条斑紫菜(Porphyra yezoensis)遗传多样性的AFLP分析

利用扩增片段长度多态性技术(AFLP)分析了13个条斑紫菜品系,在80对引物中,有11对能得到重复性好的多态性扩增条带,共扩增出619条谱带,每对引物扩增带数为40—77条,并且各对引物扩增结果均显示样品间存在差异。共得到609条多态性条带,多态位点的比例高达98.38%。根据AFLP图谱计算了不同样品间的遗传距离(GD)和相似性系数(GS)。聚类结果显示,品系海安与二室间的遗传相似系数较高而聚合在一起,不同样品间的相似性系数介于0.595—0.845之间。结果表明,条斑紫菜的遗传多样性极为丰富,而部分材料间的遗传距离有随地理间距增大而逐渐增大的趋势。聚类分析结果反映了目前条斑紫菜养殖品种间存在着相互混杂。     

三维完全欧氏距离变换的改进算法

三维欧氏距离变换是对由黑白像素构成的三维二值图像中所有像素找出其到最近黑色像素的欧氏距离。在对现有三维欧氏距离变换算法进行深入研究的基础上,充分利用二维欧氏距离变换的结果,进一步减少参与距离计算和比较的黑点个数,进而提出了三维完全欧氏距离变换的改进算法。整个算法的时间复杂度为O((n3log n)/φ(n))。并将该改进算法应用于海底污染源的扩散分析,取得了较好的效果。     

地磁场模型在海洋磁测资料处理中的应用研究

地磁日变改正是海洋磁测资料处理过程中的一个重要环节。本文利用地磁场综合模型与IGRF模型联合计算了西太平洋某调查工区的地磁日变数据,对比分析了相同位置的海洋地磁日变站观测数据。使用两种不同类型的地磁日变数据,分别对该测区中15条测线进行了磁测数据处理,并对这些测线及其56个交叉点进行了误差分析。研究结果认为:①当用计算数据做海洋磁测的处理时,其交叉点内符合精度在调差前基本满足海洋地质规范的要求,在调差后完全符合海洋地质规范的要求,但使用计算数据的精度低于实测数据。②磁静时,计算日变曲线和实测日变曲线拟合程度高;磁扰时,两者幅值差异较大,磁扰越强相关系数越小。磁情指数K>4时的模型计算数据,建议谨慎使用或不使用。     

基于渔获群落多样性指标的深水流刺网渔具作业性能分析

根据在东海区开展的3种型深水流刺网选择性试验数据,对3种型深水流网渔获组成、多样性及渔获性能进行了分析比较研究。结果表明:(1)本次试验共捕获33种渔获物,包括鱼类28种、头足类3种、甲壳类2种,其中3种型刺网均捕获种类8种;(2)3种型刺网优势种存在差异,日本方头鱼和黄鲷为共同优势种;(3)3种型刺网捕获种类多样性指数(D值、H’值、J’值)均不存在显著性差异(P>0.05),但渔获种类差异明显,3种型刺网两两比较种类Sorensen相似度均低于50%;(4)同型刺网相邻网目尺寸Bray-Curtis相似性较高,随着网目间距增加,相似度逐渐减低,以重量和尾数计算的相似性基本趋于一致;(5)3种型刺网随网目尺寸的增加(50～70mm),其W统计值(-0.113～0.040)总体上呈现依次增大的趋势,干扰程度逐渐较低。从生态多样性保护角度,增大网目尺寸是目前保护东海区底层生物多样性最有效的方式之一。     

用静力触探参数确定地基土水平地基抗力系数的比例系数m值--以天津地区为例

承受水平荷载作用的桩基,规范中常采用m法进行桩基水平承载力的计算,地基土水平地基抗力系数的比例系数m值在规范中根据地基土的状态、类别以表格给出。在地基勘察中,现在广泛采用静力触探试验。直接利用静力触探数据给出比例系数m值。将使桩基设计所用参数更加直接准确。本文利用天津地区地层大量静力触探资料与地基土状态数据,利用统计分析回归方法,总结出地基土的液性指数IL与静力触探参数锥尖阻力qc及摩阻比Rf间的关系式,针对天津的地层土体,给出利用静力触探资料查用m值的表格,为桩基的设计计算提供资料。     

