2种海洋寡糖对大麦种子萌发和生理特性的影响

本研究应用具有不同电荷性的褐藻寡糖(ADO)和壳寡糖(COS)处理大麦种子,探索在相同条件下不同浓度的海洋寡糖对大麦幼苗生长情况及生理特性的影响。生长指标包括苗长、根长、苗重及根重,以及对大麦种子淀粉酶活力和叶绿素含量的影响。试验结果表明:当ADO和COS处理浓度分别为0.5%和0.025%时,大麦的各项生长指标、种子淀粉酶活力及叶绿素含量均达到最大值,与对照组相比显著增加(P<0.05)。2种海洋寡糖均是具有独特生理活性的分子片段,分子量大小相近,但基于2种寡糖分子结构的不同,造成在对大麦的促生长方面存在差异性,为以后2种海洋寡糖的合理开发利用提供了参考。     

新型壳寡糖γ-氨基丁酸衍生物的制备及其对小麦幼苗抗旱作用的研究

利用壳寡糖氨基与γ-氨基丁酸羧基发生酰胺化反应合成新型壳寡糖-氨基丁酸衍生物,并通过傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)、核磁共振光谱(NMR)等对合成的衍生物进行结构表征。以小麦种子为材料,各样品对小麦种子进行浸种处理后干旱胁迫培养到两叶一心,测定小麦生理生化指标,评价新型衍生物的抗旱作用。结果表明,新型壳寡糖γ-氨基丁酸衍生物成功合成,并且对干旱胁迫下小麦生理生化指标有明显的影响,衍生物明显降低了小麦幼苗叶片的丙二醛含量和细胞膜透性,缓解了干旱胁迫对小麦细胞膜的损伤,增加可溶性糖含量进而增强小麦植物对土壤中水分的吸收能力,减少了干旱胁迫对生理代谢的影响。总之,成功合成了具有较强诱导小麦抗旱作用的新型壳寡糖γ-氨基丁酸衍生物,为新型植物抗逆诱导剂的开发提供了思路。     

饲料中添加枯草芽孢杆菌和壳寡糖对大黄鱼幼鱼血清免疫指标的影响

本实验采用2×3双因子实验设计,分别在基础饲料中添加0(对照)、0.5×107和1.0×107/g枯草芽孢杆菌,在每个枯草芽孢杆菌添加水平分别添加0(对照)、0.3%和0.6%的壳寡糖,配制出9种等氮等能的实验饲料,在海水浮式网箱中进行为期70 d的实验,探讨饲料中枯草芽孢杆菌和壳寡糖的添加对大黄鱼(Pseudosciaena crocea)血清免疫指标的影响。实验结果表明,在每个枯草芽孢杆菌水平下,饲料中添加0.3%和0.6%的壳寡糖显著提高了大黄鱼幼鱼血清溶菌酶的活性(P<0.05),而对大黄鱼血清替代途径补体活力,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活力及过氧化氢酶(CAT)活力没有显著性影响。在每个壳寡糖水平,饲料中枯草芽孢杆菌的添加对大黄鱼血清免疫指标的影响不显著。饲料中枯草芽孢杆菌和壳寡糖对大黄鱼幼鱼血清免疫指标的影响不存在交互作用。总的来说,饲料中添加一定量的壳寡糖(0.3%～0.6%)在一定程度上影响了大黄鱼幼鱼的非特异性免疫反应。     

辽河口芦苇湿地土壤微生物数量及酶活性与石油污染的关系

对辽河口芦苇湿地不同程度柴油污染土壤柴油降解过程中微生物活性的变化进行研究,结果表明不同程度柴油污染会对土壤石油降解菌数量、脱氢酶活性、过氧化氢酶活性和脂肪酶活性造成影响:柴油浓度为1000μg/g时TPHs去除率达90%以上,石油降解菌数量和3种酶活性均显著提高;柴油浓度≥5000μg/g时TPHs去除率都可达70%以上,脱氢酶活性显著提高,石油降解菌数量、过氧化氢酶和脂肪酶活性也都有所提高。其中脱氢酶活性对土壤柴油污染最为敏感,可作为评估湿地土壤柴油污染程度以及去除效果的生物指标。     

