针对深层流体识别的两项弹性阻抗反演与Russell流体因子直接估算方法研究

Russell流体因子是判识深层储层含流体特征的敏感指示参数.针对深层地震资料缺失大角度入射信息以及信噪比普遍较低的特点,开展了基于贝叶斯理论框架的两项弹性阻抗反演与Russell流体因子直接估算方法研究.首先,在饱和孔隙弹性介质理论的指导下,推导了包含Russell流体因子和纵波阻抗参数的两项反射系数近似公式,并且进一步得到了新的两项弹性阻抗方程.其次通过模型的近似精度分析,验证了新弹性阻抗方程满足小角度近似精度要求.最后提出了贝叶斯弹性阻抗反演和Russell流体因子的直接估算方法,通过模型试算表明直接估算方法不仅充分利用了弹性阻抗反演的高抗噪性与实用性,并且有效的避免了间接累计误差对流体因子计算精度的影响,实际应用则进一步验证了直接估算的Russell流体因子可以提高深层储层流体识别的可靠性.     

深部储层流体识别方法在仁和场地区的应用

仁和场地区位于米仓山构造带前缘,该区下组合成藏条件优越,但目的层埋藏深度超过8000 m.深部地震资料通常缺少大炮检距信息并且信噪比低,这给叠前地震反演和流体识别带来了巨大挑战.针对这一问题,本研究采用基于基追踪弹性阻抗反演的两项式深部储层流体识别方法,对仁和场地区进行流体识别的应用研究.研究表明：(1)基于模型约束的基追踪反演方法提高了反演的抗噪性,两项式的反演结果和常规三项式相比与测井和地质认识吻合度更高,说明该方法具有一定的实用性;(2)在利用岩石物理模型预测横波速度时考虑围压修正关系对模型进行优化,减小深层压力对预测精度的影响,有利于提高流体的识别精度;(3)反演流体项的计算中涉及到较多的岩石物理参数,因此针对实际工区开展一定的岩石物理实验是提高深部储层流体识别精度的关键环节.     

基于流体因子叠前地震反演的油水识别方法研究与应用

在双相介质理论指导下构建的流体因子Gassmann流体项f可以实现对油水层的有效判识。本文基于包含流体因子f的反射系数近似公式推导,得到相应的流体弹性阻抗方程,将流体因子纳入地震反演过程并直接参与目标储层的流体识别,实现了从弹性阻抗数据体中直接反演流体因子f的方法技术流程。流体因子f的直接反演有效减少间接计算所带来的累计误差,提高了地震流体识别的精度。在实际资料应用中,结合研究区地质背景与地球物理特征开展的岩石物理分析表明,Gassmann流体因子f对含油和含水特征有较好的区分作用。反演结果表明,流体因子f能为有效地识别目的层的油水特征,为下一步的钻井开发提供可靠的技术支持。      

裂缝诱导的TTI介质固液解耦反射系数方程及裂缝和流体参数反演方法

利用地震数据进行裂缝预测及流体识别对于裂缝性储层的勘探开发具有重要意义.针对单组旋转对称的倾斜裂缝诱导的TTI介质, 基于各向异性Gassmann方程, 推导了固液解耦纵波反射系数近似公式, 分析了不同条件下近似公式的精度.根据实际研究工区裂缝储层的特征, 选用高裂缝倾角近似公式, 通过奇异值分解从方位弹性阻抗中估算裂缝密度和裂缝方位, 进而分离和消除各向异性项, 建立流体等效体积模量及孔隙度贝叶斯反演预测方法.模型试算表明, 在信噪比大于2时, 流体等效体积模量、孔隙度和裂缝参数的估计较为可靠, 实际应用也验证了反演方法的有效性.

     

基于叠前弹性信息直接提取的高灵敏烃类检测方法

中深部低孔渗储层横向非均质强、岩石物理特性叠置严重、地震资料品质差,给定量地震油藏描述带来巨大挑战.本文提出一种基于叠前弹性参数反演的高灵敏流体因子烃类检测方法.首先推导了盖斯曼流体项的包含围岩刚性参数、孔隙度和流体体积模量的近似解析表达式.其次引入与流体性质变化无关,仅由岩石骨架控制的剪切模量,削弱孔隙度等因素的畸变...     

基于纵横波模量两项反射系数近似方程的叠前地震反演

与叠后波阻抗反演相比,叠前AVO反演能获得较为丰富的信息,因此利用叠前反演提取地层弹性参数并进行流体识别是目前的研究热点.考虑到基于Aki-Richard近似式的三参数反演不稳定性较突出,文章拟从减少参数维数入手,提高反演结果的稳健性.本文首先从宗兆云等人推导的基于纵横波模量的Zeoppritz近似公式出发,合理地对公式中的纵波模量与密度进行幂指数拟合,推导出直接反演纵波模量(M)、横波模量(U)的两项式反射系数近似方程并进行反演.其次,建立纵横波模量与高灵敏度流体识别因子的联系,并求取高灵敏度流体识别因子.模型试算和实例应用均表明,新方法能较好地识别储层内的流体性质.     

