A study on the evolution of groundwater pollutants and causes of formation in Manzhouli

Manzhouli, a city of Halun Buir, is located at 117°12, -- 1 17"53'E, 49"19, -- 49o41'N with a total area18. 73km2. Its morphologies are mainly hills andsloping fields and the average height above sea level is654m. It is rounded by the hills and higher in the southpart and lower in the north part. It'S climate is thesemi-dry climate of mid-temperate zone with the coldand windy winter and cool and short summer. It is dryin spring and the temperature decreases quickly in theautumn with the ear…     

Geochemical features of aquatic environment in crater and barrier lakes in northeast of China

Ｉ．ＩＮＴＲＯＤＵＣＴＩＯＮＭｏｓｔｖｏｌｃａｎｏｅｓａｒｅｄｉｓｔｒｉｂｕｔｅｄｉｎｎｏｒｔｈｅａｓｔｏｆＣｈｉｎａ．Ｔｈｅｖｏｌｃａｎｉｃｅｒｕｐｔｉｏｎｓｃａｎｃｈａｎｇｅｔｈｅｇｅｎｅｒａｌｍｏｒｐｈｏｌｏｇｉｃｃｏｎｆｉｇｕｒａｔｉｏｎｏｆ...     

Combined influence of sedimentation and vegetation on the soil carbon stocks of a coastal wetland in the Changjiang estuary

Coastal wetlands play an important role in the global carbon cycle.Large quantities of sediment deposited in the Changjiang(Yangtze) estuary by the Changjiang River promote the propagation of coastal wetlands,the expansion of saltmarsh vegetation,and carbon sequestration.In this study,using the Chongming Dongtan Wetland in the Changjiang estuary as the study area,the spatial and temporal distribution of soil organic carbon(SOC) stocks and the influences of sedimentation and vegetation on the SOC stocks of the coastal wetland were examined in 2013.There was sediment accretion in the northern and middle areas of the wetland and in the Phragmites australis marsh in the southern area,and sediment erosion in the Scirpus mariqueter marsh and the bare mudflat in the southern area.More SOC accumulated in sediments of the vegetated marsh than in the bare mudflat.The total organic carbon(TOC) stocks increased in the above-ground biomass from spring to autumn and decreased in winter;in the below-ground biomass,they gradually increased from spring to winter.The TOC stocks were higher in the below-ground biomass than in the above-ground biomass in the P.australis and Spartina altemiflora marshes,but were lower in the below-ground biomass in S.mariqueter marsh.Stocks of SOC showed temporal variation and increased gradually in all transects from spring to winter.The SOC stocks tended to decrease from the high marsh down to the bare mudflat along the three transects in the order:P.australis marsh S.alterniflora marsh S.mariqueter marsh bare mudflat.The SOC stocks of the same vegetation type were higher in the northern and middle transects than in the southern transect.These results suggest that interactions between sedimentation and vegetation regulate the SOC stocks in the coastal wetland in the Changjiang estuary.     

Difference in organic carbon contents and distributions in particle-size fractions between soil and sediment on the Southern Loess Plateau,China

The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of long-term cultivation and water erosion on the soil organic carbon （OC） in particle-size fractions. The study site is located at Nihegou Watershed in the Southern Loess Plateau, China. The soil at this site is loess with loose and silty structure, and contains macropores. The results showed that the OC concentrations in sediments and in the particle-size fractions of sediments were higher than those in soils and in the particle-size fractions of soils. The OC concentration was highest in the clay particles and was lowest in the sand particles. Clay particles possessed higher OC enrichment ability than silt and sand particles. The proportions of OC in the silt fractions of soil and sediment were the highest （mean value of 53.87% and 58.48%, respectively）, and the total proportion of OC in the clay and silt fractions accounted for 96% and 98% of the total OC in the soil and sediment, respectively. The loss of OC was highest in silt particles, with an average value of 0.16 Mg ha^-1 y^-1, and was lowest in the sand （0.003 Mg ha^-1 y^-l）. This result suggests that the fine particle-size fraction in the removed sediment may be an important indicator to assess soil OC losses.     

