不同土质条件下断层地表破裂对比研究

本文结合华北地区几个地震统计区的实例,探讨了地震统计区的重要地震活动性参数b值和v4不确定性的主要影响因素及其特征,并研究分析了其不确定性的大小。结果表明,地震活动性参数的不确定性主要影响因素为样本统计时段、样本处理方法、统计下限震级、高震级年平均发生率等。在郯庐地震统计区,b值变化可达0.2以上,v4的变化可达1.4以上,汾渭地震统计区的不确定性也基本相当,河北平原地震统计区因为地震样本相对丰富,不确定性要小许多。     

统计时段对地震活动性参数估计的影响

就统计时段选取的不唯一性对地震活动性参数b值和年平均发生率v4的影响，作了广泛的分析与研究．结果表明，统计时段对b值产生的影响一般比对年平均发生率的影响要小．由于年平均发生率与b值间的指数函数关系，因而改变统计时段所引起的b值变化，对各震级档地震年平均发生率的影响呈幂级数规律减少或增大．这些结果对地震危险性分析的计算将产生综合效应，对进一步研究我国不同地区地震安全性评价结果的不确定性范围是十分有价值的．      

地震危险性分析中几个重要环节的关联性

为进一步揭示地震统计区划分、潜在震源区划分和地震活动性参数确定三者的关联性,在100deg;E～120deg;E和29deg;N～42deg;N范围内,寻找出21个位于不同位置、具有一定代表性的场点,研究在非均匀分布与均匀分布两种模型下,地震统计区活动性参数的不确定性对这些场点危险性估计的影响. 综合本次与以往的研究结果表明,不同的地震统计区划分方案会改变一个统计区所包含的地震资料,加上地震统计时段选取的不确定性,会导致统计区地震活动性参数估计的不确定性. 这种不确定性变化越大,均匀分布模型对场点危险性估计所产生的不确定影响也越大,也即地震统计区划分环节起主要作用. 在一个地震统计区内,划分潜在震源区和空间分布函数的不等权分配,提高了有可能发生大地震地方及其附近地区地震动参数的估计值. 在这些地方,潜在震源区划分不确定性的影响是很明显的,尤其对场点地震动参数（如烈度）绝对值的影响更为显著,也即潜在震源区划分环节起主要作用. 一般来说,潜在震源区划分环节的影响仅对最高和次高震级上限潜在震源区内的场点及最高震级上限潜在震源区附近的场点起主要作用,而对那些处于低震级上限潜在震源中的场点,则还是地震统计区划分不确定性的影响大于潜在震源区划分不确定性的影响.       

概率地震危险性分析中参数不确定性研究

本文宗旨是探讨概率地震危险性分析方法中主要地震活动性参数的不确定性及其影响。为此 ,重点研究了地震统计区划分中的不确定性及其影响、地震统计区参数 b值的不确定性及其影响 ,以及空间分布函数对地震活动性参数导致的不确定性的影响。文中指出 ,地震统计区概念是考虑时空不均匀性的概率地震危险性分析方法中特有的概念 ,是对概率地震危险性分析方法在考虑地震活动空间分布不均匀性方面的发展。虽然它源于我国的地震带划分概念 ,但是 ,却明显区别于地震带。文中强调了地震带划分是地震孕育发生环境研究的重要基础 ,而地震统计区仅只服务…     

基于地震带细致划分为地震构造区的概率地震危险性分析

在我国当前地震安全性评价中,普遍使用考虑地震活动时空不均匀性的概率地震危险性分析方法(CP-SHA),它规定以地震带为统计区域计算地震活动性参数b值和v4值。正在编制的中国地震动区划图(五代图)提出了针对潜在震源区进行三级划分原则:划分地震带、地震带上划分地震构造区、地震构造区内再划分潜在震源区。本文提出以地震构造区为统计区域回归统计方法计算b值和v4值,然后进行概率危险性分析计算,这样得到的结果可能更为合理。     

地震统计区活动性参数与潜在震源区划分的关联性及对危险性估计的影响

在考虑地震活动时空不均匀性的非均匀分布模型中, 就地震统计区活动性参数不确定性在某些城镇产生地震动参数不确定性最大变化值异常区的问题, 寻找出在100deg;~120deg;E、 29deg;～42deg;N范围内, 50年不同超越概率水平下地震动参数不确定性最大变化值异常区的分布特征. 探讨了地震统计区活动性参数不确定性引起的场点危险性估计不确定性与潜在震源区划分的关联性以及异常区产生的原因. 研究表明, 在非均匀分布模型中, 地震统计区活动性参数的不确定性对区内各场点危险性估计不确定的影响是不均衡的, 其与潜在震源区划分方案有关, 尤其在8级以上潜在震源区及其附近, 往往会出现地震动参数不确定性最大变化值的异常区. 而在均匀分布模型中, 统计区内活动性参数的不确定性对各场点的影响是均衡的, 各场点危险性估计的不确定性取决于场点的位置. 一般位于统计区中部的场点, 只与所在统计区的参数不确定性有关, 而位于或靠近不同统计区的交界处, 则可能同时受到几个统计区活动性参数不确定性的综合影响.      

