用于深部探测的地震检波器低频拓展技术

利用地震探测的方法获得地球深部精细构造,从而增强深部资源勘探和重大地质灾害预测能力,是目前地球物理学研究的热点之一.本文简要回顾了国内外深部地震探测研究的历史,分析和解释了在精确深部地震探测中保护低频地震信号的重要性和必要性.在此基础上进一步阐述了地震检波器的低频特性对获取高质量深部地震数据的意义,重点归纳总结了如何利用伺服技术、闭环极点补偿技术以及力平衡反馈技术实现地震检波器的低频拓展,并以典型深部地震探测项目为例介绍了低频检波器在深部探测中的应用及主要取得的成果.最后,结合新型材料和新型加工技术,指出了未来深部地震检波器发展的主要方向.     

单道地震电缆检波器线性组合特性分析

单道地震电缆采用检波器线性组合方式,单道地震剖面的信噪比和分辨率与检波器线性组合特性密切相关。将对检波器线性组合方式的方向特性和滤波特性进行了理论分析,并结合海上试验数据,对不同勘探目的、作业水深和检波器线性组合参数条件下的单道地震剖面及其频谱进行对比分析。研究结果认为:在浅水海域,或探测目标层较浅的海洋单道地震勘探中,可选择检波器数量较少且相邻检波器间距较小的检波器组合方式,以提高资料分辨率;而在深水海域和探测目标层较深的海洋单道地震勘探时,应该选择检波器数量较多且相邻检波器间距较大的检波器组合方式,以改善资料信噪比。     

高密度面波勘探和小型台阵地脉动观测在西部地区地震防灾中的应用

鉴于我国西部地区地震防灾需要一种简便快速、低成本的地下构造调查方法,本文利用对甘肃岷县漳县地震灾害科考机会,对高密度面波勘探和小型台阵地脉动观测在西部山区地下构造调查中的有效性进行了试验.试验选取房屋倒塌和滑坡等不同灾害类型以及不同地质条件的场地进行;2种方法的数据采集都使用普通小型便携式面波仪和4 Hz地震检波器,其中,小型台阵采用底边长16m的正三角形台阵,观测时间约30分钟.试验结果显示,高密度面波勘探能够探测地下约30～40m以内的剪切波速度构造,小型台阵探测深度稍深,约为40～50m,但是浅层分辩率较低.试验还显示,两种勘探方法使用同一台普通面波仪和地震检波器,设备小、成本低、便于携带,非常适合西部地区地震防灾之地下构造调查.     

山区公路微动探测方法应用试验研究

复杂山区的公路建设运营对地球物理探测提出了巨大挑战.非侵入式微动探测方法无需主动震源,作为地震类方法的一种,其独特的优势已经体现在地热资源探测、城市地下空间精细探测等领域.针对目前山区公路建设运营中对地球物理探测的重大需求,本文研究微动探测方法的应用效果.首先,根据研究区地形设计了十字形与直线型进行野外微动数据的采集,进而利用空间自相关法从微动信号中提取瑞雷波频散曲线,最后获得视S波速度剖面.通过与高密度电法探测结果对比发现微动探测方法在山区可以有效的识别隐伏构造和不同的岩性层、刻画高速异常地质体等.在灵活改变观测系统的情况下,针对山区公路建设对地质信息的要求,该方法可以提供关键的精细地质结构信息.通过本研究,初步证实了微动探测方法在山区探测的有效性,为后续复杂条件下的地球物理探测提供了新的有效探测手段.     

胜利探区隐蔽油气藏高精度勘探地震采集技术进展

为满足隐蔽油气藏老油田进一步勘探开发对地震成像精度的要求,胜利油田不断研究、发展和完善高精度地震采集技术和方法,来提高野外原始地震资料品质.在胜利探区,针对复杂岩性隐蔽油气藏勘探的实际需求,对影响地震资料品质的高密集空间采样观测系统设计、近地表结构探测与建模方法、新型炸药震源研制与激发技术、数字检波器接收及低噪声施工等地震采集技术环节进行了重点研究,取得了一系列成果,进一步发展和完善了高精度、高密度地震采集技术系列.在胜利油田YX、B12和LJ等多个地区的应用显著提高了原始地震资料的品质.     