硫对地球表层生态系统中镉迁移转化影响的研究进展:以土壤-植物系统为例

硫作为植物体内蛋白质、多种酶和其他生理活性物质的重要组成成分,具有不可替代性,是作物生长必需营养元素。由于硫元素的化学特征及其特殊的生理功能,使得硫在地表生态系统的迁移转化过程中与重金属元素镉的生态环境效应产生一定的耦合作用,并直接或间接影响镉在土壤-植物系统中的迁移和累积。在一定土壤环境条件下,硫通过价态变化直接与重金属元素镉发生作用,影响镉的生物有效性; 另外,硫可通过影响植物根表铁锰胶膜的形成改变镉在土壤中的迁移性; 其次,借助植物体内有机硫化合物的合成间接影响镉在植物体内不同部位的迁移与积累。目前硫对土壤-植物系统中镉迁移积累影响的研究结果不尽一致,两种元素的相互作用存在多向性和复杂性,这可能与土壤环境条件、植物根际微域差异等因素有关,且相关综述性的工作较少。因此,本研究综合国内外相关研究,介绍了硫与镉在土壤-植物系统中的交互作用,并分析了硫影响下镉在土壤-植物系统中迁移累积的相关机制及成因,为硫素及其化合物应用于重金属镉污染农用地土壤的治理及其安全利用提供参考。      

Comparison of the spatio-temporal dynamics of vegetation between the Changbai Mountains of eastern Eurasia and the Appalachian Mountains of eastern North America

The Changbai Mountains and the Appalachian Mountains have similar spatial contexts. The elevation, latitude, and moisture gradients of both mountain ranges offer regional insight for investigating the vegetation dynamics in eastern Eurasia and eastern North America. We determined and compared the spatial patterns and temporal trends in the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) in the Changbai Mountains and the Appalachian Mountains using time series data from the Global Inventory Modeling and Mapping Studies 3rd generation dataset from 1982 to 2013. The spatial pattern of NDVI in the Changbai Mountains exhibited fragmentation, whereas NDVI in the Appalachian Mountains decreased from south to north. The vegetation dynamics in the Changbai Mountains had an insignificant trend at the regional scale, whereas the dynamics in the Appalachian Mountains had a significant increasing trend. NDVI increased in 55% of the area of the Changbai Mountains and in 95% of the area of the Appalachian Mountains. The peak NDVI occurred one month later in the Changbai Mountains than in the Appalachian Mountains. The results revealed a significant increase in NDVI in autumn in both mountain ranges. The climatic trend in the Changbai Mountains included warming and decreased precipitation, and whereas that in the Appalachian Mountains included significant warming and increased precipitation. Positive and negative correlations existed between NDVI and temperature and precipitation, respectively, in both mountain ranges. Particularly, the spring temperature and NDVI exhibited a significant positive correlation in both mountain ranges. The results of this study suggest that human actives caused the differences in the spatial patterns of NDVI and that various characteristics of climate change and intensity of human actives dominated the differences in the NDVI trends between the Changbai Mountains and the Appalachian Mountains. Additionally, the vegetation dynamics of both mountain ranges were not identical to those in previous broader-scale studies.     

Temporal and spatial variations in extreme temperatures in the Qilian Mountains-Hexi Corridor over the period 1960-2013

Based on daily maximum and minimum temperatures at 18 meteorological stations in the Qilian Mountains and Hexi Corridor between 1960 and 2013, temporal and spatial variations in extreme temperatures were analysed using linear trends, ten-point moving averages and the Mann-Kendall test. The results are as follows: The trends in the majority of the extreme temperature indices were statistically significant, and the changes in the extreme temperatures were more obvious than the changes in the extreme values. The trends were different for each season, and the changes in rates and intensities in summer and autumn were larger than those in spring and winter. Unlike the cold indices, the magnitudes and trends of the changes in the warm indices were larger and more significant in the Hexi Corridor than in the Qilian Mountains. Abrupt changes were detected in the majority of the extreme temperature indices, and the extreme cold indices usually occurred earlier than the changes in the extreme warm indices. The abrupt changes in the extreme temperatures in winter were the earliest among the four seasons, indicating that these temperature changes were the most sensitive to global climate change. The timing of the abrupt changes in certain indices was consistent throughout the study area, but the changes in the cold indices in the Hexi Corridor occurred approximately four years before those in the Qilian Mountains. Similarly, the changes in the warm indices in the western Hexi Corridor preceded those of the other regions.     