三丁基锡对牡蛎吞噬细胞和保护酶系统活力的影响

检测了受三丁基锡(tributyltin,TBT)污染的牡蛎的吞噬细胞活力、超氧化物歧化酶活性、过氧化氢酶活性、脂质过氧化作用等生理生化指标。实验结果表明,牡蛎血细胞的吞噬活力随着TBT浓度的增加而下降;对不同TBT浓度下牡蛎的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性测定发现,在较低浓度下(TBT质量浓度<10μg/L),SOD和CAT的酶活力被抑制,随着TBT浓度的增大,SOD和CAT的比活力也随着增大,但当TBT达到较高浓度时,SOD和CAT的比活力开始下降,而过氧化脂质(LPO)却随着TBT的浓度的增加而增大。     

饲料中添加壳寡糖对花鲈(Lateolabrax japonicus)幼鱼的生长、消化和血清生化指标的影响

本试验旨在研究壳寡糖对花鲈（Lateolabrax japonicus）幼鱼生长,肠道消化,血清生化指标及肠道菌群的影响。本试验选用360尾规格一致的花鲈幼鱼（19.37 g左右）为研究对象。壳寡糖饲料添加浓度设为6组:0%、0.2%、0.4%、0.6%、0.8%、1.0%。设3个平行组,养殖周期45 d。结果显示:（1）生长性能:添加0.6%和0.8%两组的增重率、特定生长率与对照组相比有提高（P>0.05）;（2）肠道消化酶:添加0.6%~1.0%的壳寡糖显著（P<0.05）提高胰蛋白酶活性,0.4%~0.8%的壳寡糖显著（P<0.05）提高了脂肪酶活性;（3）肠道菌群:0.6%~1.0%的壳寡糖显著降低了沙门氏菌数量（P<0.05）,大肠杆菌的数量在0.8%时显著降低（P<0.05）,双歧杆菌的数量在0.2%~0.6%时显著增加（P<0.05）;（4）血清生化指标:壳寡糖显著提高血清总蛋白和高密度脂蛋白胆固醇含量（P<0.05）;（5）血清非特异性免疫:添加0.6%的壳寡糖显著降低丙二醛（P>0.05）,0.2%的壳寡糖增强超氧化物歧化酶、碱性磷酸酶和过氧化物酶活性,添加壳寡糖使溶菌酶的活性显著增强（P<0.05）。研究结果表明:饲料中添加0.6%~0.8%的壳寡糖对花鲈幼鱼生长性能、血脂及肠道健康影响效果最佳。     

一株多环芳烃芘降解菌的鉴定及其降解特性研究

从红树植物红海榄叶片中分离一株对芘具有较好降解作用的海洋细菌,命名为B11,并对其菌体特征、生长条件及降解效能等进行了系统研究。结果发现该菌株为革兰氏阴性菌,结合其生理生化特征和16S rDNA序列比对,表明此菌株属于交替单胞菌属(Alteromonas sp.)。菌株在芘的起始浓度为100 mg/L,pH为中性或偏碱性条件下,盐度35时对芘的降解作用最强。外加碳源对B11对芘的降解效果都具有一定的抑制作用,其中水杨酸的抑制作用更为显著。综合菌株B11的生长特性和降解效能,初步认为B11菌株较适合用于降解多环芳烃芘,可用于红树植物多环芳烃生态污染的原位修复。     

酶促反应制备壳寡糖及壳寡糖分析

用壳聚糖酶降解法对壳聚糖进行降解制备壳低聚糖,研究了温度、pH、底物浓度、脱乙酰度、反应时间对酶促反应的影响。对酶解产物进行HPLC分析,用Bio—Gel P-4柱对酶解产物进行初步分离。结果表明,壳聚糖酶降解壳聚糖的最适温度为45℃,pH为6．0,最适底物质量分数为6％,脱乙酰度越高酶解反应所得产物的数均相对分子质量越小,24h后酶解反应达到平衡,酶解产物壳寡糖水溶性极好。P-4柱分离得到聚合度20以上,10～20,10以下3种壳寡糖。     

