基于DEM的新疆克州气候要素空间分布模拟

摘要: 根据新疆克州及其周边13个气象台站1961-2010年的历史气候资料,采用基于DEM的空间插值技术对该地区年平均气温、降水量和日照时数等气候要素的空间分布进行了模拟分析。结果表明：（1）经验证,该方法对克州年平均气温等主要气候要素的空间分布模拟效果较好,精度较高;（2）新疆克州年平均气温的空间分布总体呈现“平原高,山区低”的特点;年降水量呈现“北部多,南部少;山区多,平原少”的空间分布格局;年日照时数的空间分布总体呈现“高山带多,中、低山带和山前倾斜平原少”的特征。     

1961—2015年新疆天山日照时数时空变化特征及其影响因素分析

采用新疆天山地区55个气象站1961—2015年逐月气象数据,用Mann Kendall突变检验、基于ArcGIS的混合插值及偏相关分析对天山日照时数年、季节特征及影响因素进行分析。结果表明：①天山日照时数年及季节均呈减少趋势,天山各区域变化差异显著,山区及天山北坡变化趋势明显于南坡。②天山北坡、天山南坡及天山山区年日照时数突变时间为1985年、1980年和1988年,云量和降水是导致突变发生的主导因素。③新疆天山年日照时数由西向东逐渐增加,平原多、山区少,春季呈“东北部多、西南部少”,夏季为 “东北部多、西南部少”,平原盆地高于山区,秋季呈现“北少南多,东多西少”,冬季由南向北逐渐减少。④云量、降水是导致天山地区日照减少的主要因素,少云区日照时数较多,多云区日照时数较少,天山云量减幅或增幅区域,日照时数突变量变化明显。     

湖南省油菜生育期间气候资源时空变化规律分析

利用湖南省1962—2010年96个气象站逐日气象资料及5个农业气象试验站1991—2010年油菜生育期观测资料,应用气候统计分析方法,分析了油菜主要生育期气候资源空间分布规律和年际变化特征。结果表明:湖南省油菜全生育期时长无明显地域性差异,生育期间大于等于0℃积温有明显的地域性差异。影响油菜生育期间的主要气象因子为气温和日照时数,不同生育期主要气象因子有所差异。各发育期气候资源空间分布不均,年际变化有差异。冬前苗期和角果发育期的积温呈增加趋势,越冬期的小于等于0℃和小于等于-3℃日数呈减少趋势,蕾薹期日照时数呈减少趋势,开花期和角果发育期日照时数呈增加趋势。总体而言,湖南油菜生育期间的气候资源及其变化趋势有利于油菜生长。     

Temporal and spatial variations of global solar radiation over the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau during the past 40 years

Global solar radiation is of great significance to the balance of ground surface radiation, the energy exchange between the Earth’s surface and atmosphere, and the development of weather and climate systems in various regions. In this study, the monthly global radiation recorded at 23 stations over the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau (QTP) was utilized to estimate global solar radiation (Q) from sunshine duration and to obtain improved fits to the variation coefficients of the monthly Angström–Prescott model (APM). The modeling results were evaluated by calculating the statistical errors, including mean bias error, mean absolute error, root mean square error, and mean relative error. We demonstrate that the monthly Q values can be predicted accurately by APM over the QTP. We also assess the variations of Q values at 116 meteorological stations by APM over the QTP during 1961–2000. The analysis shows that the annual mean sunshine duration amounted to more than 3,000 h over the whole plateau, implying promising prospects for economic applications of solar energy. During the past 40 years, the mean global solar radiation has been relatively high in the western QTP, extending northward to the Inner Mongolian Plateau. Although its decadal variations in the QTP and surrounding regions were inconsistent, the anomaly values of global solar radiation were generally positive during the 1960s and 1970s, indicating that the QTP’s global solar radiation has increased during those periods. The anomaly values were negative during the 1980s and 1990s, showing that the plateau’s global solar radiation has decreased during those periods. Global solar radiation over the QTP is negatively proportional to latitude but positively proportional to altitude and relative sunshine duration. Three factors, the sunshine duration, latitude, and altitude, exert great influence on global surface radiation, of which sunshine duration is most significant. A high-variation-coefficient zone of global solar radiation occurred in the western part of the QTP but, on average, the variation coefficient of the plateau’s global solar radiation was only 0.031, suggesting that the variation in global radiation was relatively stable over the whole QTP.     