Changes of Biogenic Elements in Phragmites australis and Suaeda salsa from Salt Marshes in Yellow River Delta,China

Little information is available on biogenic elements(carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur) and the ecological stoichiometric characteristics of plants in coastal wetlands. To investigate the contents of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur of plants, and their ecological stoichiometric characteristics in the Yellow(Huanghe) River Delta, plant samples were collected from two typical salt marshes(Suaeda salsa and Phragmites australis wetlands) during the period of from August to October in 2007, and the ratios of C/N, C/P, N/P, C/N/P and C/N/P/S were calculated. Results showed that during the studying period, plant C, N and P were lower than the global average values, and plant N and P were lower than the China's average values. Leaf C and S in Suaeda salsa were significantly lower than those in Phragmites australis(P 0.05), and leaf N and P in Suaeda salsa and Phragmites australis showed no significant differences(P 0.05). Average C/N ratios were 23.75 in leaf, 73.36 in stem, 65.67 in root of Suaeda salsa, and 33.77 in leaf, 121.68 in stem, 97.13 in root of Phragmites australis. Average C/N ratios of Suaeda salsa and Phragmites australis were all great than 25, indicating the salt marsh in the Yellow River Delta is an N limitation system. Average C/P ratios were 276.78 in leaf, 709.28 in stem and 1031.32 in root of Suaeda salsa, and 536.94 in leaf, 768.13 in stem and 875.22 in root of Phragmites australis. The average N/P ratios of Suaeda salsa were 12.92 in leaf, 10.77 in stem and 10.91 in root, and the average N/P ratios of Phragmites australis were 16.40 in leaf, 7.40 in stem and 6.92 in root, indicating the Suaeda salsa wetlands were N limited and Phragmites australis wetlands were N limited in August and P limited in October in 2007. The average C/N, C/P and C/N/P ratios in Suaeda salsa and Pragmites australis were higher than the global average values, indicating the lower quality of organic matter provided by wetland plants in the Yellow River delta.     

上海气候空间格局和时间变化研究

基于上海地区11个气象站气温、降水数据和主要天气现象记录资料,利用气候统计诊断方法研究了上海主要气候要素和天气现象的时空分布和变化特征。结果表明,上海年均气温呈中心城区高、周边郊区低的分布,中心城区与郊区年均温差最大可达0.9 ℃;降水量在中心城区和南部地区较多,而在北部和西部地区较少;高温日数中心城区明显多于东部和南部沿海,最多相差9.5 d;暴雨日数在中心城区和浦东较多,而在西部地区较少;雷暴、大风和大雾日数没有呈现出显著的城郊差异;霾日数在中心城区远高于郊区,最多相差49.2 d。1961-2013年间,上海年均气温显著上升,降水量略有增加,高温日数和霾日数分别以2.7 d/10 a和11.3 d/10 a的线性趋势增加,暴雨日数呈弱的增加趋势,而雷暴、大风和雾日数在1961-2013年间,分别以1.9、3.7和5.2 d/10 a的线性趋势减少。     

从GPS观测看华北地区的形变场演化

利用1992、1995、1996、2001年的GPS观测资料研究了华北地区形变场的动态演化。华北地区的形变场服从中国大陆板块的整体应力应变场,但也有动态起伏。从主应变场看,1992~1995年,整个华北地区主应变场的方向比较一致,即主压应变方向为NEE-SWW,主张应变方向为NNW-SSE,应变量东部大于西部;但1995~1996年则相反,西部应变量大于东部,而且应变场方向也发生了明显的偏转,西部主压应变方向为NNE-SSW,而东南部地区为NEE-SWW;到1996~2001年西部地区主压应变又恢复到NEE向,整个华北地区应变量也趋于平衡。比较GPS观测与震源机制解给出的华北地区的应力应变场可以看出,其主应力方向基本一致。     

