黄河调水调沙影响下河口入海泥沙扩散及沉积效应

基于2013年黄河调水调沙期间四条断面连续25h的温度、盐度、含沙量资料,分析了黄河调水调沙影响下河口入海水沙的扩散的范围。结合2010年调水调沙期间(7月)和调水调沙前后(5、9月)黄河口底质沉积物粒度的变化特征,探讨了黄河调水调沙工程对黄河输沙的影响以及河口沉积效应。结果表明:调水调沙期间,入海泥沙以粗颗粒为主,快速沉积在河口口门附近,扩散范围有限,而河口冲淡水则能够扩散至离岸较远的距离,入海水沙扩散范围不一致。黄河口沿岸悬浮泥沙主要向东北及偏东北方向扩散,最大通量可达2000kg/cm/s,但在距离河口10km以外区域通量锐减。黄河调水调沙期间,入海沉积物源由调水调沙前期粗颗粒的河床沉积物转变为后期小浪底水库排放的细颗粒沉积物,沉积物在河口附近快速堆积,导致河口区沉积环境短期内急剧改变。     

调水调沙期间黄河口羽状流的逐时变化

2002年黄河实施调水调沙以来,黄河入海泥沙普遍以异轻羽状流的形式在河口附近的有限区域内堆积下来。采用2011年、2012年以及2013年调水调沙期间3期静止轨道海洋水色卫星(GOCI)数据对黄河口附近海域进行悬浮物浓度反演,提取了黄河口羽状流的逐时变化信息;通过黄河口水动力数值模拟以及风场、潮汐等实测数据分析,阐明了羽状流逐时变化的驱动机制。研究结果表明:黄河调水调沙前后黄河口羽状流表现出单向变化和往复变化两种不同的变化过程;而悬浮物浓度的逐时变化显示:河口附近不同站位的悬浮物浓度逐时变化过程差异较大,同一站位的悬浮物浓度可在1小时之内升高或降低约100mg/L。单向变化型羽状流主要受单向潮流的控制,且GOCI观测时段位于一个落潮或者涨潮过程,河流动力较弱;往复变化型羽状流受涨、落潮往复潮流的控制,涨、落潮流向的转换驱使羽状流向相反的方向运动,而且羽状流位于潮流切变带以内,切变锋对羽状流的形态、分布范围具有明显的切变效应。     

2005年黄河调水调沙期间入海泥沙扩散研究

针对黄河调水调沙试验开始前,黄河入海水沙通量非常少,调水调沙试验开始后,入海径流量和泥沙量增加近10倍的情况。通过2005年黄河调水调沙入海泥沙扩散的数值模拟,并结合收集到的黄河口卫星航片解译结果,研究结果表明,调水调沙实验开始后黄河入海水沙量急剧增加,由于地形及射流效应,入海水沙出河口后形成E和SE方向为主扩散的泥沙流,但其扩散范围有限,呈现以河口为中心的扇形分布格局,最大影响距离约20km×40km。风作为悬浮泥沙扩散的驱动力,成为泥沙扩散运动方向和大小的重要决定性因子。     

水库调控下黄河口沉积有机碳的分布、来源与输运特征

黄河是全球输沙量最大的河流之一,陆源颗粒有机碳通量高。然而,近年来流域水库调控对黄河下游水文格局和颗粒有机碳输送产生了重要影响,小浪底水库调水调沙时期成为黄河水沙和有机碳入海的关键时段。为揭示水库调控对河口水动力和有机碳分布的影响机制,基于2020年7月调水期和调沙期黄河口的水动力观测结果,结合沉积物有机碳测试结果,研究了水库调控不同阶段下河口沉积物粒度参数和表层沉积物有机碳的时空分布。研究结果表明,水库不同阶段下悬浮颗粒物的物源和主要扩散、沉积区域的变化,使得黄河口表层沉积物的粒度组成特征发生明显变化;在高径流量的调水期期间,粗颗粒泥沙携带颗粒有机碳在河口距离口门12 km范围内大量埋藏,河口区域表层沉积物的有机碳含量相较于调沙期明显偏低。调水期黄河口陆源有机碳主要来自下游河床冲刷,颗粒较粗,调沙期则转变为水库释放的细颗粒有机碳和流域C₃维管植物碎屑。水库调控的不同阶段使得黄河下游河流水动力格局和泥沙运输机制改变,从而引起黄河口沉积有机碳来源和分布的显著变化。因此,人类活动对调节有机碳向海洋的输送及其在近岸海域的分布具有主导性作用。     