近60年西安日照时数变化特征及其影响因子分析

利用常规气象观测资料和MODIS卫星C5气溶胶产品,分析了近60年西安日照时数变化特征及其相关影响因子。结果表明,西安日照时数在1981-2001年之间存在明显的下降趋势,以春、夏季日照时数下降最为明显,秋、冬季次之。渭南、华县的日照时数变化表明,西安及其以东地区的日照时数存在区域性下降,且3个城市的日照时数下降百分率存在明显的相关性。而华山(海拔2064.9m)的日照时数在近几十年中并未出现明显的增加或减少趋势,因此,影响西安及其东部日照时数下降的原因很可能位于近地面2km以下。通过分析气溶胶光学厚度、总云量、低云量和降水量的变化,发现关中东部地区的气溶胶光学厚度明显高于西部地区,高浓度的气溶胶并未导致西安、渭南、华县3个城市的总云量、低云量和降水量的增加,相反云量和降水量均呈现弱的区域性下降趋势。因此,西安及其以东地区日照时数的区域性下降不是气溶胶的间接效应引起的,很可能是在地形和盛行风向的共同作用下导致气溶胶在关中东部地区堆积而产生的直接辐射效应所致。     

Decreasing trend of sunshine hours and related driving forces in North China

Global dimming is currently an active area of research in climate change. Trends of temporal (on the order of decades, years, seasons or even months) and spatial patterns in sunshine hours and associated climatic factors (average air temperature, relative humidity, precipitation and wind speed) over North China are evaluated for the period 1965~1999 based on data from 81 standard meteorological stations. The results show that: (1) North China is experiencing decreasing sunshine hours (–82.855 h/decade); (2) seasonally, decline in sunshine hours is highest in summer and lowest in winter; (3) spatially, decrease in sunshine hours is highest in inland and plain regions and lowest in the northwest mountain and coastland regions; (4) sunshine hours have a high correlation with precipitation, relative humidity and wind speed, with wind speed having the strongest influence on sunshine hours implicit in the close correlation (temporally and spatially) between the two variables; (5) cloud cover could not be any significant driver of sunshine-hour decline because it is more or less stable; (6) spatially and seasonally, wind speed is an important driving factor of decreasing sunshine hours in North China. Furthermore, the interactions between wind speed and aerosol loading may be an enabling factor of wind speed in driving (strongly) the changes in sunshine hours.     

1961-2009年东北地区日照时数变化特征

根据1961-2009年东北地区104个气象站的日照时数、气温、降水、风速和相对湿度资料,利用趋势分析、Mann-Kendall分析和相关分析等方法,研究东北地区日照时数月、季、年的时空变化特征,同时还对可能影响日照时数的气候因子进行分析。结果表明：东北地区5月日照时数最高,12月日照时数最低。年日照时数呈显著减少趋势,平均每10 a减少40.5 h;除秋季日照时数变化不显著外,其他季节日照时数均显著减少。在20世纪80年代初期存在明显的突变,日照时数开始减少。东北地区日照时数大致呈西高东低的经向分布;除黑龙江北部地区外,其余大部地区日照时数均呈减少的趋势,其中吉林北部地区减少最为明显。东北地区日照时数与气温呈负相关关系,相关系数为-0.40;与降水呈负相关关系,相关系数为-0.37;与风速呈正相关关系,相关系数为0.53;与相对湿度呈负相关关系,相关系数为-0.32。前三者均通过了99.9 %的信度检验,相对湿度通过了99.5 %的信度检验。     

