果这些因素在岩石中构成正交分布,就会出现正交各向异性.在实验室通过选择了三种不同岩性的岩石,采用超声脉冲测试方法中的横波偏振扫描方式,观测了岩石样品三个坐标方向上的横波速度变化,通过分析三个传播方向上出现横波分裂的差异,以及出现最大或最小快慢横波振幅的偏振方向发现,可从横波偏振方向和速度值判断出纹理砂岩和裂隙大理岩样品存在不同程度的速度正交各向异性和裂隙方向等特征,认为这两种岩石的正交特性的原因是岩石的层理或裂隙与岩石本身的结构(定向颗粒或结晶)构成的.实验室超声波测试可以找出正交各向异性的结构方向.     

基于碳酸盐岩裂缝岩石物理模型的横波速度和各向异性参数预测

高角度缝隙充填的碳酸盐岩储层可以等效为具有水平对称轴的横向各向同性介质.本文提出了适用于裂缝型碳酸盐岩的岩石物理模型构建流程,重点介绍了在碳酸盐岩各向同性背景中,综合利用微小裂隙模型和线性滑动模型添加缝隙系统,并分析了当缝隙充填不同流体时,各向异性参数随纵横波速比的变化特征.同时本文讨论了裂缝密度和缝隙充填流体对地震反射系数的影响,推导了不同类型流体充填时储层反射系数与裂缝密度的近似关系式,阐述了各向异性流体替换理论,最终实现饱含流体碳酸盐岩裂缝储层的纵横波速度和各向异性参数的估测.选取某碳酸盐岩工区A井对该方法进行试算,结果表明基于碳酸盐岩裂缝岩石物理模型估算的纵横波速度值与测井值吻合较好,而且估测所得的各向异性参数值也能够较好地反映出裂缝储层位置.     

流体饱和度对裂缝-孔隙岩石频变纵波速度及其各向异性的影响

流体饱和度会改变裂缝性储层的纵波速度,从而影响地层速度的频散特性及各向异性程度,导致储层地震响应特征复杂,储层预测多解性强,流体识别难度大.本文根据多相流体饱和裂缝性储层的特点,借助于Norris和KG模型,建立部分饱和裂缝-孔隙等效介质模型,给出频变地震波速度随流体饱和度变化的精确关系式.数值模拟结果表明,当气、水两相共存时,随着含水饱和度的增加,高频段纵波相速度逐渐增大,各向异性程度逐渐减小;低频段纵波相速度逐渐减小,各向异性程度不变;相速度频散及其各向异性程度逐渐增强.组合已有的孔隙弹性理论模型,对实验室人工裂缝-孔隙砂岩岩样的纵波速度进行拟合,计算得到的曲线与实验室测量散点值吻合度较高,表明组合模型在给定参数下的有效性.该研究能够为多相流体饱和裂缝性储层的地震响应特征分析奠定扎实的理论基础,为提高储层预测的确定性和流体识别的准确性提供可靠的理论依据.

     

裂隙张开度对地震波特性影响的模型研究

基于Hudson裂隙理论中等效裂隙模型假设,在均匀介质中嵌入定向排列的薄圆片充填物可构成裂隙介质模型.通过改变充填物薄片的厚度,模拟裂隙的张开度,观测其对纵横波传播的影响.在实验室内用环氧树脂作裂隙模型的基质材料,含硅橡胶的混合低速材料做裂隙充填物.当每个模型中裂隙的直径和个数相等时,仅改变裂隙的厚度,形成了一组相同裂隙密度的裂隙模型.采用超声波脉冲透射法获得了平行和垂直裂隙方向纵横波传播的时间和波形记录.实验表明,在相同裂隙密度条件下,裂隙张开度的变化对纵横波的速度和振幅都有影响,其中纵波振幅的变化比速度变化大得多.横波速度的变化主要反映在慢横波上,振幅的变化快横波比慢横波大.这些特征对地震资料的处理和解释有一定的指导意义.     