地震活动性参数不确定性对城镇危险性估计的影响

着重研究了由于统计时段选取不唯一性产生的地震活动性参数的不确定性, 对全国310个地级市以上城镇地震危险性估计的影响；并绘出中国大陆分区50年不同超越概率水平下烈度平均变化值和峰值加速度平均相对变化值示意图，为实地地震安全性评价提供了有价值的参考数据．      

地震统计区划分不确定性对场点地震危险性计算的影响

用3个不同的地震统计区划分方案，采用概率地震危险性分析方法，分别计算了研究区地震危险性，并讨论了地震统计区划分方案的不确定性对地震危险性结果的影响．结果表明，地震统计区划分方案的不确定性，对局部场点的地震危险性分析结果的影响是不容忽视的．这些场点通常位于地震统计区边界，以及不同方案震级上限变化大的区域．      

震级转换关系及其对地震活动性参数的影响研究

本文根据1990-2007年《中国地震年报》中同时给出Ms和ML、且震源深度〈70km的6577个浅源地震资料,经统计回归得到了全国和各地震区Ms与ML之间的经验关系。新的震级转换关系接近于Ms=ML,本文建议在需要进行震级标度转换时,对于没有测定Ms的低震级地震可直接使用Ms=ML进行转换。与目前广泛使用的震级转换关系相比,采用本文建议的震级转换方法后,全国各地震区5级以上地震的数量基本没有变化,但5级以下地震的数量有明显增加,导致由此统计得到的各地震区震级．频度关系中的b值有不同程度的增大。此外,用地震数量直接得到的4级以上地震的年平均发生率V4有明显增高,且部分地震区甚至增加了50％以上。在高震级地震发生率不变的情况下,地震活动性参数的上述变化反映了对地震区地震活动水平的估计有提高,可能导致概率地震危险性分析结果的提高,对地震区划和工程场地地震安全性评价有重要意义。     

确定辽宁地区地震活动性参数的原则和方法

本文按照编制第三代地震区划图的思路,根据地震地质、地球物理场和地震活动性的特点,考虑地震活动在空间上不均匀性和时间上的非平稳性,提出了确定辽宁地区地震活动性参数的原则和方法,并据此给出了辽宁各潜在震源区的有关参数。这些参数包括起算震级Mo、震级上限Mu、b值、年发生率v、空间分布函数f_(?)、断层长轴方向及震源深度等。使用这些参数就可以进行地震危险性概率分析计算和地震危险区划。     

Study on Uncertainties of Seismicity Parameters b and v4 in Seismic Statistical Zones

For several seismic statistical zones in North China,the key factors causing uncertainties in the important seismicity parameters b and ν_4 and the features of their uncertainties are discussed in this paper.The magnitude of uncertainty is also analyzed.It can be seen that the key influencing factors are statistical period,methods of processing statistical samples,lower limit magnitude and the annual average occurrence ratio of large earthquakes.The variation ranges of b and ν_4 in the Tancheng-Lujiang zone are as high as 0.2 and 1.4 respectively,which are similar to those in the Fenwei zone.They are much smaller however in the Hebei zone because of its sufficient statistical samples.     

Uncertainty analysis for the integration of seismic and controlled source electro‐magnetic data

We study the appraisal problem for the joint inversion of seismic and controlled source electro‐magnetic (CSEM) data and utilize rock‐physics models to integrate these two disparate data sets. The appraisal problem is solved by adopting a Bayesian model and we incorporate four representative sources of uncertainty. These are uncertainties in 1) seismic wave velocity, 2) electric conductivity, 3) seismic data and 4) CSEM data. The uncertainties in porosity and water saturation are quantified by a posterior random sampling in the model space of porosity and water saturation in a marine one‐dimensional structure. We study the relative contributions from the four individual sources of uncertainty by performing several statistical experiments. The uncertainties in the seismic wave velocity and electric conductivity play a more significant role on the variation of posterior uncertainty than do the seismic and CSEM data noise. The numerical simulations also show that the uncertainty in porosity is most affected by the uncertainty in the seismic wave velocity and that the uncertainty in water saturation is most influenced by the uncertainty in electric conductivity. The framework of the uncertainty analysis presented in this study can be utilized to effectively reduce the uncertainty of the porosity and water saturation derived from the integration of seismic and CSEM data.     

Influence of uncertainty in delimitation of seismic statistical zone on results of PSHA

The seismic hazard of research area is evaluated by probabilistic analysis method for three different seismic statistical zone scenarios.The influence of uncertainty in seismic statistical zone delimiting on the evaluation result is discussed too.It can be seen that for those local sites along zone‘s border or within areas with vast change of upper bound magnitude among different scenarios the influence on seismic hazard result should not be neglected.     