SPAC法在江汉平原地层结构分层中的应用

微动探测可以确定岩土性质差异较大的地质界面。利用微动探测方法,获取S波速度剖面,对潜江市浩口中学地下介质结构分层,并与该场地地震监测井项目的钻孔对比。结果表明,微动探测方法能较好分辨地层结构,对岩土性质差异较大的地层探测效果良好,可为地层分层提供重要依据。     

胜利油田高密度地震探索与实践

胜利油田三维地震技术走过了40多年的历程,从常规三维地震、二次采集三维地震发展到了高精度地震,目前正处于高精度向高密度地震过渡阶段.如何实现陆上高密度地震,国际上目前存在着两条技术路线,其一是以美国斯伦贝谢公司Uni Q为代表的单点高密度地震技术,其二是以PGS公司HD3D技术与CGG公司的Eye-D技术为代表的模拟检波器组合高密度地震技术.从2005年开始,胜利油田先后在垦71、罗家、义东、东风港等区块开展了高密度地震技术攻关,分别采用DSU3单点数字检波器、动圈检波器小组合、自主研发的陆用压电单点检波器接收,井炮震源激发,采用小面元网格、高覆盖、高密度观测,三维炮道密度均在100万道/km~2以上,罗家高密度三维最高达到了358.4万道/km2.对比分析不同技术方案与效果发现,地震剖面横向分辨率均有大幅度提高,数字单点与陆用压电单点接收地震资料垂向分辨率提升明显,动圈检波器组合接收地震资料垂向分辨率提升有限.综合考虑东部近地表条件、激发接收条件、施工效率、施工成本等因素,现阶段在胜利东部探区使用陆用压电单点检波器开展高密度地震是可行的.     

城市活断层探测的高分辨率浅层地震数据采集技术

在简要介绍城市浅层地震勘探干扰波特点的基础上 ,结合福州市活断层探测的浅层地震试验探测资料 ,阐述了抗干扰高分辨率浅层地震勘探的技术装备、地震数据采集的技术方法以及在强干扰背景条件下围绕抗干扰和提高地震资料信噪比与分辨率而采取的技术措施。试验结果表明 :采用可控震源和与其相匹配的地震仪器以及小道间距、小偏移距、多通道和高频检波器接收的工作方法 ,是实现抗干扰高分辨率浅层地震数据采集的有效途径     

微动探测方法研究进展与展望

微动探测方法是在背景噪声成像理论的基础上发展起来的一种新型地球物理探测手段,其根据获取野外数据的观测台站方式分为微动阵列方法和微动单台方法.本文综述了前人对微动探测方法的研究进展,并对目前该方法存在的问题及研究的发展趋势进行了展望.微动阵列方法采用频率波数法或空间自相关法从微动信号中提取频散曲线,进而反演获得地下横波速度结构.微动单台方法即H/V谱比法以三分量台站为观测基础,对水平分量信号与垂直分量信号进行傅里叶谱比,以此估算沉积层厚度、获得共振频率以及场地放大因子等.目前微动探测发展还有诸多问题需要进行深入研究,例如瑞雷波与勒夫波浅层探测理论方法、同时考虑基阶和高阶面波的影响进行多阶面波反演方法研究以及H/V谱比曲线与频散曲线联合反演方法研究等,从而提高微动探测方法浅层探测精度以满足城市地下空间精细探测的需求,加深探测深度为透明地壳、地下第三空间的精细探测提供一种新型地球物理手段.     

