赞比亚希富玛铜矿床含铜碳酸岩岩石学和地球化学及其成岩成矿意义

新发现的赞比亚希富玛IOCG碳酸岩铜矿床位于泛非造山带卢菲里安弧复向斜带中部南缘,处于NW向深断裂带与NEE-EW向断裂带的交会部位。铜矿体主要赋存于含铜碳酸岩内。含铜碳酸岩主要侵入于新元古界上部孔德龙古群上部火山碎屑岩中,与矿区及其外围的岩浆岩构成含铜碳酸岩的杂岩组合。含铜碳酸岩灰白色块状构造,常见气孔构造和流动构造;含围岩捕掳体、熔融包体和流体包体;半自形细粒不等粒结构为主,镶嵌结构和包含结构很普遍;方解石和白云石双晶发育;矿物成分达40余种,主要非金属矿物为方解石,其次是硬石膏、白云石和萤石等;主要金属矿物为磁铁矿、黄铜矿和黄铁矿,其次有磁黄铁矿、闪锌矿、赤铁矿、辉钼矿、斑铜矿等。含铜碳酸岩全岩矿化,矿石构造主要为浸染状构造和斑杂状构造,其次为块状构造及稠密浸染状构造;矿石结构有自形-半自形细粒结构,他形细粒结构,交代熔蚀结构,固溶体分解结构,海绵陨铁结构等。含铜碳酸岩富CaO、FeO和Fe_2O_3,贫MgO,属铁质方解石碳酸岩;REE含量高,ΣREE=57.75×10~(-6)~1076×10~(-6),轻重稀土明显分馏,LREE/HREE=6.3~83.8,强正铕异常,弱负铈异常;富集Ba、Sr、Pb、U、Nb、P和LREE,亏损Ta、Zr、Hf和Ti;Zr/Hf、Y/Ho值和Y含量反映含铜碳酸岩出现了高度演化的熔体-流体过渡的岩浆体系;(87Sr/86Sr)i=0.705315~0.706708,在世界主要碳酸岩范围内;Sr-Nd同位素示踪显示岩浆可能源自EMⅠ;方解石的δ13CV-PDB为-17.8‰~-2.6‰,δ18OV-SMOW值变化于14.5‰~21.9‰;白云石的δ13CV-PDB为-18.8‰,δ18OV-SMOW值为13.5‰,均在世界碳酸岩的范围内;2个磁铁矿样品的δ18OV-SMOW值分别为4.3‰和4.6‰,接近地幔的氧同位素组成范围;金属硫化物的δ34SV-CDT(‰)值变化范围为-4.1~+10.5,在岩浆硫的范围内。此矿床为铁氧化物-铜-金(IOCG)型碳酸岩铜矿床。成岩成矿发生于泛非造山运动后造山伸展阶段拉张应力场构造环境。含铜碳酸岩和成矿物质可能主要源自受到富CO2地幔流体交代形成的EMⅠ富集地幔端元。成岩成矿机制可能是:从地幔源区部分熔融出的初始熔浆随着上侵和演化,液态不混溶出碱性硅酸盐岩浆和碳酸盐+硫酸盐岩浆;铜等成矿元素因亲硫而在碳酸盐+硫酸盐岩浆中富集。此岩浆随着上侵和演化发生液态不混溶作用,形成富集成矿物质和挥发分的含铜碳酸岩浆-热液过渡态流体。随着温度下降,其中碳酸盐矿物、硫酸盐矿物和磁铁矿大量晶出,氧被大量消耗掉,致使氧逸度降低,硫逸度增高,还原硫产生并快速增加,与Cu、Fe、Zn、Co、Mo等金属离子化合形成金属硫化物而成矿。     

