尼日尔三角洲盆地深水沉积体系特征

尼日尔三角洲盆地深水沉积研究是目前世界油气勘探的热点问题之一.通过对三维地震资料、岩心及测井曲线分析,揭示了尼日尔三角洲盆地南部地区新近系深水沉积体系特征.基于不同属性的层序界面识别,研究区划分出SQ1-SQ6共6个三级层序,并建立层序地层格架,进而总结出研究区深水沉积模式.研究区除堆积正常半深海-深海泥岩外,还广泛发育海底扇沉积,海底扇由浊积水道和海底扇朵体组成,其中水道分支少、弯度大,外部形态类似曲流河;朵体平面上成朵叶状分布,可以划分为末端朵体和决口扇朵体.研究区新近系地层自下向上由老到新,相对海平面先下降再上升,SQ1-SQ4层序以海底扇朵体沉积为主,SQ5-SQ6层序以浊积水道沉积为主.      

尼日尔三角洲盆地泥收缩构造发育特征及对沉积的控制

泥收缩构造是发育在尼日尔三角洲盆地深水区的典型构造样式,属重力滑脱冲断构造,主要构造类型有冲断裂、塑性泥构造及相关褶皱和正断裂。基于地震地质解释,结合构造发育史分析,认为泥收缩构造主要受塑性泥构造控制,在中新世托尔托纳(Tortonian)晚期开始活动,中新世墨西拿期(Messinian)—上新世赞克勒期(Zanclean)达到最强,之后构造活动逐渐减弱,但至今仍在活动。通过古构造恢复,结合沉积展布分析,认为中新世托尔托纳晚期沉积开始受构造活动控制,托尔托纳阶上部及以上地层具有明显的同沉积特征,泥收缩构造相关的冲断裂上升盘厚度明显小于下降盘厚度,褶皱两翼的地层厚度明显厚于中间背斜顶部的地层厚度。     

尼日尔三角洲深水区层序地层及地震相研究

中新世至上新世,研究区发育深海平原和陆坡坡脚沉积。缺少反映海平面变化的上超特征和削截现象,很难利用地震反射终止类型（上超、顶超、削截）进行层序界面识别。文中利用深水区沉积旋回的地震相特征差异进行层序界面识别,并建立了研究区层序演化模式:低位体系域发育重力流沉积（块状搬运复合体、浊积扇）———海侵高位体系域深海泥质发育。以层序为格架进行地震相和沉积相在时间和空间分布特征分析。研究区识别出两类叠加地 震相样式:杂乱反射块状搬运复合体———丘形水道—堤岸复合体（浊积扇）———平行反射深海泥质沉积;丘形水道—堤岸复合体（浊积扇）———平行反射深海泥质沉积。     

尼日尔三角洲盆地深水沉积的二元结构特征及层序划分

本文根据测井曲线及地震相特征,建立了深水层序界面划分的5种判别标准,将尼日尔三角洲盆地深水区中中新统一上中新统地层划分了6个三级层序,2个二级层序.根据深水沉积自身沉积旋回所具有的二元结构特征及三角洲与陆架区相对海平面变化之间的关系,将经典的三分体系域划分为二分体系域:异地沉积体系域和原地沉积体系域.其中,异地沉积体系域从基准面下降开始海侵早期,主要发育重力流沉积(块状搬运沉积、浊积扇);原地沉积体系域从海侵中、晚期—基准面上升最大位置结束,主要以原地沉降的泥质披覆沉积为主.本文分析了层序发育的影响因素,综合研究认为:气候条件、海平面变化、构造抬升、沉积物供给、大陆架宽窄等共同制约了研究区深水沉积层序的发育.     

南海北部深水区新生代盆地三层结构及其构造演化

位于陆壳与洋壳之上的大陆边缘记录了大陆裂解-大洋打开的全部过程,是研究地球动力学的重要场所.南海北部深水区盆地位于南海北部大陆边缘,新生代盆地表现为裂陷期盆地、裂后拗陷期盆地及裂后洋盆沉降期盆地3层结构.裂陷期盆地表现为一系列地堑及半地堑结构,拗陷盆地表现为中间厚两侧薄的“碟形”盆地特征,裂后拗陷期盆地表现为大陆坡局部加厚,向南海洋盆方向厚度逐渐减薄的“挠曲”盆地形态.南海北部深水区盆地经历了3期构造演化过程,盆地表现出不同的动力学机制.裂陷期盆地受地幔物质上涌影响表现为水平伸展作用为主,盆地内普遍发育伸展构造样式,裂后拗陷期盆地表现为区域均匀沉降特征.而裂后洋盆沉积期受南海强烈沉降作用的影响表现出明显的向南海洋盆倾斜特征.大陆架-陆坡-深海平原的构造格局主要形成于裂后洋盆沉降期.南海及其北部盆地下伏地幔物质活动的差异性决定了盆地内的3层结构的形成演化过程.     