基于入射角的两项流体阻抗反演方法

本文在孔隙弹性介质理论的指导下,基于入射角AVO近似方程推导了包含Russell流体项的两项AVO近似方程和相应的弹性阻抗方程,通过分析可知其精度符合反演要求.在贝叶斯理论框架下,建立了包含正则化约束的弹性阻抗反演方法,在此基础上直接提取Russell流体项.该方法可在缺少大角度叠前地震资料的情况下进行叠前直接反演得到流体因子,减少传统方法带来的累积误差.模型试算表明,该方法具有较好的准确度和稳定性.实际工区应用取得了良好的效果,表明该方法有实用性.     

储层弹性与物性参数地震叠前同步反演的确定性优化方法

储层弹性与物性参数可直接应用于储层岩性预测和流体识别,是储层综合评价和油气藏精细描述的基本要素之一.现有的储层弹性与物性参数地震同步反演方法大都基于Gassmann方程,使用地震叠前数据,通过随机优化方法反演储层弹性与物性参数;或基于Wyllie方程,使用地震叠后数据,通过确定性优化方法反演储层弹性与物性参数.本文提出一种基于Gassmann方程、通过确定性优化方法开展储层弹性和物性参数地震叠前反演的方法,该方法利用Gassmann方程建立储层物性参数与叠前地震观测数据之间的联系,在贝叶斯反演框架下以储层弹性与物性参数的联合后验概率为目标函数,通过将目标函数的梯度用泰勒公式展开得到储层弹性与物性参数联合的方程组,其中储层弹性参数对物性参数的梯度用差分形式表示,最后通过共轭梯度算法迭代求解得到储层弹性与物性参数的最优解.理论试算与实际资料反演结果证明了方法的可行性.     

基于叠前地震纵横波模量直接反演的流体检测方法

流体因子是储层流体识别的重要方法,而叠前地震反演是获得流体因子的有效途径之一.本文从流体因子的构建出发,基于多孔弹性介质岩石物理模型,建立了流体因子与纵横波模量之间的直接关系,避免了流体因子计算所需的密度参数无法准确求取的问题,通过推导基于纵横波模量的Zeoppritz近似方程及弹性阻抗方程,探讨了基于弹性阻抗的纵横波模量直接反演方法,模型与实际应用表明,基于弹性阻抗的纵横波模量直接反演方法合理、可靠,减少了常规方法间接计算纵横波模量带来的累积误差,基于纵横波模量的流体因子计算方法有较好的实际应用效果.     

基于叠前弹性阻抗反演的古近系流体识别

对于地震-地质条件十分复杂的古近系地层,Gassmann流体因子相对常规岩石物理参数通常具有更好的油气检测能力.然而,在由叠前反演结果计算流体因子的过程中往往会引入新的中间误差.为此,首先基于饱和流体多孔弹性介质理论推导了 Zoeppritz方程的Russell近似表达式,该方程将纵波反射系数表示为流体因子f、剪切模量...     

PP and PS joint AVO inversion and fluid prediction

The technique of amplitude variation with offset or angle (AVO or AVA) can be used to extract fluid and lithology information from prestack seismic data. Based on three-term AVO equations, three elastic parameters can be inverted for by linear AVO inversion. However, many theoretical and numerical studies have demonstrated that by using offset limited data, a three-term AVO inversion may have problems of instability and inaccuracy while inverting for the density term. We have searched for an elastic parameter that contains density information and inverted this parameter in a more stable manner using offset limited data. First, we test the sensitivity of elastic parameters to hydrocarbon reservoirs and select the optimal fluid factor (ρf) that contains density information and has an excellent performance as an inversion parameter used to detect hydrocarbons. Then, we derive approximate PP and PS reflection coefficient equations in terms of the fluid factor. The derived equations allow us to directly estimate the fluid factor of the reservoir. Finally, we apply these equations to synthetic data by employing a joint AVO inversion technique. The results show that the method is stable and unambiguous.     

基于AVO反演的频变流体识别方法

研究表明流体引起衰减与频散往往表现为频变AVO现象.一些频散地震属性,例如纵波频散,已经证实为可靠的碳氢指示因子.为了更有效地识别流体,基于f-μ-ρ近似构建了新的流体因子Df,即频变流体项.该属性的反演首先需要连续小波变换(CWT)谱分解得到不同频带地震数据,通过去相关与先验约束来保证反演结果可靠性.模型试算证实了频变反射系数近似公式的精度可靠性,Df可以识别出强衰减介质所引起的频散现象.实际数据试算中,Df可以较好地识别储层孔隙流体,尤其对于气层,具有较好的指示效果.该流体因子将Gassmann流体项的高孔隙流体敏感性与叠前数据丰富的振幅频率信息相结合,反演效果与岩石物理认识相符.此研究有助于利用衰减频散现象借助AVO反演实现流体识别.     