论扬子地块西缘元古宙铁氧化物铜金型矿床与大地构造演化

探讨和总结了扬子地块西缘大地构造演化、元古宙重大构造-岩浆事件与铁氧化物铜金型(IOCG)矿床关系,以促进对深部隐伏IOCG矿床勘查和新技术研发。在新太古界-古元古界小溜口岩组顶部和不整合面之下,含矿层状-似层状碱性方解石钠长石岩中锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年龄为2520±14 Ma,这种似层状铜矿床和其上不整合面型Cu-Co-AuAg-REE-Fe矿体,以云南东川因民铁铜矿床深部小溜口岩组中铜矿床为代表。总体上,IOCG矿床与扬子地块大地构造演化之间关系为:(1)扬子地块于东川运动(中条运动/Hudsonian Orogeny,1800 Ma)形成了陆壳基底。在中元古代初期(1700±50 Ma)发生了地幔热物质上涌侵位的构造-岩浆事件,导致古扬子地块发生裂解并形成裂谷构造和大陆裂谷盆地。在近东西向大陆裂谷盆地发育初期,构造动力学特征为火山地堑式断陷成盆。在碱性铁钠质基性岩、铁钾质粗面岩和铁质辉绿辉长岩形成过程中,形成了第一期IOCG矿床成岩成矿高峰期(1650±50 Ma),以云南大红山IOCG矿床为代表。(2)在裂谷盆地成熟发育期,构造动力学特征为裂陷沉降成盆。因民期和黑山期两次地幔热物质上涌侵位,导致了构造-岩浆-成岩成矿事件发生。在铁钠质基性火山岩、铁钾质粗面岩、水下火成碳酸岩、火山喷溢-火山热水喷流沉积相等形成过程中,形成了第二期IOCG矿床的成岩成矿高峰期(1500±50 Ma),以云南迤纳厂IOCG矿床为代表。(3)在小黑箐运动/满银沟运动(格林威尔造山期,1000 Ma±),扬子地块南缘形成了近南北向洋壳俯冲和陆缘侧向挤压收缩体制,碱性铁质辉长岩-辉绿岩体上涌侵位,伴随同构造期脆韧性剪切带形成和沉积盆地构造反转,形成区域性不整合面(小黑箐运动/满银沟运动)和后期沉积型-火山沉积型铁矿床,为IOCG矿床第三期成岩成矿高峰期(1000±100 Ma)。以白锡腊深部和新塘IOCG矿床为代表,形成IOCG矿床和IOCG矿床的叠加成岩成矿。(4)晋宁-澄江期为多重构造体制耦合与转换格局,扬子地块内部和陆缘具有造山带-沉积盆地-深部地幔柱上涌侵位,深部地幔柱上涌侵位形成的碱性铁质辉长岩具有OIB源区特征,形成了第四期IOCG矿床的成岩成矿高峰期(800±50 Ma),以四川拉拉IOCG矿床受碱性铁质辉长岩侵位与叠加成岩成矿为代表。在澄江期"盆→山"耦合与转换,IOCG矿床和东川型铜矿中进一步发生了盆地流体叠加改造富集(810~700 Ma)。     

云贵高原-造山带-沉积盆地的构造演化与成岩成矿作用(代序)

云贵高原-造山带-沉积盆地的构造演化与金属矿产形成有密切关系。近南北向乌蒙山造山带和扬子地块西缘元古宙造山带(元古宙基底构造层)为元古宙铁铜和铁氧化物铜金型(IOCG)矿床集中区。在东缘滇黔桂晚古生代陆缘拉分盆地中,形成了铅锌银-金汞锑等低温热液金属矿床集中区。在个旧-文山一带形成了锡铜钨-多金属成矿集中区,并伴生铷铯铟等稀散元素。在西侧云南楚雄中新生代沉积盆地中,形成了砂岩型铜矿床集中区等。北侧四川-重庆一带形成了天青石矿床成矿集中区。这些金属矿床集中区形成与云贵高原-造山带-沉积盆地经历了多期次构造演化过程中,形成了特殊的矿田(床)构造有密切关系。这些特殊的大陆构造样式、构造组合、构造-流体-成岩成矿作用和碱性铁质基性岩类侵位的多重耦合作用,值得今后开展深入研究,为今后矿山深部找矿预测和大陆深部构造研究提供科学依据。     

大陆再造与江南造山带赣北段巨量铜、钨成矿

江南造山带赣北段铜钨巨量富集与大陆地壳形成和再造密切相关。本文将该区域燕山期铜、钨矿床分为铜(金)、铜钨和钨铜三个类型，并以此为研究对象，从成矿花岗岩角度，探讨江南造山带的构造演化、陆壳形成演化与铜钨金属巨量富集的内在联系。研究表明，铜(金)和铜钨矿床主要形成于早-中侏罗世(175～160 Ma),钨铜矿床成矿时代略晚，为150～125 Ma;铜(金)和铜钨矿化常与弱-中等演化的I型花岗岩有关，钨铜矿化与高度分异演化的过铝质S型花岗岩有关，形成过程可能有超临界流体参与；铜(金)矿床源区物质主要由新元古代富铜金初生地壳组成，铜钨矿床的源区物质主要由大部分富铜新元古代初生地壳和少部分富钨中-古元古代地壳物质混合而成，钨铜矿床物源主要来自古元古代基底和少量新元古代地壳。古太平洋板块俯冲环境下，中-古元古代富钨古老地壳和新元古代富铜新生地壳发生再活化是江南造山带赣北段巨量铜钨矿床形成的重要机制。     