中国海底栖多毛类分类多样性

环节动物多毛纲是大型底栖生物重要类群,对其生物多样性和区系分类的研究,有助于分析人类活动和全球气候变化对生物的影响。之前我国底栖多毛类的多样性研究主要集中在黄海等局部海域。现系统整理渤海、黄海、东海和南海(未包含三沙海域)底栖多毛类的物种名录,并计算了分类多样性指数和相似性系数。结果表明,平均分类差异指数(Δ+)东海最高,达93.23;渤海最低,为90.56。而分类差异变异指数(Λ+)渤海最高,达277.83;东海最低,仅210.45。科级和种级的相似性系数表明,科级水平上4个海域间的相似性均较高,种级水平上渤海和黄海的相似性最高,达0.486;渤海和南海的相似性最低,仅0.128,表明4个海域的底栖多毛类有明显的区系分类差异。通过分析底栖多毛类生物在中国近海的分类多样性差异,初步探讨中国海底栖多毛类的动物区系,以期加深对我国底栖多毛类多样性的认识,为中国海多毛类的多样性研究提供科学依据。     

基于频域Rankine面元法的船舶耐波性计算和分析

在频域中分别使用Rankine面元法和去奇点Rankine面元法（desingularized-Rankine panel method，简称DRPM）快速求解有航速船舶耐波性问题。使用两种不同的线性化方式：叠模流线性化法（double-body flow，简称DB）和均匀流线性化方法（Neumann-Kelvin，简称NK）计算了Wigley I、Wigley III和S175在有航速时船舶的水动力系数、波浪激励力和运动响应。两种线性化方法的计算结果与试验结果进行了比较，研究表明：使用Rankine面元法和去奇点Rankine面元法计算的结果相差不大，且与NK法相比使用DB法计算的结果和试验值更吻合，尤其是非对角线上交叉耦合水动力系数A35,B35,A53,B53的计算结果。运动响应对于边界条件线性化方式比较敏感，尤其是垂荡运动，在船共振频率附近，运动受到的影响最明显。     

近海山体对船测重力数据的影响

在处理近海重力数据时,近海山体对船测重力数据的影响是不能忽略的。笔者提出一种校正近海山体对船测重力数据影响的方法,使用点元法计算近海山体对船测重力数据的影响值,并给出其消除方法。以位于崂山邻近海域的工区为例,通过计算崂山的影响值可知,测点距山体距离与影响值成反比,最大可达0.12 mGal,当距离超过20 km,影响值忽略不计。通过上述方法,可以得到更加准确的海洋重力数据,从而进行更加有效的地质解释。     

多视图协同的海洋多要素环境数据关联关系分析方法

海洋事件离不开各要素环境数据的共同作用,获取要素之间的关联关系从而进行海洋事件的预报预测,是一个亟待解决的问题。为此,本文提出一种多视图协同的关联关系分析方法来度量海洋各要素数据间的关联关系。首先,在传统平行坐标技术的基础上增加刷技术、轴排序等功能对海洋多要素数据进行初步探索,同时引入散点矩阵图展示各要素的分布;其次,以平行坐标中数据线间的角度、面积以及散点图中要素分布的距离为差异度量方式,对计算得到的差异构建相似性矩阵;再次,采用多维标度法得到原始多要素数据在低维空间中的表达;最后,使用K-means算法对降维后的低维度数据进行聚类分析。本文提出的方法从视觉角度对数据进行分析和特征挖掘,并得到高维数据在低维空间上的可视化展示,实现了有效量化海洋数据不同要素间的相关关系。     