一株芘降解菌Bacilluscereus Py5的分离鉴定

为了研究蜡状芽孢杆菌的筛选、鉴定及对四环多环芳烃芘的降解性能。通过富集驯化培养,从红树林污泥中分离到一株以芘作为唯一碳源与能源的高效菌株PY5,经过形态观察、生理生化与16S rDNA鉴定, PY5属于蜡状芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus),同时对该菌株降解芘性能进行了系统研究。结果表明,B.cereus对50mg/L芘的21d降解率为65.8%,投加Tween-80、葡萄糖、水杨酸、Fe3+、Mn2+等基质可以不同程度强化降解芘的能力,其中投加葡萄糖+Fe3++Mn2+的混合液对B. cereus降解芘的强化效果最好, 21 d的芘降解率可达到81.4%,相对于不加共代谢底物时提升15.6%,表明外加C源与酶活诱导因子对高分子质量多环芳烃污染降解具有一定的促进作用。     

海水养殖环境中拟除虫菊酯类农药降解菌的分离鉴定及降解特性研究

从近岸海水养殖环境中分离获得一株能高效降解氯氰菊酯(Cypermethrin,CYP)和溴氰菊酯(Deltamethrin,DEL)的菌株HS-10,经生理生化和16S rDNA分析,初步鉴定其为假交替单胞菌(Pseudoalteromonas sp.)。不同降解条件下的实验结果表明,菌株HS-10在pH 7.0、温度28°C的环境中具有较好的生长和降解效率,在该条件下,对初始浓度为100mg/L的CYP和DEL的降解效率分别为75.6%和90.9%。进一步采用发光细菌和核磁共振(NMR)方法对菌株HS-10的降解产物进行分析,结果表明,CYP和DEL主要通过微生物降解消除,其降解产物的毒性显著降低。同时,考察了菌株HS-10对氯氰菊酯、溴氰菊酯、联苯菊酯(BIF)、氟氯氰菊酯(CYF)和氰戊菊酯(FEN)5种拟除虫菊酯类农药(浓度分别为100mg/L)的降解效率,结果表明,对5种农药的降解率均达到50%以上,本研究获得的菌株HS-10可用于海水养殖环境中拟除虫菊酯类农药残留污染的生物修复。     

Extremely low magnetic fields as a factor of modulation and synchronization of infradian biorhythms in animals

The studies of the influence that a magnetic field (MF) with a frequency of 8 Hz has on the infradian rhythms of physiological and metabolic processes indexes in animals have been carried out in order to verify the hypothesis on the synchronizing effect of natural electromagnetic fields. It is shown that the MF effect has alternating characteristics of the time organization of energetic physiological and metabolic processes in animal organisms in an infradian range and the partial smoothing of biorhythmic deviations between individual-typological groups of organisms occurs for single processes. This (i) shows the common system reaction mechanisms that the organisms of animals have to the effect of a certain factor and (ii) is evidence of the synchronizing influence of the daily influence of magnetic fields of extremely low frequencies on populations of organisms with initially different biorhythmic types. It has been concluded that the stable variations of electromagnetic background, including natural, can serve as a timer for biorhythms in a wide range of periods.     

深海采矿提升管泵级设置优化研究

随着陆上资源的日渐枯竭,深海开发已经成为世界主要大国的重要战略目标,实现高效、低能耗的深海矿产提升具有重要意义。基于大颗粒垂直管道提升理论和离心泵理论,针对不同矿浆浓度设定多种工况,假定泵级数,分别求解系统工作点。从效率、产量、功率和单位产量能耗四个优化指标出发,借助图像进行直观分析比较,优化泵级数的设置。分析结果表明,单位产量能耗在某一较高泵级数处可取得最小值,此时亦可保证较高的产量和泥泵效率较好的发挥,该泵级数可选取为最优泵级数方案。     