Experimental verification of the fracture density and shear‐wave splitting relationship using synthetic silica cemented sandstones with a controlled fracture geometry

We present laboratory ultrasonic measurements of shear‐wave splitting from two synthetic silica cemented sandstones. The manufacturing process, which enabled silica cementation of quartz sand grains, was found to produce realistic sandstones of average porosity 29.7 ± 0.5% and average permeability 29.4 ± 11.3 mD. One sample was made with a regular distribution of aligned, penny‐shaped voids to simulate meso‐scale fractures in reservoir rocks, while the other was left blank. Ultrasonic shear waves were measured with a propagation direction of 90° to the coincident bedding plane and fracture normal. In the water saturated blank sample, shear‐wave splitting, the percentage velocity difference between the fast and slow shear waves, of <0.5% was measured due to the bedding planes (or layering) introduced during sample preparation. In the fractured sample, shear‐wave splitting (corrected for layering anisotropy) of 2.72 ± 0.58% for water, 2.80 ± 0.58% for air and 3.21 ± 0.58% for glycerin saturation at a net pressure of 40 MPa was measured. Analysis of X‐ray CT scan images was used to determine a fracture density of 0.0298 ± 0.077 in the fractured sample. This supports theoretical predictions that shear‐wave splitting (SWS) can be used as a good estimate for fracture density in porous rocks (i.e., SWS = 100ε_f, where ε_f is fracture density) regardless of pore fluid type, for wave propagation at 90° to the fracture normal.     

单裂缝不同传播方向Krauklis波振幅变化的实验研究

裂缝广泛分布于地壳岩石中并具有多尺度的特点,研究地震波在裂缝介质中的传播规律具有重要的科学意义和应用价值.含流体的裂缝中传播的Krauklis波（也曾被称为慢流体波、裂缝波、斯通利导波等）近年来逐渐成为地球物理学界的研究热点之一.本研究利用地震物理模型技术研究横波在单裂缝样品中传播时随传播方向变化的响应特征,在实验室用环氧树脂为基质构建模型样品,一个为不含裂缝的参考样品,一个为含直径30 mm、厚度0.2 mm的薄币状单裂缝的模型,利用0.5 MHz换能器测试了横波在模型中传播时透射信号的特征.实验结果显示在单裂缝样品中透射横波发生了波形的畸变和振幅降低,振幅谱显示透射信号的主频明显降低,在初至横波之后为具有一定能量的尾波.对尾波进行时频分析,发现在方位角较小时尾波能量较弱而方位角较大时尾波能量较强,尾波中信号的主频在0.1 MHz左右,与前人理论和实验研究结果一致.

     

基于叠前反演的流体敏感属性实验研究及应用

提取叠前地震振幅信息的叠前反演技术已成为储层预测的重要手段,其能获得各种岩石弹性参数,丰富储层预测方法.因目标储层的差异性,优选并建立有利的流体敏感参数对储层流体检测尤为重要.本文基于岩石物理实验, 测量并分析了岩石弹性参数随流体饱和度的变化特征, 进一步根据岩石物理理论建立组合流体敏感参数, 达到对油气检测的最佳敏感效果.定义了流体敏感量,定量分析岩石弹性参数的流体敏感性.最后本文在X区块进行了叠前地震反演的应用, 结果表明通过岩石物理实验分析并建立获得的流体敏感参数能明显的提高储层的识别能力.     

Characterization of fractured reservoirs using a consistent stiffness‐permeability model: focus on the effects of fracture aperture

In this paper we propose a method for the characterization of naturally fractured reservoirs by quantitative integration of seismic and production data. The method is based on a consistent theoretical frame work to model both effective hydraulic and elastic properties of fractured porous media and a (non‐linear) Bayesian method of inversion that provides information about uncertainties as well as mean (or maximum likelihood) values. We model a fractured reservoir as a porous medium containing a single set of vertical fractures characterized by an unknown fracture density, azimuthal orientation and aperture. We then look at the problem of fracture parameter estimation as a non‐linear inverse problem and try to estimate the unknown fracture parameters by joint inversion of seismic amplitude versus angle and azimuth data and dynamic production data. Once the fracture parameters have been estimated the corresponding effective stiffness and permeability tensors can be estimated using consistent models. A synthetic example is provided to clearly explain and test the workflow. It shows that seismic and production data complement each other, in the sense that the seismic data resolve a non‐uniqueness in the fracture orientation and the production data help to recover the true fracture aperture and permeability, because production data are more sensitive to the fracture aperture than the seismic data.     