基于随机森林模型的中国中老年人群HDL-C环境影响因素研究

高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-C）可以有效促进人体内胆固醇的代谢外排,其水平的高低与患心血管疾病的风险呈负相关关系,是心血管疾病的预防与保护因素。厘清我国中老年人群HDL-C水平的地理分异特征及环境影响因素,对我国心血管疾病防治工作的开展有重要意义。论文基于中国中老年人纵向追踪调查,利用全局空间自相关、冷热点分析等方法阐释中国中老年人群HDL-C水平的空间分异特征及变化趋势,同时对比引入随机森林回归模型及多元线性回归方法探讨HDL-C水平空间分布的环境影响因素及其指示作用。结果表明：中国中老年人群HDL-C水平表现为女性高于男性、农村高于城镇,具有明显的地域差异性,整体呈现出“北低南高,中间过渡”的分布格局,且北方出现了以内蒙古、河北、辽宁为代表的低值聚集区,南方出现了以广东、广西、云南为代表的高值聚集区;SO₂、NO₂、降水、气压、PM₁₀和PM_2.5是影响中老年人群HDL-C水平差异分布的主要环境因素,其中高浓度的空气污染物是造成HDL-C值较低的危险因素,充沛的降水和低压环境是防治HDL-C值较低的保护因素。因此,今后关于HDL-C血脂异常防控工作在全国各地应注重其空间分布规律,重点加强对HDL-C低值区的监测,以达到因地制宜、精准防控的目的。     

宜昌天阳坪断裂两侧页岩气保存条件对比研究

中扬子宜昌地区在天阳坪断裂两侧实施了数口页岩气调查井和参数井，总体上，断裂两侧页岩的含气性差别较大。从页岩构造变形、裂缝发育特征、古流体活动等方面研究了保存条件差异的原因。结果表明:①因黄陵隆起的砥柱作用，天阳坪断裂以北的宜昌斜坡带为一简单的单斜构造，产状平缓，天阳坪断裂以南属于宜都-鹤峰复背斜的北端，断裂、褶皱构造发育，地层产状变化大；②典型井揭示天阳坪断裂以北地区页岩构造裂缝不发育，天阳坪断裂以南页岩构造裂缝非常发育并见多个破碎带，是页岩气逸散的主要通道；③古流体分析揭示天阳坪断裂以北页岩早期封闭体系的裂缝较发育，晚期裂缝不发育，天阳坪断裂以南地区晚期裂缝发育，古大气水下渗深度超过3 500~4 000 m，页岩的封闭性破坏严重；④综合研究表明，宜昌周边的页岩气勘探应围绕宜昌斜坡带向东西两侧巴东-大冶对冲干涉带拓展，天阳坪断裂以南的宜都-鹤峰复背斜北端构造变形最强、保存条件差，勘探风险较大。      

塔里木盆地库车坳陷东部上三叠统—中侏罗统物源特征及其地质意义

根据砂岩岩石薄片、石英阴极发光和重矿物组合分析,结合沉积构造及地震解释成果,对塔里木盆地库车坳陷东部上三叠统—中侏罗统物源体系及其演化进行详细分析,确定了物源方向及母岩性质。结果表明:塔里木盆地库车坳陷东部上三叠统—中侏罗统物源主要来自北部南天山造山带物源区,以岩浆岩和变质岩母岩为主,兼有少量沉积岩物源的影响。其中,塔里奇克组砂岩中陆源碎屑岩岩屑含量较高,阴极发光条件下不发光石英含量较高,重矿物组合具有高锆石、白钛矿和磁铁矿含量以及低石榴子石含量的特征,母岩可能为上奥陶统—上三叠统早期沉积;阿合组及阳霞组砂岩中岩浆岩岩屑含量升高,重矿物组合以较高的石榴子石含量为特征,阴极发光条件下石英主要为蓝紫色及棕褐色发光,其母岩主要来自二叠系及其下伏地层;克孜勒努尔组及恰克马克组砂岩中变质岩岩屑含量明显升高,石榴子石含量极高,阴极发光条件下棕褐色发光石英含量增多,表明变质岩母岩的影响增强。晚三叠世—中侏罗世,研究区物源区母岩演化具有明显规律性,即晚三叠世受较多沉积岩母岩影响,早侏罗世岩浆岩母岩供给增多,中侏罗世以变质岩母岩为主。晚三叠世,库车坳陷东部南天山造山带大幅抬升,导致大量变质岩母岩卷入造山带遭受剥蚀;早—中侏罗世,南天山造山带中段构造活动具有东西分段的特点,吐格尔明30团剖面以东早侏罗世砂岩率先具有高石榴子石含量的特点,而西部地区中侏罗世砂岩才大量出现石榴子石,表明南天山造山带中段的虎拉山及额尔宾山在早侏罗世隆升-剥蚀强烈,而哈尔克山在中侏罗世才进入强烈抬升期。     