太平洋牡蛎多倍体研究

本文综述了太平洋牡蛎多倍体产生的途径、诱导方法、诱导结果、诱导机制、倍性鉴别方法、繁殖、生长、生理指标、抗逆性和口味等。提出。６－ＤＭＡＰ诱导牡蛎三倍体的技术前景广阔;四倍体与二倍体杂交的方法是产生三倍体的最好途径;四倍体是生物方法产生三倍体的中间材料,可以存活,应加大力度地研究和开发;三倍体的性腺能够发育,并可产生具有繁殖力的配子;在良好的环境里,四倍体的生长和抗逆性较二倍体优势;在繁殖季节,三倍体的生化组成等指标比二倍体高,口味较好。     

Environmental limitations on recruitment from seed in invasive Spartina densiflora on a southern European salt marsh

The South American cordgrass, Spartina densiflora, has invaded a range of different habitats that can support different native species assemblages on salt marshes in the Gulf of Cadiz, Spain. Little is known about the mechanisms of invasion. We examined the potential for seed germination and recruitment in a field transplant experiment, representing a wide range of environments, on elevational gradients across marshes with muddy and sandy sediments. The biotic resistance of native, perennial vegetation (where present) to recruitment of the alien was also investigated. Spartina densiflora seeds were able to germinate over a greater than 2-m range of elevation in the tidal frame. Germination success on unvegetated muddy sediments was related to sediment redox potential, with poor germination at strongly negative redox potentials on the lower sites. On sandy, well-drained sediments, germination was apparently constrained by water availability at the highest elevations. Comparison of vegetated and cleared plots on the upper marsh showed that there was a negative relationship between the presence of Atriplex portulacoides and germination on the muddy sediments. Recruitment (survival of seedlings for 12 weeks) was seen only on unvegetated muddy sediments at the highest elevation. Hence the invasive success and wide elevational tolerance of S. densiflora on the marshes of the Gulf of Cadiz are not reflected in its short-term ability to become established from its prolific seed production. Colonization of sub-optimal habitats may be largely by vegetative propagules and clonal growth.     

基于人为调控盐度的促进大叶藻种子萌发及建苗技术研究

Vast declines in Zostera marina seagrass beds demand effective methods of rehabilitation. In this study, we developed a practical method by reducing salinity to induce seed germination followed with recovering salinity to facilitate seedling production of Z. marina. The results showed that Z. marina seeds collected from natural seawater(salinity 30) were induced to germinate at reduced salinities. Percent germination(GR) was higher and mean-time-to-germinate(MTG) was shorter at lower salinities. The highest GR and shortest MTG occurred at salinity 0(deionized freshwater). After germination in freshwater, seeds could develop into seedlings at salinities5–30 and continue the growth. Viability or development of germinated seeds was not significantly different during the 40 d of post-germination incubation at salinities 5–15 after 1–20 d of germination in freshwater. However,during the process of translating germinated seeds from salinity 0 and 5 to salinity 30, reducing the gradients of post-germination acclimation facilitated more seeds forming seedlings in less time. On average, after 60 d of static incubation, including 20 d in freshwater for germination followed with immediate shift to salinity 5 and increasing to salinity 30 at increment of 5 every two days until cultivation at constant salinity 30, 33% of Z. marina seeds produced healthy seedlings. The results indicate that the salinity-manipulation based method of artificial germination and seedling production is practical and effective in supporting rehabilitation of Z. marina bed.     

The dispersion relations for surface plasmon in a nonlinear—metal—nonlinear dielectric structure

In the asymmetric and symmetric nonlinear--metal--nonlinear dielectric structures, this paper studies the analytic dispersion relation for surface plasmon in a system consisting of a thin metallic film covered on two sides media of intensity-dependent refractive indexes by applying a generalised first integral approach. Especially in the symmetric waveguide structure, two possible modes can exist: the odd mode and the even mode. The dispersion relations of the two modes are obtained. Due to the nonlinear dielectric, the squared magnitude of the electric field at the interface appears and alters the dispersion relations. Numerical results are compared to those from a certain approximate treatment.     