尼日尔三角洲坡脚逆冲带沉积样式及构造控制

研究尼日尔三角洲深水坡脚逆冲带沉积样式、构造对沉积的控制可以揭示深水沉积分布与演化特征.运用生长地层翼旋转机理和地震相分析技术对研究区的沉积类型、构造与沉积关系进行了分析.认为在深水陆坡重力滑动作用所形成的微盆地内, 层序边界表现为微盆地边缘上超不整合面或重力流对下伏地层的侵蚀不整合; 逆冲构造隆升速率与沉积速率共同控制了重力流可容空间和沉积充填样式; 沉积垂向演化以块状搬运复合体-浊积扇-深海披覆泥或浊积扇-深海披覆泥为特征.在充分考虑构造隆升和沉积速率影响因素的基础上, 建立了单一微盆地和多个微盆地的沉积演化模式.      

尼日尔三角洲盆地深水区E油田重力流水道复合体沉积特征与内部期次解剖

尼日尔三角洲盆地深水区E油田A油组发育重力流水道复合体沉积,由于内部水道期次多,叠置关系复杂,导致油田开发难度较大.通过对地震资料、测井曲线、岩心照片等资料的分析,梳理了A油组重力流水道复合体的沉积特征,探讨了水道复合体期次解剖的级次问题,明确了复合水道期次解剖具有实际应用价值,并提出基于井-震联合多级旋回对比的复合水...     

深水浊积水道体系构型模式研究——以西非尼日尔三角洲盆地某深水研究区为例

深水浊积水道体系作为重要的油气储集体受到世界油气行业的重点关注。目前,针对浊积水道体系构型模式的研究,国外学者已取得了一系列成果,但仍有大量科学问题有待解决,表现为:①已有的构型级次划分方案还不完善,并且缺乏对不同级次水道单元的明确定义;②已有的构型模式研究极少涉及单一微相及其内部规模;③已有的构型模式研究远未达到定量或半定量程度。相比国外,国内的相关研究则尚处在探索阶段,科学成果甚少。为此,笔者以西非尼日尔三角洲某深水研究区为例,利用丰富的高品质资料,开展了浊积水道体系的定量—半定量构型模式研究。研究表明,浊积水道体系的构型单元可划分为7级,其中3～5构型单元分别为:单一水道、水道复合体、水道复合体组合。单一水道的宽深之间呈正相关对数关系,内部砂体以垂向加积形式分布于轴部。依据岩石相垂向充填特征,单一水道可分为4类,不同类型的单一水道具有一定的时空演化规律。依据外部形态与边界特征,水道复合体组合可分为限制性与非限制性2类,其内部的水道复合体具有5种分布样式。水道复合体的宽深之间整体呈正相关幂函数关系,但在弯曲段和顺直段的规律不尽相同。本文的研究不仅可以深化浊积水道体系的地质理论,而且可以有效降低此类油气田的勘探开发风险,具有重要的理论和实际意义。     

The Characteristics and Distribution Pattern of Seafloor Sinuous Pockmark Train in the Niger Delta Basin, West Africa

正Objective The term"pockmark"was introduced by King and Mac Lean(1970)to describe small"circular"on echosounder records in Nova Scotia.Pockmarks are usually described as circular,near circular or elongated depressions,generally 10–400 m in diameter and 30–50 m     

Improved understanding of the petroleum systems of the Niger Delta Basin,Nigeria

Biomarker and n-alkane compound specific stable carbon isotope analyses (CSIA) were carried out on 58 crude oil samples from shallow water and deepwater fields of the Niger Delta in order to predict the depositional environment and organic matter characteristics of their potential source rocks. Using a source organofacies prediction approach from oil geochemistry, the presence in the western deepwater oils relatively abundant C₂₇ steranes, C₃₀ 24-n-propyl cholestane, low oleanane index, relatively low pr/ph ratios, gammacerane, and positive to nearly flat C₁₂–C₃₀ n-alkane compound specific stable carbon isotope profiles, suggests that the source facies that expelled these oils contain significant marine derived organic matter deposited under sub-oxic and stratified water column conditions. This contrasts with the terrigenous organic matter dominated source rocks accepted for shallow water Niger Delta oils. Oils in the shallow water accumulations can be separated into terrigenous and mixed marine-terrigenous families. The terrigenous family indicates expulsion from source rock(s) containing overwhelmingly higher plant source organic matter (average oleanane index = 0.48, high C₂₉ steranes) as well as having negative sloping n-alkane isotope profiles. Oxic source depositional conditions (pr/ph > 2.5) and non-stratified conditions (absence to low gammacerane content) are inferred for the terrigenous family. The mixed marine-terrigenous family has biomarker properties that are a combination of the deepwater and terrigenous shallow water oils. Bitumen extracts of the sub-delta Late Cretaceous Araromi Formation shale in the Dahomey Basin are comparable both molecularly and isotopically to the studied western deepwater oil set, but with an over all poor geochemical correlation. This poor geochemical match between Araromi shale and the western deepwater oils does not downgrade the potential of sub-delta Cretaceous source rock contribution to the regional oil charge in the deepwater Niger Delta.     