Influence of low ozone episodes on erythemal UV-B radiation in Austria

This study investigates the influence of low ozone episodes on UV-B radiation in Austria during the period 1999 to 2015. To this aim observations of total column ozone (TCO) in the Greater Alpine Region (Arosa, Switzerland; Hohenpeissenberg, Germany; Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Sonnblick, Austria), and erythemal UV-B radiation, available from 12 sites of the Austrian UV-B monitoring network, are analyzed. As previous definitions for low ozone episodes are not particularly suited to investigate effects on UV radiation, a novel threshold approach—considering anomalies—is developed to provide a joint framework for the analysis of extremes. TCO and UV extremes are negatively correlated, although modulating effects of sunshine duration impact the robustness of the statistical relationship. Therefore, information on relative sunshine duration (SD_rel), available at (or nearby) UV-B monitoring sites, is included as explanatory variable in the analysis. The joint analysis of anomalies of both UV index (UVI) and total ozone (∆UVI, ∆TCO) and SD_rel across sites shows that more than 65% of observations with strongly negative ozone anomalies (∆TCO < −1) led to positive UVI anomalies. Considering only days with strongly positive UVI anomaly (∆UVI > 1), we find (across all sites) that about 90% correspond to negative ∆TCO. The remaining 10% of days occurred during fair weather conditions (SD_rel ≥ 80%) explaining the appearance of ∆UVI > 1 despite positive TCO anomalies. Further, we introduce an anomaly amplification factor (AAF), which quantifies the expected change of the ∆UVI for a given change in ∆TCO.

     

Sunshine duration hours over the Greek region

Summary In this study, the temporal and spatial distribution of bright sunshine hours and relative sunshine duration over Greece are presented. The datasets used for this study were obtained from the archives of the Hellenic National Meteorological Service (HNMS). Furthermore, mean annual and seasonal duration of bright sunshine has been estimated from empirical formulae, which depend on the following parameters: (i) percentage of land cover around each station (radius of 20 km), (ii) distance of each station from the nearest coast, (iii) height above sea level for each station location, (iv) latitude of each station, (v) longitude of each station. Differences between measured and estimated bright sunshine hours are accounted for. In general a good relationship exists between estimated and observed sunshine values. The annual march of sunshine is simple with a maximum in July and a minimum in January or December. The spatial distribution of the annual and seasonal bright sunshine duration shows minimum values in the interior mountain areas of the Greek region (Western Macedonia, Epirus, Central Greece), increasing gradually towards the coasts of the Ionian and Aegean seas as well as from north to south. The highest sunshine values occur at the southeastern islands of the Aegean Sea and above the southern coasts of Crete, followed by Attica (Athens area) and the surrounding coastal areas, the islands of the eastern Aegean Sea and the southwestern coastal and island parts of the Ionian Sea.     

阿克苏市日照时数的突变检测分析

运用气候突变理论对阿克苏市日照时数序列进行检测分析，结果发现近50年阿克苏市年日照时数总体呈增多趋势，但其间存在两次突变。在1980年前后年日照的突变现象显著，表现为日照时数的急剧减少，主要是由于11、12月日照时数的突然变少引起的；90年代初的突变则从80年代的气候少日照阶段转变成多日照阶段。     

From brightening to dimming in sunshine duration over the eastern and central Tibetan Plateau (1961–2005)