高温白化事件可提高涠洲岛澄黄滨珊瑚（Porites lutea）的耐热性

近年来,全球气候变暖引起的海水表层温度上升导致大规模珊瑚白化事件频繁发生,严重损害了珊瑚礁的生态健康。为了揭示白化事件对澄黄滨珊瑚（Porites lutea）耐热性的影响,进一步探索滨珊瑚对高温的生理响应,本研究对广西涠洲岛2020年夏季极端高温白化事件前、后的澄黄滨珊瑚进行了高温胁迫对比实验,并进行了生理生化指标分析。结果显示:（1）两组澄黄滨珊瑚对高温胁迫的响应模式一致,均表现为珊瑚触手收缩,虫黄藻密度、最大光量子产量（Fv/Fm）和叶绿素a含量明显降低,抗氧化物（总超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶、还原型谷胱甘肽）和铵同化酶（谷氨酰胺合成酶）活性（含量）先升后降;（2）经历高温白化事件后的澄黄滨珊瑚生理指标表现更佳,其抗氧化物和铵同化酶都始终保持高的活性及灵敏的响应。这意味着涠洲岛的澄黄滨珊瑚经历高温白化事件后,可以通过提高抗氧化物和铵同化酶活性来提升耐热性,是其应对全球变暖的策略之一。本研究还揭示了涠洲岛澄黄滨珊瑚应对极端高温的生理响应模式,为珊瑚礁保护和生态修复提供了理论支持。     

Hg对锦州湾表层沉积物异养细菌代谢酶活性的影响研究

为了解重金属Hg对锦州湾海域表层沉积物中异养细菌的主要代谢酶的影响,采用Hakanson潜在生态危害指数法对锦州湾表层沉积物中重金属Hg开展潜在生态风险评价,利用平板扩散法测定了9个站位沉积物中异养细菌四种水解酶活性。结果显示:锦州湾海域表层沉积物中重金属污染严重,Hg的含量和潜在生态危害河口最为严重,向外逐步递减,表明本海域表层沉积物中的Hg主要由陆源输入;表层沉积物中异养细菌水解酶活性与抗性异养菌比例均表现为西南部河口区高于东北部外海海域,与重金属Hg的含量分布及Hakanson潜在生态危害指数基本相似,这表明长期高浓度的重金属污染,改变了锦州湾海域表层沉积物中的异养菌的生理代谢过程,在生理或遗传物质上对重金属产生了一定的抗性;磷酸酶、蛋白酶、脂肪酶与沉积物中Hg的含量具有显著正相关性,说明其对重金属Hg较为敏感,在一定程度上可作为反映锦州湾海域沉积物中重金属Hg污染状况的生物学指标。     

盐度对大叶藻种子萌发和幼苗发育的影响

大叶藻海草场是重要生境但在我国严重退化,亟需研究有效的修复方法。本文以桑沟湾的大叶藻种子为研究对象,探讨了盐度急变(0~30)对种子萌发、萌发后继续发育和存活及幼苗幼叶的光合与呼吸速率的影响,为以种子繁殖修复大叶藻海草场提供参考。结果表明:盐度降低促进种子萌发,盐度15及以下效果显著,盐度0时萌发率最高;盐度0~15中萌发的种子均可发育成幼苗,发育和衰亡的比例和速率受萌发盐度背景和萌发后培养盐度的双重影响——较高萌发盐度有利于种子萌发后的发育和存活,种子萌发后于盐度5~30中均可建成幼苗并存活、但在盐度0或1中发育至不同程度后全部死亡。盐度5~30范围内,幼苗幼叶均有净产氧,光合和呼吸作用及净产氧率具随盐度升高而增强趋势。于盐度0或5中萌发、盐度5~30中进一步培育的变盐育苗策略,最高实现了24%或12%的种子于2个月内建成幼苗并继续发育,可作为种子繁殖法修复大叶藻海草场的技术参考。