深水沉积差异及其对油气分布影响

尼日尔三角洲盆地深水油气资源丰富,其中盆地东部深水区已发现的亿顿级油气田数量和累计油气可采储量均约为西部深水区的两倍,东、西部深水区油气差异巨大,开展尼日尔三角洲盆地深水沉积特征和差异研究具有重要的生产意义和学术价值。通过对该盆地大量地震、测井和岩心等资料的分析,提出了西部深水扇主要是由三角洲提供物源,通过大型峡谷的运输,在深水平原区形成树枝状发散的深水扇,又称作“有根深水扇”;东部深水扇也是由三角洲供源,但由于缺乏大型峡谷的运输,沉积物沿大陆斜坡滑移至半深海—深海平原,形成根部不发育的“扇面状”深水扇,又称作“无根深水扇”。尼日尔三角洲盆地东西部深水区油气分布差异,除构造等因素外,其最主要的原因为有/无峡谷作为物源运输通道,分别形成的不同沉积类型,进而分别形成两种样式的深水圈闭类型,最终造成东西部深水区油气分布的巨大差异。     

尼日尔Termit盆地Trakes斜坡走滑构造的发现及其形成演化分析

含油气盆地走滑构造及其控藏作用研究可以揭示研究区构造特征、形成演化过程, 深化油气成藏条件和油气富集规律认识, 对于指导油气勘探部署具有重要意义。基于地震与钻井资料的解释与分析, 运用断层相干体切片等三维地震精细解释、复杂构造分析等技术, 对在Termit盆地东缘Trakes斜坡首次发现的走滑构造几何学、演化过程、成因机制及其控藏作用进行了研究。研究结果表明, Termit盆地东缘Trakes斜坡发育系列走滑断层, 其主走滑带走向为北北西-南南东和北西-南东向, 其雁列断层(T破裂)走向近南北, 呈右旋右阶排列; 走滑构造性质以张扭性为主, 少量为压扭性, 其剖面样式以负花状构造与Y型断裂为主, 少量直立断层, 局部发育正花状构造; 上述走滑构造是早期先存正断层受后期剪切作用的结果, 主走滑变形阶段为古近纪始新世-渐新世; 新生代以来欧亚板块与非洲板块碰撞, 其累积效应在非洲板块内部形成了近南北向挤压应力, 由于挤压应力在非洲板块北部边界的不均衡性, 造成西北非陆块与东北非陆块发生差异运动, 这种差异运动导致Trakes斜坡早期发育的早白垩世正断层发生张扭性走滑变形。在该系列走滑断层带内, 形成一系列古近系Sokor1组和Sokor2组以及上白垩统Yogou组反向断块圈闭, 其主走滑位移带构成油气垂向运移通道, 有利于上白垩统烃源岩生成油气向上运移、在浅层聚集与成藏。

     

尼日尔Termit盆地及其周缘晚白垩世古地理演化

Termit盆地及其周缘是中西非裂谷中典型的中、新生代裂谷盆地,也是中石油海外最具潜力的风险勘探区,但由于多期构造运动的复杂性,研究区晚白垩世的古地理演化缺乏系统的分析研究。本文将Termit盆地及其周缘作为研究区域,在构造演化的基础上利用地球化学、地层学及地球物理等手段进一步分析了研究区的古沉积环境、古气候及古物源,最终明确了晚白垩世的古沉积演化。研究认为,晚白垩世早期的森诺曼阶（Cenomanian）研究区开始发生海侵,三冬阶（Santonian）时期达到最大海侵范围,之后开始逐渐海退的过程。马斯特里赫特阶（Maastrichtian）时期的区域构造挤压事件使盆地形态发生改变,该构造事件最终以区域不整合结束。地球化学资料、岩性资料以及地震资料综合表明,森诺曼阶（Cenomanian）-三冬阶（Santonian）时期研究区处于偏还原的浅海陆架沉积,属典型的热带气候,接受来自北东向的物源供给;至坎潘阶（Campanian）-马斯特里赫特阶（Maastrichtian）时期,伴随着海平面的下降,研究区由海相沉积逐渐转变为海陆过渡相沉积,且物源主要来自于北东及南西两个方向。本次研究明确了Termit盆地及其周缘在晚白垩世的古沉积演化过程,这为进一步明确研究区的沉积体系及砂体的预测提供了理论依据。     