大亚湾核电站附近潮间带生物群落

根据1986年12月 - 1989年9月生态零点调查资料，使用PDP－11/34A型电子计算机，应用Bray-Curtis相似性指数等划分和分析大亚湾潮间带生物群落及其结构特点，以评价大亚湾核电站投产后对海洋环境的影响。结果表明，按底质类型大亚湾潮间带生物可划分为岩石相、沙滩和红树林泥滩群落，且各生态相隐蔽、半隐蔽和敞开断面群落与环境因素密切相关。     

应用PRIMER软件进行浮游植物群落结构的多元统计分析

根据青岛近海进行的一次添加营养盐的围隔实验数据,采用专业软件PRIMER中的多元统计分析方法,进行了浮游植物群落结构的变化研究。结果表明,虽然由于本实验中浮游植物的生长受到Si的限制,硅藻类群不占明显的优势,使得优势种随时间的变化不明显,没有出现明显的群落演替,但用PRIMER软件的聚类分析(Clustering)和多维尺度转换排序(MDS)分析表明,添加营养盐后浮游植物群落结构有较明显的变化,同时,PRIMER软件的相异系数(ANOSIM)分析也表明,在同时添加N、P的围隔内,浮游植物群落结构变化较只添加P的围隔中的变化显著。这显示了PRIMER软件在分析浮游植物群落结构变化和评价水域富营养化中的应用前景。     

烟台近海大型底栖动物群落特征

为了解烟台近岸海域大型底栖动物群落现状,分析群落演替特征,并在此基础上探讨引发群落演替的原因,于2010年4月、8月、11月及2011年3月4个航次（春、夏、秋、冬）对烟台近海大型底栖动物进行周年调查分析。采用优势度指数、物种多样性指数、丰富度指数、均匀度指数、Cluster聚类和MDS排序分析大型底栖动物群落特征,并与历史资料比较分析群落演替情况。结果表明,该海域共采集到大型底栖动物176种,其中多毛类77种,软体动物46种,甲壳动物39种,棘皮动物7种,其他7种。群落中的优势种组成季节性差异较小,基本保持稳定,短叶索沙蚕和不倒翁虫为4个季度共有优势种。烟台近海年平均生物量为16.72 g/m2,以秋季最高,春季最小;年平均丰度为1022 ind/m2,以冬季最高,春季最低。丰富度指数（D）、均匀度指数（J）和多样性指数（H’）的年平均值分别为2.30、0.70和1.91。聚类分析结果表明,大型底栖动物群落结构与底质和水深关系密切,但是由于受到不同类型的环境扰动,大型底栖动物群落呈现斑块状分布。与上世纪90年代相比,群落特征发生了一定程度的变化,表现为物种数下降,群落中优势类群的比例和优势种组成发生了变化,群落中软体动物比例减少,多毛类比例增加。人类活动包括污水排放、养殖和捕捞、港口建设和船舶航运等干扰是导致调查海域大型底栖动物种类组成及数量变化的主要原因。     

Regional variation in springtime ichthyoplankton assemblages in the northeast Pacific Ocean

The coastal regions of the northeast Pacific support large, economically valuable fishery resources and provide nursery areas for many fish species. Over the last few decades, there have been dramatic shifts in species abundance and composition in this area. In this paper, we examine the springtime spatial patterns in the ichthyoplankton of three oceanographically different regions, the Southeast Bering Sea, the Gulf of Alaska and the U.S. West Coast. The data examined are a subset of a larger database (comprising data from cruises conducted from 1972 to 1997) that is being used to investigate spatial, seasonal and interannual patterns in ichthyoplankton of the northeast Pacific in relation to environmental conditions. Ichthyoplankton were collected during seven cruises using 60-cm bongo nets. Spatial patterns of ichthyoplankton were examined using both classification and ordination techniques. Relative Bray-Curtis dissimilarity coefficients calculated from the log₁₀ (n+1) of abundance data were used as input to the numerical classification of species and stations. Nonmetric multidimensional scaling was also applied to the abundance data to examine geometric patterns in the data. The numerical analyses of the species abundance data sets for each cruise revealed spatial patterns in the ichthyoplankton that suggest the occurrence of geographically distinct assemblages of fish larvae in each region. For all three sampling regions, the assemblage structure is primarily related to bathymetry, and Shelf, Slope, and Deep-Water assemblages are described. This shallow to deep-water gradient in species occurrence and abundance reflects the habitat preference and spawning location of the adult fish. Another degree of complexity is superimposed on this primary assemblage structure in each region and seems to be related to local topography and the prevailing current patterns. The patterns in ichthyoplankton assemblages of the three regions in the northeast Pacific Ocean described here form the basis for future investigations of spatial and temporal patterns in the ichthyoplankton of the subarctic Pacific.Regional Index Terms: Northeast Pacific Ocean, Southeast Bering Sea, Gulf of Alaska, U.S. West Coast.     