Is Precipitation the Dominant Controlling Factor of High Inorganic Nitrogen Content in the Changjiang River and Its Mouth？

The main reasons for the high content of inorganic N and its increase by several times in the Changjiang River and its mouth during the last 40 years were analysed in this work. The inorganic N in precipitation in the Changjiang River catchment mainly comes from gaseous loss of fertilizer N, N resulting from the increases of population and livestock, and from high temperature combustions of fossil fuels. N from precipitation is the first N source in the Changjiang River water and the only direct cause of high content of inorganic N in the Changjiang River and its mouth. The lost N in gaseous form and from agriculture non-point sources fertilizer comprised about 60% of annual consumption of fertilizer N in the Changjiang River catchment and were key factors controlling the high content of inorganic N in the Changjiang River mouth. The fate of the N in precipitation and other N sources in the Changjiang River catchment are also discussed in this paper.     

DISTRIBUTION AND POPULATION DYNAMICS OF PARACALANUS PARVUS, PARACALANUS CRASSIROSTRIS, AND ACARTIA BIFILOSA (COPEPODA, CALANOIDA) IN THE BOHAI SEA

ＩＮＴＲＯＤＵＣＴＩＯＮＴｈｅＢｏｈａｉＳｅａｗａｓｃｈｏｓｅｎａｓｔｈｅｓｉｔｅｏｆｔｈｅｆｉｒｓｔｐｈａｓｅｏｆｔｈｅＣｈｉｎａ ＧＬＯＢＥＣ (ＧｌｏｂａｌＯｃｅａｎＥｃｏｓｙｓｔｅｍＤｙｎａｍｉｃｓ)ｐｒｏｇｒａｍｆｒｏｍ 1 997ｔｏ2 0 0 0 ,ｉｎｗｈｉｃｈｔｈｅｄｙｎａｍｉｃｓｏｆｚｏｏｐｌａｎｋｔｏｎｐｏｐｕｌａｔｉｏｎｓｗａｓｏｎｅｏｆｔｈｅｆｏｕｒｐｒｉｎｃｉｐａｌｆｏｃｉ.Ｓｍａｌｌｃｏｐｅｐｏｄｓｃｏｍｐｒｉｓｅａｎｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｔｃｏｍｐｏｎｅｎｔｏｆｚｏｏｐｌａｎｋｔｏｎｅｓｐ…     

论中国浪漫主义文学的发展嬗递与古今差异

中国浪漫主义文学的发展源远流长,从楚汉浪漫传统到晚明叛逆洪流,中国古代浪漫主义文学由幼稚走向成熟,也逐渐产生了和现代浪漫思潮相同的精神内涵,这就是强烈的自我意识和反叛意识;20世纪"五四"时期,在新文化运动的背景上发展出全新的、更为自由奔放的、波澜壮阔的现代浪漫主义文学巅峰。由于政治环境、文化氛围、文学传统等多种因素的影响,中国古代浪漫主义文学在广度、深度等方面都与现代浪漫主义文学存在明显差异。     

奎屯河流域水土中氟的分布规律

通过对奎屯河流域包气带土壤和地下潜水取样分析,发现从山前洪积砾质倾斜平原到冲洪积平原,氟质量浓度的迁移分布明显具有淋溶-径流、径流-淋溶蒸发、溶滤-强烈蒸发浓缩3个水文地球化学分带。氟质量浓度在细粒粘土粉土层中相对较高,而在砂层中相对较低,无论属于哪种岩性结构在地下潜水位附近氟含量都相对较高。该流域内3条河流氟质量浓度均为上游低下游高,且在流域上游增幅相对较小而在下游增幅相对较大。环河道由近河岸到远河岸水土中氟质量浓度也逐渐增加。初步分析认为,该内陆平原地区氟的富集是以蒸发浓缩作用为主。运用热力学理论进行了验证,水土中氟的水平分布规律是一致的,并可相互转化。     