2010年黄河调水调沙期间河口泥沙输运过程的数值模拟

利用EFDC三维数学模型,以整个渤海的水动力环境为背景,加入利津站逐日水沙数据和河口区域的风场数据,模拟了2010年黄河调水调沙期间河口入海泥沙输运过程。黄河调水调沙期间,河口泥沙的输运方式主要受到径流输入的悬沙浓度的变化的影响。通过模拟结果估算了不同传输方式相互转化的悬沙浓度阈值。在没有强风浪扰动的情况下,径流输入悬沙浓度小于13.5g/L时,河口泥沙的传输方式为表层羽状流;输入的悬沙浓度在13.5g/L-24.5g/L之间时,羽状流遭到破快,河口淡咸水由于密度接近发生混合;当输入的悬沙浓度在24.5g/L-29.0g/L时,在底层河口泥沙以低密度异重流的方式传输,在表层则同时形成羽状流;输入的悬沙浓度大于29.0g/L时,黄河入海径流在河口处迅速潜没,形成高密度异重流。高密度泥沙异重流携带大量沉积物沿着海底斜坡向海输运,其初始速度可达1m/s以上。异重流在传输过程中受到底床摩擦力的阻碍作用和泥沙沉降,速度和密度降低,逐渐向混合状态转化,最后以羽状流的形势向海传输。黄河入海泥沙在夏季主要堆积在河口三角洲附近的一个相当有限的区域。     

调水调沙影响下黄河口泥沙异重流过程

利用黄河干流大型水库进行调水调沙,在短期内将大量沉积物快速输送入海,是河口泥沙异重流触发的重要窗口期。根据2010年调水调沙期间黄河口沉积动力现场观测资料,建立覆盖整个渤海海域的ROMS数学模型,以黄河利津站逐日水沙数据和海域潮汐、风场数据作为模型驱动条件,模拟调水调沙期间的河口泥沙异重流发育过程。模拟结果显示,在没有大风扰动的情况下,河流入海悬沙浓度>29.0 kg/m3时会在河口产生高密度泥沙异重流。黄河冲淡水携带大量悬浮物从河口流出后,与海水迅速混合,在潮流影响下,冲淡水舌随时间由西北向东南偏转,输运至莱州湾西侧。淡水和沉积物主要以表层羽状流和底层异重流形式输运：表层羽状流扩展范围较大,输运路径为河口西北方向—远岸（河口东北区域）—莱州湾西侧;底层异重流扩散范围较小,输运路径为河口西北方向—河口沿岸（东）—莱州湾西侧。河口泥沙异重流生消和水体垂向结构存在周期性变化特征：落潮时段异重流发育较好,水体层化增强;涨潮时段异重流逐渐消亡,水体混合增强。估算出黄河口清水沟清8叉流路主泓区内水体由河口径流、潮汐应变和潮汐搅动引起的势能变化率,其中潮汐应变和潮汐搅动起主导作用,比河口径流引起的势能变化率高出2～3个数量级（102～103）。     

2011—2020年调水调沙前后黄河口海域浮游动物年间变化及影响因子

依据2011—2020年(2016年中断)黄河调水调沙工程实施前、后黄河口海域18个站位野外调查数据, 研究浮游动物种类组成和丰度变化及优势种更替, 以查明黄河口海域浮游动物的年间变动规律及调水调沙工程的影响。结果显示: 共记录浮游动物82种类(包括浮游幼体16类), 其中刺胞动物种类数最多, 共记录26种, 其次是桡足类出现23种。浮游动物种类组成的年间变化差异显著(P < 0.05), 2017年(未进行调水调沙)最低; 调水调沙前、后分别记录浮游动物69种和75种, 调水调沙前后种类数呈正相关(r=0.684, P=0.042); 调水调沙前后优势种更替率较高; 浮游动物丰度在2011—2015年较高, 2017—2020年相对较低, 调水调沙后浮游动物丰度年间变化达极显著水平(P < 0.01), 而调水调沙前后没有显著差异; 浮游动物丰度水平分布总体呈现从黄河口近岸到离岸递减趋势, 密集区位于黄河口北部近岸海域, 调水调沙后密集中心较调水调沙前向离岸海域略有推移。冗余分析表明, 对黄河口浮游动物年间变化影响较大的因子是叶绿素a浓度、溶解氧浓度和水温。研究表明: 2011—2020年调水调沙期间黄河口海域浮游动物丰度年间变动大于调水调沙前后变动, 调水调沙实施对浮游动物影响持续时间较短。     