The influences of environmental factors on the air-sea coupling coefficient

The response relationship between equivalent neutral wind speed anomaly(ENWSA) and sea-air temperature difference anomaly(SATDA) has been analyzed over four typical sea regions, i.e., the Kuroshio Extension, the Gulf Stream, the Brazil-Malvinas Confluence and the Agulhas Return Current. The results show that ENWSA is more sensitive to SATDA than sea surface temperature anomaly(SSTA), which implies that SATDA seems to be a more suitable parameter than SSTA to analyze the mesoscale air-sea interac...     

Evaluation of image-based multibeam sonar backscatter classification for benthic habitat discrimination and mapping at Stanton Banks,UK

In recent years, efforts have increased to develop quantitative, computer-directed methods for segmentation of multibeam (MBES) backscatter data. This study utilises MBES backscatter data acquired at Stanton Banks (UK) and subsequently processed through the QTC-Multiview software environment in a bid to evaluate the program's ability to perform unsupervised classification. Statistical comparison with ground-truth data (grab, stills and video) enabled cross validation of acoustic segmentation and biological assemblages observed at the site. 132 unspecified variables were extracted from user-specified rectangular patches of the backscatter image, reduced to three vectors by PCA, then clustered and classified by the software. Multivariate analyses of ground-truth data were conducted on 75 stills images and 51 grab samples. Video footage coincident with the stills was divided into 30 s segments and coded by dominant substrate and species. Cross tabulation determined the interrelationship between software classifications, multivariate analysis of the biological assemblages and coded video segments. Multiview optimally identified 19 classes using the automated clustering engine. These were revised to 6 habitats a posteriori, using combined analysis of ground-truth data and Multiview data products. These habitats broadly correspond to major physiographic provinces within the region. Multivariate statistical analysis reveals low levels of assemblage similarity (<35%) for samples occurring within Multiview classes, irrespective of the mode of acquisition. Coded video data is more spatially appropriate than the other methods of ground-truthing investigated, although it is less well suited to the extraction of truly quantitative data. Multivariate analysis indicates assemblages within physiographically distinct Multiview classes have a low degree of biological similarity, supporting the notion that abiotic proxies may be contraindicative of benthic assemblage variations. QTC-Multiview performs well as a mechanism for computer-assisted segmentation of MBES backscatter imagery into acoustic provinces; however a degree of caution is required prior to ascribing ecological significance to these classifications.     

Diversity of faunal assemblages associated with ribbed mussel beds along the South American coast: relative roles of biogeography and bioengineering