Enabling 3D geomechanical restoration of strike- and oblique-slip faults using geological constraints,with applications to the deep-water Niger Delta

We present a new approach of using local constraints on fault slip to perform three-dimensional geomechanical restorations. Geomechanical restoration has been performed previously on extensional and contractional systems, yet attempts to restore strike- and oblique-slip fault systems have generally failed to recover viable fault-slip patterns. The use of local measures of slip as constraints in the restoration overcomes this difficulty and enables restorations of complex strike- and oblique slip-systems. To explore this approach, we develop a synthetic restraining bend system to evaluate different ways that local slip constraints can be applied. Our restorations show that classical boundary conditions fail to reproduce the fault offset and strain pattern. In contrast, adding piercing points and/or properly constraining lateral walls enables restoration of the structure and resolves the correct pattern of slip along the faults. We then restore a complex system of tear-faults in the deepwater Niger Delta basin. We use channel offsets imaged by the seismic data to define local fault-slip constraints. Balancing these constraints equally on both sides of the major faults yields the most consistent restoration outcomes. This approach resolves reasonable slip styles on the complex set of thrust, normal, and strike-slip faults in the structure. This suggests that limited geologic fault slip constraints can be effectively incorporated in geomechanical restorations, yielding accurate restoration kinematics and thereby forecasting faults slip patterns within the structures.     

Composite Sand Bodies Architecture of Deep-Water Turbidite Channels in the Niger Delta Basin

Abstract: Deep-water turbidite channels have attracted much attention as a focused issue in petroleum exploration and development. Extensive studies have been performed on the architecture of turbidite channels, and most researches have focused on their geometric shapes, sedimentary processes and controlling factors. However, little attention has been paid to the distribution patterns, distribution laws and quantitative studies of composite sand bodies of turbidite channels. Taken one slope area of the Niger Delta Basin as an example, this study conducted a semi-quantitative to quantitative analysis on architecture of composite sand bodies of turbidite channels based on cores, well logging and seismic surveys. It is shown that turbidite channel systems can be classified as confined and unconfined channel systems. For confined channel systems, the vertical evolution process involves four stages. The sinuosity of a channel system is controlled by slope, with a negative power function relationship between them. When slope gradient reaches four degrees, the channel system is nearly straight. Based on the migration direction and migration amount of single channels within channel complexes, channel composite patterns can be divided into four classes (the lateral composite, en-echelon composite, swing composite and vertical composite) and several subclasses. Various channel composite patterns show specific distribution laws spatially. For meandering channel complexes at the middle-late evolution stage of confined channel systems, the lateral migration amongst single channels shows the features of integrity and succession. The sinuosity of single channels in the late period is greater than that in the early period, and cut-offs may occur locally when the sinuosity is larger than five degrees. This study provides a better understanding for the geological theory of deep-water sedimentary, and also improves exploitation benefits of this type of reservoirs.     

转换型陆缘——尼日尔三角洲盆地成因类型再认识

尼日尔三角洲盆地是世界上规模最大、油气最为富集的陆缘三角洲盆地之一, 过去普遍被认为是起源于白垩纪三叉裂谷的伸展型被动大陆边缘盆地。本文综合前人研究, 剖析贝努埃槽和非洲陆上断裂体系及其相关盆地构造-地层结构, 认为冈瓦纳大陆裂解前(侏罗纪-早白垩世)陆内存在巨型走滑断裂系, 先期裂开的南大西洋和中大西洋沿该断裂系贯通形成赤道大西洋; 提出了尼日尔三角洲盆地为受先存大型走滑断裂体系影响的转换型陆缘盆地, 具有明显的窄洋陆过渡带特征, 致使现今三角洲主体沉积于新生洋壳之上; 重建了尼日尔三角洲盆地裂陷期、过渡期和陆缘期的形成演化历程, 提出因边缘脊和洋底转换脊的遮挡作用, 在过渡期转换型陆缘更有利于形成局限的海洋环境, 为形成大面积优质烃源岩创造了良好条件, 大幅度地提升了转换型陆缘盆地的油气勘探前景。