黄河调水调沙期间入海泥沙沉积动力过程的数值模拟

本文根据2007年黄河调水调沙期间黄河三角洲及其毗邻海域的水文、泥沙调查数据资料,使用Mike 3三维水沙数值模型模拟了黄河调水调沙全过程(低流量、高流量、高含沙量)入海水沙输运过程,揭示了人造洪峰下水沙扩散范围和特征,分析了泥沙入海后的沉积动力学机制。研究发现:入海淡水和表层细颗粒泥沙主要以异轻羽状流形式向外海和河口两侧沿岸扩散,中、底层粗颗粒泥沙向外海扩散非常有限,有少量向河口两侧沿岸扩散,扩散范围小于表层;河口区在涨-落、落-涨潮流转换时刻分别存在着潮流切变锋,切变锋均形成在浅水区,而后向深水区移动,切变锋的发生对泥沙向外海扩散有着明显的阻隔作用。     

基于GEE的黄河口表层悬浮泥沙浓度时空分布及其影响因素分析

黄河三角洲作为我国重要的生态功能区,探究入海口处表层悬浮泥沙浓度（Suspended Sediment Concentration, SSC）分布及其影响因素对沉积物侵蚀再悬浮、河口海岸带生态过程等具有指导意义。本文基于色度角与SSC之间的关系建立了适于黄河口及邻近海域的SSC反演模型（R² = 0.80,MRE = 11.0%,RMSE = 1.35 mg/L）。借助GEE平台,研究得到2000−2021年黄河口及邻近海域SSC的时空分布特征和变化规律,并从自然和人类活动两方面进行影响因素分析。研究区年均SSC呈波动下降的趋势（−1.83 mg/（L·a））;空间分布表现为由近岸向远岸逐渐降低的趋势;扩散区间（年均SSC > 20 mg/L）仅在距离河口4.8～14.6 km之间,黄河入海泥沙对现行黄河口处泥沙扩散影响有限。波浪与悬浮泥沙浓度存在相同的季节特征,非调水调沙期间,有效波高与SSC年代际月均值呈现正相关关系（r = 0.66,p < 0.01）;调水调沙期间,现行黄河口门以及莱州湾处SSC受风速、有效波高影响有限,调水调沙占主导地位。调水调沙期间的来沙系数与高浓度区面积变化率呈正相关的关系,调水调沙结束后（16 d内）,高浓度区（SSC > 200 mg/L）边界由距沿岸约1.3 km扩大至约2.5 km。     

镭、氡同位素示踪调水调沙对黄河口水体运移及营养盐分布特征的影响

为研究调水调沙影响下的镭、氡同位素和营养盐在黄河口的分布特征,于2013年7月调水调沙期间在黄河口及其邻近海域进行了多点的连续观测。研究发现:(1)黄河口海域镭、氡同位素分布呈现明显的“分区”现象,南北两区分别为“调水调沙影响非显著区域”和“调水调沙影响显著区域”,北部海域镭、氡同位素浓度高值主要来源于陆源输入(包括河流输入和海底地下水排放);(2)调查期间,北部海域水体年龄为(2.9±1.6)d,南部海域水体年龄为(5.0±2.1)d;水龄随潮汐变化表现出涨潮时水龄增大、落潮时水龄减小的波动趋势;(3)北部海域溶解无机氮(DIN)和溶解硅(DSi)含量明显高于南部海域,而溶解无机磷(DIP)在两个区域的含量相差不大。     

Satellite-measured temporal and spatial variability of the Tokachi River plume

River plumes have important effects on marine ecosystems. Variation in the extent and dispersal of river plumes is often associated with river discharge, wind characteristics and ocean circulation. The objectives of this study were to identify the Tokachi River plume by satellite, determine its relationship with river discharge and clarify its temporal and spatial dynamics. SeaWiFS multispectral satellite data (normalized water-leaving radiance: nL_w) with 1.1 km spatial resolution were used to determine the spatial and temporal variability of the plume during 1998–2002. Supervised maximum likelihood classification using six channels of nL_w at 412, 443, 490, 510, 555 and 670 nm with each band's spectral signature statistic was used to define classes of surface water and to estimate the plume area. Supervised maximum likelihood classification separated three to four classes of coastal water based on optical characteristics as a result of wind stress events. The satellite-observed plume area was correlated with the amount of river discharge from April to October. The plume distribution patterns were influenced by wind direction and magnitude, the occurrences of a near-shore eddy field and surface currents. Empirical orthogonal function (EOF) was used to express the spatial and temporal variability of the plume using anomalies of nL_w(555) monthly averaged images. The first mode (44% of variance) showed the turbid plume distribution resulting from re-suspension by strong wind mixing along the coast during winter. This mode also showed the plume was distributed along-shelf direction in spring to early autumn. The second mode (17% of variance) showed spring pattern across-shelf direction. EOF analysis also explained the interannual variability of the plume signature, which might have been affected by the flow of the Oyashio Current and the occurrence of a near-shore eddy field.     