Interrelation between seismicity parameters and delimiting potential seismic sources in a seismic statistical region and its influence on seismic risk estimation

In the paper, we have discovered the abnormal area distribution features of maximum variation values of ground motion parameter uncertainty with different probabilities of exceedance in 50 years within the range of 100°～120°E,29°～42°N for the purpose to solve the problem that abnormal areas of maximum variation values of ground motion parameter uncertainties emerge in a certain cities and towns caused by seismicity parameter uncertainty in a seismic statistical region in an inhomogeneous distribution model that considers tempo-spatial nonuniformity of seismic activity. And we have also approached the interrelation between the risk estimation uncertainty of a site caused by seismicity parameter uncertainty in a seismic statistical region and the delimitation of potential sources, as well as the reasons for forming abnormal areas. The results from the research indicate that the seismicity parameter uncertainty has unequal influence on the uncertainty of risk estimation at each site in a statistical region in the inhomogeneous distribution model, which relates to the scheme for delimiting potential sources. Abnormal areas of maximum variation values of ground motion parameter uncertainty often emerge in the potential sources of Mu≥8 (Mu is upper limit of a potential source) and their vicinity. However, this kind of influence is equal in the homogeneous distribution model. The uncertainty of risk estimation of each site depends on its seat. Generally speaking, the sites located in the middle part of a statistical region are only related to the seismicity parameter uncertainty of the region, while the sites situated in or near the juncture of two or three statistical regions might be subject to the synthetic influences of seismicity parameter uncertainties of several statistical regions.     

汶川8.0级地震前龙门山断裂带能量场变化

During the process of preparation and occurrence of a large earthquake,the stress-strain state along the fault zone has close relation with the weak seismicity around the fault zone. The seismic energy release near the fault zone before an earthquake can better reflect the dynamic process of earthquake preparation. Thus,in this paper,the method of natural orthogonal function expansion has been adopted to discuss the time variation about the energy field of the seismic activity along the Longmenshan fault zone before the Wenchuan M_S 8. 0 earthquake,2008. The results show that evident short-term rise changes appeared in the time factors of the typical field corresponding to several key eigenvalues of the energy field along the Longmenshan fault zone before the Wenchuan earthquake,probably being the short-term anomaly message for this earthquake. Through contrastive analysis of earthquake examples such as the 1976 Tangshan earthquake,the authors think that the study of time variation of energy field of seismicity along active fault zone will be helpful for conducting intentional and intensive earthquake monitoring and forecast in active fault regions with high seismic risk based on medium- and long-term earthquake trend judgment.     

Interrelation among several important links in seismic risk analysis

Introduction In the probability analysis method of seismic risk considering time-space inhomogeneity of seismic activity and adopted commonly in China (State Seismological Bureau, 1996) (called in-homogeneous distribution model for short), the division of seismic statistical regions, delimitation of potential seismic sources and estimation of seismicity parameters are the main links that affect significantly the estimation of ground motion parameters of a site. HUANG and WU (2005) studied …     

A Discussion on Seismic Intensity——Taking the Xinjiang Area As an Example

The intensity of an earthquake is an important criterion and index for earthquake resistance, and disaster relief and for antiseismic engineering in large and medium sized cities. The earthquake data in Xinjiang are abundant and have been widely applied to the statistic relationship of seismic intensity of western China. However, there exists some unreasonable and man_made factors in them. We put forward the idea of area A_ 0-1 to express the effect of seismic intensity, studied the questions and influencing factors arising from uncertainty of intensity zoning and finally, proposed some solutions.     

汶川8.0级地震前龙门山断裂带能量场变化

在大地震的孕育和发生过程中,沿断裂带的应力-应变状态与断裂带周围微震活动有着密切的关系.震前沿构造断裂带附近地震活动的能量释放更能反映地震孕育的动态过程.本文采用自然正交函数展开方法,讨论了2008年汶川8.0级地震前沿龙门山断裂带地震活动能量场的时间变化.结果表明,在汶川8.0级地震前,沿龙门山断裂带能量场的几个主要特征值对应的典型场的时间因子出现非常明显的短期上升变化,可能是该次地震短期异常信息.通过对比分析1976年唐山地震等震例认为,研究沿活动断裂带地震活动能量场的时间变化,可以对地震中长期判断有较大危险性的活动断裂区进行有目的的重点监测和预测.     

A Discussion on Seismic Intensity——Taking the Xinjiang Area As an Example

INTRODUCTIONSeismicintensity measurestheintensityof anearthquake exerts onthe groundina certainarea .Itrepresents the averaged measurement of intensity of ground shakingin a certain scope and reflects theperception of peopleinearthquakes as well asthe areal andzonal distributions of earthquakeimpact onground buildings . The“Chinese Earthquake Intensity Scale”(Institute of Engineering Mechanics ,Chinese Academy of Sciences , 1980) describes one by one the correlative relations of huma…