井旁裂缝的双侧向测井物理模拟及特征分析

为深入认识裂缝性地层的双侧向测井响应特征,指导裂缝识别及裂缝参数表征,基于数值仿真开展了井旁裂缝的缩小比例物理模拟.在物理模拟平台构建的基础上,用不同浓度的氯化钠溶液模拟基岩,用不同宽度的镀锌板来模拟高导裂缝,实现测量过程的可视化.通过实验分析井旁裂缝的规模、发育位置和产状等因素对深、浅侧向电阻率的影响.研究表明:在仪器有效探测范围内,垂直缝延伸长度对深浅侧向电阻率的数值影响较小;裂缝离井壁越远,双侧向电阻率明显增大,但深浅侧向电阻率值的降低幅度不同;随着裂缝倾角增大,深侧向电阻率增大,浅侧向电阻率无明显变化,深浅侧向电阻率从负幅度差向正幅度差过渡,但临界角的观测十分困难,应用双侧向测井判断地层产状时,需特别注意其适用条件.     

Ground motion modelling in Tehran based on the stochastic method

This paper presents the development of a seismological model for the Tehran area. This modelling approach, which was originally developed in Eastern North America, has been used successfully in other parts of the world including Australia and China for simulating accelerograms and elastic response spectra. Parameters required for input into the model were inferred from seismological and geological information obtained locally. The attenuation properties of the earth crust were derived from the analysis of accelerogram records that had been collated from within the region in a previous study. In modelling local modifications of seismic waves in the upper crust, shear-wave velocity profiles have been constructed in accordance with the power law. Information inferred from micro-zonation studies (for near-surface conditions) and from measurements of teleseismic P-waves reflected from the deeper crusts as reported in the literature has been used to constrain parameters in the power-law relationships. This method of obtaining amplification factors for the upper crust distinguishes this study from earlier studies in the Tehran area (in which site amplification factors were inferred from the H/V ratio of the recorded ground motions). The regional specific seismological model so constructed from the study enabled accelerograms to be simulated and elastic response spectra calculated for a series of magnitude–distance combinations. Importantly, elastic response spectra calculated from the simulated accelerograms have been compared with those calculated from accelerograms recorded from earthquakes with magnitudes ranging between M6.3 and M7.4. The peak ground velocity values calculated from the simulated accelerograms have also been correlated with values inferred from macro-seismic intensity data of 17 historical earthquakes with magnitudes varying between 5.4 and 7.7 and with distances varying between 40 and 230 km. This paper forms part of the long-term strategy of the authors of applying modern techniques for modelling the attenuation behaviour of earthquakes in countries which are lacking in instrumental data of earthquakes.     

Site effects at Euroseistest—I. Determination of the valley structure and confrontation of observations with 1D analysis

This paper describes the process of construction of the 2D model of Volvi's geological structure and results of empirical and theoretical approaches to the evaluation of site response at Euroseistest. The construction of the 2D model is based on a re-interpretation of the available geophysical and geotechnical data in an effort to improve the definition of the subsoil structure at Euroseistest in terms of the most important parameters needed to model site response. The results of this re-interpretation are compared with a previous published 2D model of the same alluvial valley. Different analysis of the measurements and different criteria in the synthesis of data have led to a different model, even if both studies had access to the same field measurements. This underscores the fact that a model results of an interpretation and is not uniquely determined by the data, no matter how detailed they are. The well known subsoil structure opened the possibility to correlate the geometry and the dynamic properties of the 2D model with the results of site response determined from a detailed analysis of two events in frequency and time domains and 1D numerical modeling. The study of site response shows the important effect of the lateral variations on the ground motion and suggests that the contribution of locally generated surface waves to the resonant peak may be important. In the case of Volvi's graben, the limitations of the 1D approximation to simulate ground motion under complex soil conditions in both frequency and time domains are also shown. This paper lays the ground for a companion article dealing with 2D site effects in this basin.     

西北太平洋俯冲带大地幔楔及地幔过渡带各向异性证据和特征

地震层析成像研究清晰给出了地球深部俯冲板片的大尺度形态,但与俯冲过程相关的地幔流动特征仍不明确.在俯冲地幔楔系统中,前人观测到了与海沟平行和垂直的快波偏振方向.本文研究了西北太平洋俯冲板片在地幔过渡带中停滞形成的"大地幔楔"中的各向异性特征.对具有长期稳定观测数据的MDJ台站SKS震相和区域深源地震的直达S波震相进行了...