黄河在调水调沙影响下的入海泥沙通量和粒度的变化趋势

基于1950-2013年的黄河水文泥沙资料,系统研究了黄河实施调水调沙以来入海泥沙在通量、粒度组成和时间分布上的变化特征,揭示了调水调沙影响下黄河入海泥沙的变化趋势。在2002年黄河实施调水调沙以来,6-11月平缓均衡的持续性高水沙量取代了调水调沙之前7-10月峰值尖瘦的汛期特征,汛期与非汛期差异减小,入海水沙通量的季节性特征显著改变。随着调水调沙的逐年实施,河床泥沙颗粒粗化,临界起动功率不断增大,而调水调沙期间的径流量峰值基本稳定,径流对下游河床冲刷效率不断降低,导致入海泥沙通量持续降低、泥沙颗粒变细。可以预见,黄河河口的淤积将会大大减缓,入海的泥沙将更多地沉积在远离河口的区域,维持河口三角洲叶瓣冲淤平衡的临界泥沙量将会加大。     

Application of satellite infrared data for mapping of thermal plume contamination in coastal ecosystem of Korea

The 5900 MW Younggwang nuclear power station on the west coast of Korea discharges warm water affecting coastal ecology [KORDI report (2003). Wide area observation of the impact of the operation of Younggwang nuclear power plant 5 and 6, No. BSPI 319-00-1426-3, KORDI, Seoul, Korea]. Here the spatial and temporal characteristics of the thermal plume signature of warm water are reported from a time series (1985-2003) of space-borne, thermal infrared data from Landsat and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) satellites. Sea surface temperature (SST) were characterized using advanced very high resolution radiometer data from the NOAA satellites. These data demonstrated the general pattern and extension of the thermal plume signature in the Younggwang coastal areas. In contrast, the analysis of SST from thematic mapper data using the Landsat-5 and 7 satellites provided enhanced information about the plume shape, dimension and direction of dispersion in these waters. The thermal plume signature was detected from 70 to 100 km to the south of the discharge during the summer monsoon and 50 to 70 km to the northwest during the winter monsoon. The mean detected plume temperature was 28 degrees C in summer and 12 degrees C in winter. The DeltaT varied from 2 to 4 degrees C in winter and 2 degrees C in summer. These values are lower than the re-circulating water temperature (6-9 degrees C). In addition the temperature difference between tidal flats and offshore (SSTtidal flats - SSToffsore) was found to vary from 5.4 to 8.5 degrees C during the flood tides and 3.5 degrees C during the ebb tide. The data also suggest that water heated by direct solar radiation on the tidal flats during the flood tides might have been transported offshore during the ebb tide. Based on these results we suggest that there is an urgent need to protect the health of Younggwang coastal marine ecosystem from the severe thermal impact by the large quantity of warm water discharged from the Younggwang nuclear power plant.     

2000年8月长江口外海区冲淡水和羽状锋的观测

采用CTD、多参数环境监测系统 YSI等仪器设备 ,于 2 0 0 0年 8月在长江口外海区对长江冲淡水结构、羽状锋等进行了现场观测。 2 0 0 0年 8月长江冲淡水出口门后 ,朝东北偏北流动 ,而当年 8月为长江径流量偏小的月份。通过动力分析指出了近口门段长江冲淡水分布类型与径流量的关系。长江冲淡水主流在近口门附近朝东北偏北扩展后 ,在科氏力作用下朝东南扩展 ,在转向区域为沿水下河谷北上的高盐台湾暖流水。高盐的台湾暖流水和长江冲淡水混合 ,生成口外羽状锋 ,强度大 ,阻挡了长江冲淡水向东扩展 ,并使冲淡水在当年径流量偏小情况下朝东北偏北运动。部分台湾暖流水在中下层能穿越长江口外而向北流动。羽状锋主要存在于长江口外 1 2 2 .6°E附近的 1 5m水层之上。在浙江沿岸、长江口外水下低谷西侧、吕泗近岸存在着上升流现象     