海底地震仪的信号传递效果和噪声水平

单球式海底地震仪（以下简称OBS）由于其成本低、操作简便的优点在天然地震研究、人工地震探测中获得了广泛应用.本文首先分析多型进口和国产OBS在台湾海峡西部采集的地震数据,发现同一台OBS上的垂直向速度检波器（Z分量）的信噪比常显著低于压力检波器（H分量）,由于这两种检波器记录的都是海底的垂向振动信号,推测速度检波器的低信噪比更多的与仪器特性有关.然后从信号传递和噪声水平两方面分析影响速度检波器信噪比的因素：为检测速度检波器与OBS壳体的耦合效果,对某型宽频带OBS和陆上地震仪进行了同址同步观测试验,发现OBS的整机灵敏度有较大的差异;为分析速度检波器的水底噪声特征,以H分量记录作为基准,对比分析了同一台仪器不同站位的Z分量噪声水平,发现速度检波器在浅海区受到较大的次生干扰.本文指出OBS的内部耦合和水流次生干扰是至今尚未引起大家重视而又严重影响资料品质和多波探测成效的两个关键问题,这一研究结果对于改进OBS结构设计和制造工艺,以及OBS数据多分量处理方法研究有重要的参考意义.     

陆上高分辨率地震勘探检波器性能及应用效果分析(英文)

地震检波器的性能是高分辨率地震数据采集中的一个重要因素,对资料的品质影响很大。为此,作者在不同类型地区对目前在高分辨率地震勘探中常用的动圈式检波器、涡流检波器和数字检波器的性能进行了对比试验。通过野外工作的实际,总结了动圈式检波器、涡流检波器和数字检波器在不同表层地质条件地区的应用效果,提出了适合该类地区高分辨率地震检波器的性能指标,指出合理选择检波器类型和检波器的联接方式,能提高地震资料的信噪比和分辨率。     

地震检波器的横向灵敏度特性

地震检波器受到地面横向运动激励时的输入输出关系定义为检波器的横向灵敏度特性.本文对检波器线圈受到横向激励时产生的轴向振动进行了分析.可以看到,当悬挂线圈的弹簧片悬丝发生动力失稳时,检波器的横向灵敏度突然增大;在线圈横向振幅很小的情况下,失稳频率接近悬丝的横向固有频率.利用谱分析技术可以准确地从检波器噪声中检测出检波器的横向灵敏度和失稳频率,即检波器假频.     

Geophone orientation and coupling in three-component sea-floor data: a case study

We analyse the geophone orientation and coupling in a data set from the North Sea. Based on the polarization of the water-break on the sea-floor, we have derived processing algorithms for determining the receiver orientation for gimballed and non-gimballed geophone systems. For a gimballed system, the problem reduces to a simple horizontal rotation. However, for a non-gimballed system, where all three geophone axes may vary due to varying acquisition conditions such as dipping sea-floor, twisting of recording cable, etc., the three orientation angles cannot be found directly from the recorded displacement vectors. Using the data redundancy within a common-receiver gather, a robust two-stage method is derived for the non-gimballed system in which all three orientations can initially be unknown. Testing on the North Sea data set acquired with a gimballed system shows that the three-component geophones in the data set are orientated satisfactorily within an error of 5°. However, there are some undesirable cross-couplings between the vertical and horizontal geophones, which results in leakage of shear-wave energy from the horizontal components to the vertical components.     