Lamé parameters inversion based on elastic impedance and its application

The Connolly (1999) elastic impedance (EI) equation is a function of P-wave velocity, S-wave velocity, density, and incidence angle. Conventional inversion methods based on this equation can only extract P-velocity, S-velocity, and density data directly and the elastic impedance at different incidence angles are not at the same scale, which makes comparison difficult. We propose a new elastic impedance equation based on the Gray et al. (1999) Zoeppritz approximation using Lamé parameters to address the conventional inversion method’s deficiencies. This equation has been normalized to unify the elastic impedance dimensions at different angles and used for inversion. Lamé parameters can be extracted directly from the elastic impedance data obtained from inversion using the linear relation between Lamé parameters and elastic impedance. The application example shows that the elastic parameters extracted using this new method are more stable and correct and can recover the reservoir information very well. The new method is an improvement on the conventional method based on Connolly’s equation. Wang Baoli graduated with a Bachelor’s degree in Prospecting Information and Engineering from the China University of Petroleum (East China) in 2004 and earned her Master’s degree from the department of Geophysical Prospecting and Information Technology in the China University of Petroleum ((East China) in 2006. She now studies for her PhD at the China University of Petroleum (East China). Her research interest is elastic impedance inversion.     

Prestack amplitude versus angle inversion for Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio based on the exact Zoeppritz equations

Elastic parameters such as Young's modulus, Poisson's ratio, and density are very important characteristic parameters that are required to properly characterise shale gas reservoir rock brittleness, evaluate gas characteristics of reservoirs, and directly interpret lithology and oil‐bearing properties. Therefore, it is significant to obtain accurate information of these elastic parameters. Conventionally, they are indirectly calculated by the rock physics method or estimated by approximate formula inversion. The cumulative errors caused by the indirect calculation and low calculation accuracy of the approximate Zoeppritz equations make accurate estimation of Young's modulus, Poisson's ratio, and density difficult in the conventional method. In this paper, based on the assumption of isotropy, we perform several substitutions to convert the Zoeppritz equations from the classical form to a new form containing the chosen elastic constants of Young's modulus, Poisson's ratio, and density. The inversion objective function is then constructed by utilising Bayesian theory. Meanwhile, the Cauchy distribution is introduced as a priori information. We then combine the idea of generalised linear inversion with an iterative reweighed least squares algorithm in order to solve the problem. Finally, we obtain the iterative updating formula of the three elastic parameters and achieve the direct inversion of these elastic parameters based on the exact Zoeppritz equations. Both synthetic and field data examples show that the new method is not only able to obtain the two elastic parameters of Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio stably and reasonably from prestack seismic data but also able to provide an accurate estimation of density information, which demonstrates the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method. The proposed method offers an efficient seismic method to identify a “sweet spot” within a shale gas reservoir.     

裂缝型HTI介质的纵波弹性阻抗

裂缝发育导致的地震波场各向异性,是裂缝型油气藏的一个重要特征.然而针对该类油气藏的叠前弹性阻抗技术,一直没有通过各向异性弹性阻抗公式建立与裂缝参数的直接关系.本文在回顾封闭平行硬币状裂缝模型和线性滑动模型的基础上,将裂缝填充物性质、分布密度与围岩的横纵波速度比,引入裂缝型HTI介质弹性阻抗公式,并对相应的归一化弹性阻抗响应特征进行模拟分析.分析表明,弹性阻抗受以上三参数的影响规律存在明显差异,其中含气裂隙介质随裂缝密度的变化要明显高于对应的流体裂隙介质,流体填充裂隙介质随横、纵波速度比的变化幅度要高于对应的含气裂隙介.该结论初步为裂缝型油气藏流体识别工作提供了依据.     

地震转换波对叠前同时反演的影响研究

叠前同时反演是油气探测的一种有效工具.其理论基础是平面P波Zoeppritz方程计算的反射系数的近似,是入射角的函数.叠前同时反演可以利用三项或两项Fatti方程进行反演分析.本文针对实际油田的测井数据,利用反射率法模拟了仅包含P波一次反射记录,包含P波一次反射和P波层间多次波记录以及全波场地震记录,再利用叠前同时反演对合成地震记录进行反演研究.研究结果表明,在大偏移距处P波主要反射受到其它模式波的污染,从而影响了叠前同时反演结果的精度.对于薄互层介质当转换波影响严重时,使用小角度数据的两项AVO反演比使用大角度数据的三项AVO反演更合理可靠.