夏季长江冲淡水年际变化的数值研究

基于区域海洋模式ROMS,本文对东中国海的水动力环境进行了长期(2004-2015年)模拟,分析了长江冲淡水扩展形态的年际变化特征和规律。研究发现,夏季长江冲淡水主要有三种扩展形态:东北方向、东南方向和东南-东北双向扩展,三种形态所占比例分别为37%,46%和17%。长江冲淡水的扩展面积具有显著的年际变化,近河口冲淡水(海表面盐度<28)的扩展面积主要受径流量控制,在外海(28<海表面盐度<31)则主要受南风和西南风的影响。就淡水通量而言,向东北方向最多,向东南方向次之,二者7、8月份所占比例分别为40%、60%和33%、32%。夏季长江冲淡水向东北方向的扩展主要受东风或较强东南风的影响。年际尺度上,向东北方向的淡水输运与东南方向风分量具有很好的相关性,主要受东南风驱动的Ekman输运的影响。     

一个理想河口中拦门沙的存在对河口羽流扩展的影响

河口羽流是河口冲淡水在陆架中扩展的主要形式, 其扩展受到诸多动力与地形因素的影响, 口门拦门沙就是其中之一。以一个理想化的河口为例, 采用区域海洋模型(regional ocean modelling system, ROMS), 研究口门拦门沙对河口羽流扩展的影响, 具体包括拦门沙对羽流的出流状态、扩展范围以及远场区沿岸流淡水输运的影响。研究结果表明, 拦门沙增加了口门处的水体分层, 减小了羽流出流速度, 增大了羽流凸出体的半径, 减小了远场区沿岸流宽度, 并进而减少了沿岸流中的淡水输送。本项研究对地形因素对河口羽流的扩展研究以及陆源物质的向海输运等均具有重要意义。     

Modélisation sur vingt ans (1976–1995) de la production phytoplanctonique en baie de Seine

This paper presents an ecological modelling of the Bay of Seine (Eastern Channel) over the last twenty years, chosen as a typical case of eutrophication in a river plume. In the physical sub-model, the Bay is divided into 42 boxes and water fluxes between them are calculated automatically using Ifremer's “Elise” software. A two-layer, vertical thermohaline model is then linked with the horizontal circulation scheme in order to take vertical stratification into account. The biological submodel deals with two chemical elements, nitrogen and silicon, and splits phytoplankton into diatoms and flagellates. Results from this ecological model point out the spatial concordance of highest phytoplanktonic concentrations with the river plume spreading in the bay. Contrary to diatoms, flagellate production appears to be mainly confined to the eastern bay, due to the vertical haline stratification in front of the river mouth. As far as the whole bay is concerned, the interannual fluctuations of diatom production are related to the level of spring insolation, whereas silicon inputs regulate diatom production in the river plume. The flagellate summer production in the plume is enhanced by high water temperature and high N/Si ratios, which appear during dry years with low discharge regimes. Finally, interannual increase of flagellate production could be related to gradual increase of nitrogen loadings, contrasting with silicon loadings, which remained stable for twenty years.     

Spreading of river water in Suruga Bay

We have investigated the spreading of river water in Suruga Bay by performing numerical experiments and conducting field surveys with drifting buoys. There are clear seasonal variations in the large river discharges into the bay: increased discharge in the rainy summer season and decreased discharge in the dry winter season. The numerical model reproduces the main feature that has been observed in the actual sea: the river water extends gradually from the northwestern to the southeastern regions in the bay, especially in summer. The river water spreading is greatly influenced by the bottom topography of the bay: the Fuji River water spreads over a deep continental slope as a surface-advected plume and extends well offshore, since a large bulge (anticyclonic eddy at the river mouth) extends well offshore and effectively transports the river water offshore. On the other hand, the Oi River water tends to flow parallel to isobaths (along a coastline) on a shallow continental shelf as a bottomadvected plume. Moreover, the influences of seasonal variations in the stratification and a bay-scale, wind-driven circulation are also investigated. Trajectories of the drifting buoys, which were released around the Fuji River mouth, certainly suggest that the bulge exists there.     

Long-term variations of temperature and salinity of the Bohai Sea and their influence on its ecosystem

Long-term variations of the sea surface salinity (SSS), air temperature (AT) and sea surface temperature (SST) of the Bohai Sea during 1960–1997 were analyzed. They all showed positive trends. The trends of the annual mean SSS, AT and SST of the Bohai Sea were, respectively, 0.074 y⁻¹, 0.024°C y⁻¹ and 0.011°C y⁻¹. The increases of AT and SST were consistent with, the recent warming in northern China, in the Huanghai Sea (Yellow Sea) and in the East China Sea. The rise of SSS can be attributed to the rapid reduction of the total river discharge into the Bohai Sea, as well as to the increase inflow of high salinity water from the Huanghai Sea. It may also be attributed to increasing human use of river water and increases in evaporation from the sea surface. These changes in the marine environment seemed to have important influence on the Bohai Sea ecosystem.