The Tibetan Plateau (TP) with an average elevation of over 4,000 m asl is the highest and most extensive highland in the world. We used monthly mean sunshine duration from the Chinese Meteorological Administration to examine the spatial and temporal variability of sunshine duration at 71 stations with elevations above 2,000 m asl in the eastern and central TP during the 1961–2005 period. The temporal evolution of the mean annual sunshine duration series shows a significant increase from 1961 to 1982 at a rate of 49.8 h/decade, followed by a decrease from 1983 to 2005 at a rate of ?65.1 h/decade, with an overall significant decrease at a rate of ?20.6 h/decade during the whole 1961–2005 period, which is mainly due to the summer and spring seasons. This confirms the evidence that sunshine duration in the TP ranges from brightening to dimming in accordance with sunshine duration trends in the rest of China. The surface solar radiation downwards from ERA-40 reanalysis data in the same region confirms the brightening/dimming phenomenon shown by the sunshine duration before/after the 1980s. Otherwise, additional climatic variables such as low cloud amount, total cloud amount, precipitation, relative humidity and water vapor pressure, in most cases, exhibit significant negative correlation with sunshine duration in the TP on an annual and seasonal basis before and after 1982, respectively. The trends of these variables suggest that changes in some of them might be related to the brightening and dimming detected with the use of sunshine duration measurements over the TP. We also hypothesize that the impact of anthropogenic aerosols upon the climatic variables analyzed cannot be rejected, especially in the significant increase in low cloud cover since approximately 1980.     

1961—2010年额济纳绿洲日照时数变化特征分析

利用1961—2010年额济纳旗日照时数资料,使用趋势分析、滑动平均、累积距平、滑动t检验等方法,分析了额济纳旗日照时数变化的主要特征。结果表明:1971—1990年是额济纳旗日照时数丰富期,20世纪60、90年代日照时数明显偏少,近些年来减少幅度略有下降;1961—2010年额济纳旗年日照时数线性增长率为-9/10a,即每10a减少约9h,呈现不明显的减少趋势;作物生长期(4—10月)日照时数线性增长率为2.32h/10a,即每10a减少2h略多,减少趋势不明显;可大致判断额济纳旗日照在1976年前后出现了突变现象。     

近55 a来安阳日照时数变化趋势及未来变化趋势分析

依据安阳市近55 a(1954-2008年)逐年和逐月日照观测数据,运用线性倾向估计法和Mann-Kendall法,分析了安阳市日照时数的年际和季节变化趋势.在此基础上,运用Hurst指数对该市未来日照时数变化趋势进行了预测.结果表明:安阳市年日照时数总体呈减少趋势;日照时数季节差异较为明显,四季减少趋势强度为:冬季>夏季>秋季>春季;在未来一段时期内,安阳年日照时数仍保持与过去55 a相同的变化趋势,呈减少趋势.     

四川地区人工观测日照时数与自动观测对比分析

本文用2019年1～3月四川全省156个国家级地面观测站日照时数平行观测资料，对比评估了自动与人工观测日照时数的小时、日值一致性及分级一致性，分析空间分布规律和不同日照时长对一致性的影响，结果表明:大多数台站人工日照时数略> 自动观测，人工观测值较自动值偏小的台站、二者间均方根误差较大、小时相关系数较低的台站均多出现在盆地地区；攀枝花、甘孜、阿坝、凉山(以下简称“攀枝花、三州”)等日照充足的地区相较于多阴雨的盆地，人工与自动日照时数更接近；攀枝花、三州区域人工观测在日照时长较长的情况下更准确，盆地区域人工观测在日照时长较短的情况下更准确；日自动日照时数> 8h时，人工观测值较自动值易出现偏小，全省人工观测值与自动观测值之间的误差更小，相关性更高；日自动日照时数< 8h时，人工观测值较自动值易出现偏大，在2～8h时，全省人工与自动观测值之间的误差更大，相关性也更差。      

我国近59年日照时数变化特征及其与温度、风速、降水的关系

利用全国194个气象站1951～2009年日照、温度、风速和降水资料,将全国按照气候区域划分为11个气候区,采用线性趋势及Morlet小波函数分析法,对全国及各区域近59 年来日照时数的季节变化和年际变化时间序列进行了分析,同时还对与日照时数变化密切相关的温度、风速、降水等气象要素进行了年际变化特征比较。结果表明：全国年日照时数呈显著减少的趋势,平均每10年减少36.9 h,各区域变化与全国一致,只是日照时数减小程度不同;1981年是全国日照时数由较强期到偏弱期的转折年;全国年日照时数在1990年代中期前有7～10 a左右的明显周期振荡;全国四季日照时数沿海地区减少速度要快于内陆,南方快于北方。全国年日照时数与温度呈负相关关系,相关系数为-0.52;与风速呈正相关关系,相关系数为0.76;与降水呈负相关关系,相关系数为-0.27;前两者均通过了99.9%的信度检验,后者通过了95%的信度检验。     