Geophones on blocks: a prototype towable geophone system for shallow land seismic investigations

In recent years some authors have given a certain amount of attention to towed seismic reflection acquisition systems. Based on some of these works we sought to design and test a system making use of currently available geophones instead of specifically designed sensors as employed in some previous works. Thus, bearing in mind that the geophone's characteristics are achieved in the conditions that they are originally designed to be employed in, i.e., coupled with a spike driven into the ground, we devoted our attention to some of the variables involved in the geophone's performance, namely the total weight, the effect of a spikeless geophone and the surfaces on which the geophone is placed. Previously, we had experimentally verified some variations in the signal response due to coupling geophones in different surface materials, such as hard soil, asphalt and concrete pavement and we noticed that these surface materials were in fact an important factor in the overall response. Hence, these materials, or as we also called them coupling agents, could be employed as a base material in the construction of a mobile seismic acquisition device composed of blocks of a certain size, on which the geophone would be then inserted and thus making it into a spikeless surface towable system. Therefore, various materials were tested in order to select one that could maintain a similar fidelity to that of the spike coupled geophone and thus contribute towards building a more time efficient and towable geophone and block system. Pinging tests revealed variations in the coupling frequency and damping characteristics of each coupling agent and from all of these tested materials one was selected for field comparative tests with the normally planted geophones with spike coupling. Finally a seismic reflection profile was acquired simultaneously with both systems, i.e., spike coupling versus cement block coupled geophones. This field test showed similar results in terms of signal levels and frequency content and therefore it was possible to observe the presence of the same reflectors and other seismic events in either of the time sections. With this experiment we propose not only a system that allows a time efficient seismic field operation but we also aim to encourage more research into the response dependency of the coupling agent of which the towable base block is made of.     

微动勘查方法及其研究进展

本文简要回顾了微动的发展历史,并着重介绍了微动勘查方法的原理、方法及其最新进展,当今,城市物探中传统的地球物理勘探方法越来越受到限制,微动勘查方法以施工简单、成本低、费时短、对环境没有任何影响等优点,越发显现出其优势,由于横波速度对煤层陷落柱、采空区等速度异常区反映敏感,微动方法对探测陷落柱及解决村庄覆盖区的煤层构造问题,具有得天独厚的技术优势和应用前景.     

ON THE MINIMIZATION OF THE DISTORTION CAUSED BY THE GEOPHONE-GROUND COUPLING *

It is well known that the application of the “bright spot’ technique has been more successful in marine prospecting than in land prospecting. This is due partly to the problem of distortion of the seismic signal caused by the geophone-ground coupling, especially when carrying out high resolution, shallow seismic surveys in swampy terrain. The effect of geophone-ground coupling on the response of a single geophone to the incident compressional waves has been treated by several authors. However, they have always neglected the influence of mutual interaction between an array of geophones on the response of each geophone forming the array. We show that mutual interaction, which results from the re-radiation of the incident compressional waves by the geophones forming the array, can have considerable effect on the response of each geophone. The effect of the geophone-ground coupling on the response of a seismic channel is considered in the absence and presence of mutual interaction between a group of geophones for the case when the shear wave velocity of the soil varies by a factor of three.     

Using Four-Component Geophones: Effect on the Quality and Reliability of Multicomponent Seismic Recording and Analysis of Processing Methods

For seismic observations in mines or wells, instead of three-component geophones, four-component ones with sensors located along the tetrahedral axes are sometimes used. When a geophone is placed in a hard-to-reach area for a long time, the requirements on its reliability increase, so it is necessary to monitor its operation. From this viewpoint, a four-component geophone has certain advantages over the conventional three-component geophone, the three ones being suppression of instrument noise for the recalculation of a four-component record into a three-component one, saving of the polarization analysis data in case one geophone component fails, and sensitivity control of individual geophone components. To suppress instrument noise in records from a four-component geophone, the following processing should be performed: first, calculation of the covariance matrix of recording components, second calculation of the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the covariance matrix, and third, the parameter used to assess the ratio of instrument noise to the useful signal is calculated. After that, the operator projecting a four-component displacement vector onto a three-dimensional subspace is constructed. Application of this operator to data suppresses interference or noise (which do not correspond to motion in three-dimensional space). The output of the processing is data partially cleaned of instrument noise. In this paper, using model examples, we analyze the features of processing data from four-component geophones. The possibility of suppressing instrument noise and controlling the sensitivities of individual geophone components is demonstrated, and the effect on polarization analysis results is shown.     