海南石碌铁钴铜( 金) 矿床与 国内外IOCG 型矿床的对比研究

[摘 要] IOCG 矿床是近些年来被认知的一种重要矿床类型,因其巨大的经济和理论研究价值受到 国内外矿业界和学术界的重视。海南石碌铁钴铜(金)矿床在构造环境、与岩浆岩的关系、矿体特征、元 素和矿物组合、围岩蚀变等方面与国外典型的IOCG 矿床有相似之处。该矿床处于大陆边缘拉张的裂 谷环境,早期火山沉积岩为成矿提供初始矿源,后期侵入岩对成矿具有重要的改造富集作用,矿体基本 呈层状、似层状及少量脉状产于石碌群第六层中,一般铁矿体在上,钴铜矿体在下,具Fe-Cu-Co( -Au) 多元素组合,铁氧化物主要为赤铁矿,蚀变以透辉石化、透闪石化为主;在成矿时代方面区别于多数产在 元古宙的IOCG 矿床,而是经历了新元古代海相火山喷流沉积阶段、加里东期区域变质阶段、海西-印支 期热液改造阶段和燕山晚期热液改造阶段。文章认为石碌铁钴铜(金)矿床不仅与IOCG 矿床有较多相 似之处,与国内内蒙古白云鄂博铁稀土铌矿床、四川拉拉铜铁金钴钼稀土矿床、新疆乔夏哈拉铁铜金矿 床、云南迤纳厂铁铜稀土矿床和东川稀矿山铁铜矿床等也有相似之处。因此,在中国开展寻找IOCG 矿 床尤其是大型矿床,是很有前景的。     

中条山地区铜矿峪斑岩铜钼矿床电气石硼同位素特征

硼同位素由于其稳定性,可以作为很好的源区示踪工具。本次采用LA-MC-ICP-MS方法对铜矿峪变斑岩型铜钼矿床绢英岩化带中的电气石硼同位素进行了原位测试。获得δ11 B值为-21.1‰~1.1‰,数据分布显示为相对富轻硼的(-16‰~-14‰)和相对富重硼的(-1.5‰~1.5‰)两个峰值。结合前人硼同位素储库比对分析,铜矿峪铜钼矿床显示了大陆热液系统的硼同位素组成特征。铜矿峪铜钼矿床富轻硼的峰值特征很可能由火山岩围岩提供。相对富重硼峰值很可能是铜矿峪成矿花岗闪长斑岩和花岗闪长岩提供。铜矿峪铜钼矿床的电气石硼同位素特征相对于其他斑岩型铜矿床及IOCG矿床明显更富集轻硼,显示了该矿床成矿中有大量陆壳的硼加入。     

赞比亚西北省典型铜-钴矿床地质特征与找矿方向

卢菲利安弧是全球极为重要的铜钴成矿带,赞比亚西北省铜-金-钴-镍-铀成矿亚带为该成矿带的重要组成部分,但其基础地质工作薄弱,缺乏系统的成矿机制研究。通过水系沉积物地球化学、土壤地球化学、地球物理特征和典型矿床研究,总结梳理了赞比亚西北省的成矿地质演化和成矿规律,提出区域找矿方向,以期在该地区实现找矿新突破。卢菲利安弧穹窿区主要分布于赞比亚西北省内,产有铜、金、钴、铀、镍等重要金属矿种,含矿岩层为罗安群炭质页岩、千枚岩,成矿类型主要为变质热液脉型,矿床成因为在泛非期NW—SE向挤压作用下,成矿物质活化,含矿热液沿断裂迁移,因物理化学条件改变沉淀、富集成矿;复向斜带南缘希富玛IOCG型铜-金-钴矿赋存于NE向的含铜碳酸岩中,矿床成因为初始地幔物质沿深大断裂上升至地壳浅部过程中,由于温度和压力下降,初始岩浆不断演化并最终成矿。通过研究赞比亚西北省典型矿床的成因和成矿模式,提出未来找矿方向应注重在穹窿区基底周缘推覆带内寻找受构造和地层双重控矿的铜-金-铀矿,在复向斜带内的构造岩浆带内应充分利用航磁异常、化探异常来寻找NW向深断裂与NE向断裂交会部位的（碳酸岩型）IOCG型铜-金-钴-银-铁矿。     

铁氧化物铜金矿床(IOCG)研究进展

<正>1 IOCG的定义IOCG矿床是英文Iron Oxide-Copper-Gold矿床的缩写,中文翻译为铁氧化物铜-金矿床或氧化铁铜-金矿床。铁氧化物铜金矿床(IOCG)于1992年被正式提出(Hitzman et al.,1992),是目前全球最新的重要矿床类型。经过20年的发展,正与斑岩型、VMS、SEDEX、MVT等矿床类型一样被大家广为所知。Williams et al.(2005)提出了一个基于实践经验的定义,他认为IOCG矿床具有以下特征:(1)成矿元素以铜为主,     