近50年拉萨日照时数的变化特征

采用气候倾向率方法对拉萨1953～2005年的年、季节日照时数变化趋势分析表明,近50年来拉萨年日照时数和各季节日照时数都存在不同程度的减少趋势,年日照时数以每10年27.6h倾向率减少,且这种减少的趋势在增大,主要表现在夏、秋季。20世纪50～80年代年日照时数均为正距平,90年代以负距平为其主要的年际变化特征;90年代夏季日照明显偏少,60年代冬季日照充足。年日照时数90年代末出现异常偏少年,夏季日照时数仅在2000年出现了异常偏少现象,而冬季日照时数多异常年份,主要发生在50年代。年平均总云量减少趋势明显,低云量下降趋势显著。     

晋西北地区马铃薯生态需水量对气候变化的响应

基于晋西北地区8个地面气象站1960~2010年的气象资料及马铃薯生育期平均资料,运用P-M公式,计算了马铃薯生态需水量,分析了生态需水量的时间演变特征及其对气候变化的响应。结果表明:晋西北地区马铃薯生态需水量整体上呈显著下降趋势,但不同时段下降幅度差异较大;风速和日照时数的变化对马铃薯生态需水量的影响最为突出。气候变暖对该地区马铃薯生态需水量的影响表明,气温的升高会增加马铃薯的需水量,且不同地区需水量的增幅不尽相同,气候变暖对寒冷地区马铃薯需水量的影响更加显著。     

近40a甘南高原日照时数变化趋势及影响因子

利用甘南高原8个气象站1971~2010年的日照时数地面观测资料,对其近40 a日照时数的时空变化特征进行了分析。发现:甘南高原年日照时数的空间分布特征呈西多东少;月际变化表现出明显的3峰3谷的特征;20世纪70~80年代是甘南高原日照时数最少的时期,而20世纪90年代日照时数明显增加,进入21世纪后,高原西部日照时数出现了减少的趋势,而东部仍以偏多为主。突变分析表明,甘南高原日照时数的变化可分为3种类型:第1类为出现增大突变,并且仍持续上升的,主要有卓尼、迭部;第2类为出现增大突变,但目前开始减少,主要有夏河、玛曲、舟曲;第3类为未出现突变的,有合作、碌曲、临潭。日照时数的变化与气温、水汽压、云量、降水和风速的变化密切相关,造成甘南高原西部与东部日照时数不同变化趋势的主要原因是降水量和风速的不同变化。     

中国黑戈壁地区日照时数时空变化及影响因素

利用1960～2011年中国黑戈壁地区11个气象站日照时数数据,分析了该地区日照多年变化特征。研究表明,该地区近52a来日照时数减少的变化并不明显,其趋势变化率为-2．0h／10a,远小于周边地区。四季之中,春季日照时数呈增加趋势,其他三季呈减少趋势。从空间分布上看,不同区域,年日照时数变化也不相同。黑戈壁地区年日照时数的减少与年降水量的显著增加和年平均风速的减小密切相关。     

近50年西宁市日照时数变化规律分析

利用近50年西宁市日照时数实测资料,分析了其日照时数年代际、年际、季和月的变化特征,并用气候突变理论对其进行检验。结果表明,近50年西宁市日照时数呈减少趋势,其气候变化率为每10年减少75.1h;日照时数的年际变化幅度较大,峰值（1963年）与谷值（2007年）相差635.3h。日照时数存在明显的季节差异,各季日照时数...