Benthic organisms are among the most diverse and abundant in the marine realm, and some species are a key factor in studies related to bioengineering. However, their importance has not been well noted in biogeographic studies. Macrofaunal assemblages associated with subtidal beds of the ribbed mussel (Aulacomya atra) along South America were studied to assess the relationship between their diversity patterns and the proposed biogeographic provinces in the Southeastern Pacific and Southwestern Atlantic Oceans. Samples from ribbed mussel beds were obtained from 10 sites distributed from the Peruvian coast (17°S) to the Argentinean coast (41°S). The sampling included eight beds in the Pacific and two in the Atlantic and the collections were carried out using five 0.04 m² quadrants per site. Faunal assemblages were assessed through classification analyses using binary and log‐transformed abundance data. Variation in the size and density of mussels, and in the species richness, abundance and structure of their faunal assemblages were tested using a permutational multivariate analysis of variance. Faunal assemblages showed a north–south latitudinal gradient along both the Pacific and Atlantic coasts. Binary and abundance data showed a difference in the resulting clustering arrangement of Pacific sites between 40°S and 44°S, indicating a pattern of continuity in the species distribution associated with biological substrates. At a regional scale, the distribution of species along the South American coast matched the general provincial pattern shown by prior studies, which show two biogeographic units on the Pacific coast separated by an intermediate (probably transitional) zone and a single province on the Atlantic coast extending up to Northern Argentina. Biological substrates such as ribbed mussel beds play an important ecological role by making a similar habitat type available on a large scale for a variety of invertebrate species. Despite such habitat homogeneity, however, the associated fauna exhibit marked distribution breaks, suggesting strong constraints on dispersal. This therefore suggests that macrofaunal assemblages could possibly be used as biogeographic indicators.     

胶州湾西北部海域大型底栖动物群落研究

自2003年9月~2004年9月在胶州湾西北部养殖区内外隔月取样,共获得7个航次的大型底栖动物样品。用PRIMER软件对大型底栖动物群落进行分析,结果表明:养殖区内站位的丰度值、生物量及群落结构与外面站位差别较大,经相关检验站位之间差异显著,说明养殖区内因为养殖活动已经引起大型底栖生物的剧烈扰动;还发现胶州湾养西北部海域群落种类组成季节变化明显,与历史资料相比,棘皮动物数量明显减少,软体动物特别是菲律宾蛤仔是胶州湾大型底栖动物生物量的主要贡献种。根据LUSTER聚类和MDS标序的结果,把底栖生物群落划分为四大生物组。比较发现,胶州湾西北部及附近海域大型底栖生物群落已经发生了变化,通过对底栖生物群落与环境因子的分析认为,造成变动的原因可能是渔业活动的加剧和湾内水体污染的压力。     

南沙群岛海域近海面粗糙度、中性曳力系数及总体交换系数研究

根据 1 994年 9月 1 8— 30日南沙群岛海域渚碧礁的近海面大气湍流观测实验资料 ,分别计算了该海域光滑海面和粗糙海面上的空气动力粗糙度 (z0 )、中性曳力系数 (CDN)。利用Brutsaert的假定 ,推导了一组求取标量粗糙度 (zT,zQ)、整体输送系数 (感热交换系数CHN、水汽交换系数CEN)的公式。在此基础上分别计算和分析了该海域近海面光滑海面和粗糙海面上z0 ,zT,zQ,CDN,CHN,CEN 及它们关于水平风速u分量的分布 ,并得到了一些有意义的结论。     

盐城上岗全新世有孔虫组合的环境意义

对盐城上岗全新世柱状剖面中的有孔虫进行研究，划分出7个有孔虫组合类型。依据组合特征确定盐城地区全新世为潮滩环境，经历了由5次小规模的海水进退构成的海退过程。并且发现潮滩环境下的风暴沉积有孔虫组合中外海分子增多、壳体破损严重，显示出与河口环境的风暴潮有孔虫组合特点的差异。     

优选因子场预报方法的研究

现行的场预报方法,一般是根据预报量之间的统计关系,进行场分解,而后用经验正交函数建立预报方程,但却很少考虑到外界因子的作用。本文尝试把影响因于引入经验正交预报方法中。在这种优选因子场预报方法中,作者不仅考虑预报量之间内部的相互关系,而且也考虑了外部因子的影响,借助于从综合因子中优选因子,可以建立对于预报数量和等级都适用的最优预报方程。提出了权重相关系数的概念。与其他相关系数之间的明显差别是,它具有场的特征。本文还介绍了水湿的盐度预报的一些实例。