新疆乔夏哈拉铁铜金矿床与国内外IOCG矿床的对比研究

随着IOCG矿床不断取得巨大的勘探成果,IOCG矿床在国内外都日益受到关注。新疆乔夏哈拉铁铜金矿床在构造环境、元素组合、蚀变特征等方面与国外典型的IOCG矿床有相似之处,乔夏哈拉铁铜金矿床处于大陆边缘拉张环境,具有Fe-Cu-Au(-REE)多元素组合,蚀变以绿帘石矽卡岩化为主,垂直分带不明显;在成矿时代方面又区别于多数产在元古代的IOCG矿床,而是在古生代;乔夏哈拉西矿区切割铁矿层的闪长岩脉角闪石的Ar-Ar坪年龄为378.1±3.6Ma,故铁的成矿年龄应在泥盆纪。本文认为乔夏哈拉铁铜金矿床不仅与IOCG矿床有较多相似之处,与国内内蒙古白云鄂博铁稀土铌矿床、云南迤纳厂铁铜稀土矿床、云南拉拉铜铁金钴钼稀土矿床和云南稀矿山铁铜矿床等也有相似之处,因此,在中国寻找IOCG矿床尤其是大型矿床,是有可能的。     

智利铁氧化物铜金型矿床成矿规律、控制因素与成矿演化

智利中生代铁氧化物铜金型(IOCG)矿床成矿带位于海岸科迪勒拉山带,与斑岩铜金和浅成低温热液型金银矿床共同组成了南美安第斯型活动大陆边缘上成矿系统组合。在成矿时代上,IOCG矿床成矿时代集中在175.6～141,140～100和99～66 Ma BP。IOCG矿床位于弧前盆地、主岛弧带和弧后盆地等五级构造单元中;而斑岩铜金和浅成低温热液型金银矿床位于主岛弧带和弧后盆地中,与IOCG矿床成矿带成对出现。综述了智利超大型IOCG矿床研究和勘查进展,认为智利IOCG矿床主要为富铁质岩浆的火山喷溢作用、岩浆热液—盆地流体混合成矿和岩浆热液成矿作用等3种端元类型。侏罗—白垩纪弧前盆地、主火山岛弧带和弧后盆地等五级构造单元是IOCG矿床定位构造,在晚白垩世发生构造反转后,在安第斯大陆边缘从伸展构造体制转变为走滑挤压收缩构造体制,同时形成了平行于岛弧带的阿卡塔玛(AFZ)断裂系统,AFZ断裂系统导致弧前盆地—主岛弧带—弧后盆地发生构造变形并伴有同构造期岩浆侵入,主岛弧带岩浆活动停滞,晚白垩世深成岩浆弧向东迁移,在岛弧带和弧后盆地反转过程中因岩浆—构造叠加程度不同,形成了IOCG矿床叠加成矿序列,同期,白垩纪斑岩型铜金矿床和浅成低温热液型金银矿床相伴形成。提出富铁基性—超基性岩、IOCG矿床和斑岩型铜金矿床等与弧后盆地构造变形的动力学机制是今后的研究方向。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

The Tendencies of the Development of the Mineral-Resources Sector at the Turn of the Century

Important tendencies in development of the world mineral-resources sector at the beginning of the 21st century were an increase in production and consumption of mineral materials differentiated by types of metals and nonmetallic mineral raw materials, by countries and regions, as well as the concentration of the production of mineral raw materials in a small number of countries, and a reduction in industrial reserves of minerals in the world economy, even at the current stage of their extraction. These tendencies should be taken into account in working out a strategy for development of the Russian mineral raw-material base.     

Causes of the famine among the rural population of the Sahelian zone of the Sudan

Taking the example of W Sudan, an analysis of the climatic incidents leading to the two recent famine disasters is made. On this natural background, the human side is investigated. Focus is directed towards the fragile economic structure of the famine-prone population groups. An early-warning system for famine in the Sahelian Zone is proposed taking grain production and storage, livestock development and the relationship between the prices of livestock and grain as major indicators.     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

On the consistency of proposed models for the Pyrenees with the structure of the eastern parts of the belt

The structure of the eastern Pyrenees consists mainly of south-directed thrusts involving basement and cover rocks. An antiformal stack developed by the piling up of basement thrust sheets which outcrop in the Axial zone. These structures account for a thin-skinned thrust model rather than a vertical fault model in which the Axial zone would be essentially autochthonous, and the North-Pyrenean fault the axial plane of a fan thrust system. New data from the Eastern Pyrenees and the thin-skinned model suggest that(1) the structure east of the Pedraforca nappe is similar to that of the Central Pyrenees; (2) the cover rocks of the South-Pyrenean units and of the Axial zone-after restoration—built up a northwards-thickening prism consistent with the existence of a unique Pyrenean sedimentary basin during Mesozoic time; (3) the Axial zone is only a complex antiformal stack developed as a part of South-Pyrenean system related to the Paleogene thrusting-tectonics. The Axial zone palaeogeographic area had no special meaning during Mesozoic time.     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.