Distribution of Methyl Mercury in Rana chensinensis and Environmental Media in Gold-mining Areas of Upper Reaches of Songhua River,China

The distribution characteristics of methyl mercury in Rana chensinensis and water,sediment and soil in gold-mining areas of the upper reaches of the Songhua River,China were studied by field sampling and laboratory testing.The results show that the methyl mercury contents in water,sediment and soil in gold-mining areas are much higher than those in the control site,indicating that gold-mining activities intensify the methyl mercury pollution in the study area.Methyl mercury contents are in a descending order of sediment soil water in the environment,and in a descending order of brain viscera muscle skin in Rana chensinensis.There are significant correlation between methyl mercury contents in Rana chensinensis and those in water and sediment.In particular,the methyl mercury content in the skin of Rana chensinensis is positively correlated with those in water and sediment in spring.Therefore,skin is one of main intake pathways for methyl mercury due to its high permeability.     

Seasonal cycle of topography in the Bohai Sea and Yellow Sea and its relationships with atmospheric forcing and oceanic adjustment based on altimetry data

Seasonal cycle is the most significant signals of topography and circulation in the Bohai Sea (BS)and Yellow Sea (YS) forced by prevailing monsoon and is still poorly understood due to lack of data in their interiors. In the present study, seasonal cycles of topography in the BS and YS and its relationship with atmospheric forcing and oceanic adjustment were examined and discussed using TOPEX/Poseidon and ERS-I/2 Sea Level Anomalies (SLA) data. Analyses revealed complicated seasonal cycles of topography composed mainly of 2 REOF modes, the winter-summer mode (WlM) and spring-autumn mode (SAM). The WlM with action center in the BS displayed peak and southward pressure gradient in July, and valley and northward pressure gradient in January, which is obviously the direct response to monsoon with about l-month response time. The SAM with action center in the western south YS displayed peak and northward pressure gradient in October and valley and southward pressure gradient in April. After the mature period of monsoon, the action center in the BS becam eweakened while that in the western south YS became strengthened because of regional convergence or divergence induced by seasonal variations of the Taiwan Warm Current and Yellow Sea Coastal Current. The direct response of topography to monsoon resulted in the WIM, while oceanic adjustment of topography played an important role in the forming of the SAM.     

Estimations of net primary productivity and evapotranspiration based on HJ-1A/B data in Jinggangshan city, China

Net primary productivity(NPP) and evapotranspiration(ET) are two key variables in the carbon and water cycles of terrestrial ecosystems.In this study,to test a newly developed NPP algorithm designed for HJ-1 A/B data and to evaluate the usage of HJ-1 A/B data in the quantitative assessment of environments,NPP and ET in Jinggangshan city,Jiangxi province,are calculated using HJ-1 A/B data.The results illustrate the following:(1) The NPP and ET in Jinggangshan city in 2010 both show obvious seasonal variation,with the highest values in summer and the lowest values in winter,and relatively higher values were observed in autumn than in spring.(2) The spatial pattern indicates that the annual NPP is high in the southern area in Jinggangshan city and low in the northern area.Additionally,high NPP is distributed in forests located in areas with high elevation,and low NPP is found in croplands at low elevations.ET has no significant north-south difference,with high values in the southeast and northwest and low values in the southwest,and high ET is distributed in forests at low elevations in contrast to low ET in forests in high-elevation areas and in cropland and shrub grassland in low-elevation areas.(3) Compared to the MODIS product,the range of HJ-1 NPP is larger,and the spatial pattern is more coincident with the topography.The range of HJ-1 ET is smaller than that of the MODIS product,and ET is underestimated to some extent but can reflect the effect of topography.This study suggests that the algorithm can be used to estimate NPP and ET in a subtropical monsoon climate if remotely sensed images with high spatial resolution are available.