Geophone‐ground coupling with flat bases

Seismic acquisition can be costly and inefficient when using spiked geophones. In most cases, such as the desert, the most practical solution is the use of flat bases, where geophone‐ground coupling is based on an optimal choice of the mass and area of contact between the receiver and the ground. This optimization is necessary since areas covered by sand are loose sediments and poor coupling occurs. Other cases include ground coupling in stiff pavements, for instance urban areas and ocean‐bottom nodes. We consider three different approaches to analyse coupling and model the geophone with a flat base (plate) resting on an elastic half‐space. Two existing models, based on the full‐wave theory, which we refer to as the Wolf and Hoover‐O'Brien models, predict a different behaviour with respect to the novel method introduced in this work. This method is based on the transmission coefficient of upgoing waves impinging in the geophone‐ground contact, where the ground is described as an anelastic half‐space. The boundary conditions at the contact have already been used to model fractures and are shown here to provide the equation of the damped oscillator. This fracture‐contact model depends on the stiffness characteristic of the contact between the geophone base plate and the ground. The transmission coefficient from the ground to the plate increases for increasing weight and decreasing base plate area. The new model predicts that the resonant frequency is independent of the geophone weight and plate radius, while the recorded energy increases with increasing weight and decreasing base plate area (as shown from our own experiments and measurements by Krohn) which is contrary to the theories developed by Wolf and Hoover‐O'Brien. The transient response is obtained by an inverse Fourier transform. Optimal geophone‐ground coupling and energy transmission are required, the first concept meaning that the geophone is following the motion of the ground and the second one that the signal is detectable. As a final example, we simulate seismic acquisition based on the novel theory, showing the differences between optimal and poor ground‐to‐geophone energy transmission.     

SEPARATION OF P- AND S-WAVES*

In combined P- and SV-observations with vertical and in-line horizontal geophones, recognition and separation of the individual P- and S-arrivals may form a considerable problem. Due to the geophone receiving characteristics, P- and S-waves are observed on both horizontal and vertical geophones. A new method of separating P- and S-waves is presented that inverts the geophone records for the receiving characteristics, thereby separating the two wavetypes. The filter coefficients are determined from the near-surface P- and S-wave velocity and from the geometry of the geophone groups. The P/S-separation filter was tested on synthetic data with good results. Even PS- and SP-converted reflections, which are completely coinciding for horizontal reflectors, could be well separated. The filter appears to be stable and to have low sensitivity to noise in the data or to errors in the near-surface P- and S-wave velocity. The filter is superior to other separation methods, which were applied to the same dataset for comparison. This method can also be applied to VSP data.     

Geophone-seabed coupling effect and its correction

By summing geophone and hydrophone data with opposite polarity responses to water layer reverberation, the ocean bottom cable dual-sensor acquisition technique can effectively eliminate reverberation, broaden the frequency bandwidth, and improve both the resolution and fidelity of the seismic data. It is thus widely used in industry. However, it is difficult to ensure good coupling of the geophones with the seabed because of the impact of ocean flow, seafloor topography, and field operations; therefore, geophone data are seriously affected by the transfer function of the geophone-seabed coupling system. As a result, geophone data frequently have low signal-to-noise ratios (S/N), which causes large differences in amplitude, frequency, and phases between geophone and hydrophone data that severely affect dual-sensor summation. In contrast, the hydrophone detects changes in brine pressure and has no coupling issues with the seabed; thus, hydrophone data always have good S/N. First, in this paper, the mathematical expression of the transfer function between geophone and seabed is presented. Second, the transfer function of the geophone-seabed is estimated using hydrophone data as reference traces, and finally, the coupling correction based on the estimated transfer function is implemented. Using this processing, the amplitude and phase differences between geophone and hydrophone data are removed, and the S/N of the geophone data are improved. Synthetic and real data examples then show that our method is feasible and practical.