煤矿立井非采动破裂工程地质勘察方法

深厚表土中煤矿立井非采动破裂是一种新的矿井地质灾害。以往的煤田地质勘探工作没有涉及该问题。本文建议立井破裂工程地质勘察可划分为初步勘察和详细勘察两阶段，提出了各阶段应包含的具体工作内容和工作方法；特别是提出要进行模拟土与井壁相互作用试验，获得不同埋深土层与井壁相互作用的力学参数；提出在勘探阶段判断厚表土层中煤矿立井非采动破裂的系统工作方法。最后给出了一勘察分析实例。     

Viscous effects on penetrating shafts in clays

The penetration of rigid objects such as piles and penetrometers into soils creates a zone of soil disturbance around them. The extent of this disturbed zone influences the resistance of the moving rigid body. This paper presents a theoretical framework to analyze the resistance in the disturbed zone created by a shaft penetrating a clay soil. The soil is modeled as a viscous material after it reaches failure [critical state (CS)]. The results of this analysis show that the viscous drag stress component on the shaft surface is influenced by the size of disturbed zone that has reached CS around the shaft, the shear viscosity of the soil and the velocity profile (or strain rate) in the CS zone around the shaft. The size of CS zone, the velocity profile and the viscosity of soil are interdependent. Large variation in viscous drag occurs when the size of the CS soil zone is less than four times the shaft’s radius. Limiting drag occurs when the size of the CS soil zone exceeds six times the shaft’s radius. The theoretical velocity distribution of the movement of soil in the CS zone shows that the soil is dragged along with shaft in the near field (close to the shaft surface) and moves upwards in the far field.     

陆上风轮机梁板基础受力特性简化分析

提出一种多向荷载同时作用下的刚性桩筏基础简化计算方法,基于Mindlin解,分析桩顶面-桩顶面、桩顶面-土表面、土表面-土表面的相互作用关系。推导多向荷载下桩土体系柔度矩阵,得到刚性桩筏基础的受力和变形的关系,通过与有限元对比证明了文中方法的正确性,在此基础上对耦合荷载作用下的风机基础的受力和变形特性进行分析。研究表明,耦合荷载作用下风机基础将会产生竖向不均匀沉降,并会引起桩顶轴力的的巨大的差异。     

深厚表土中煤矿立井非采动破裂的研究

本文介绍了近年来我国华东矿区深厚表土层中煤矿立井井壁非采动破裂的特点。分析了井壁破裂的工程地质条件，研究了井壁与土接触面上土─混凝土作用变形和强度参数，并将该接触面视为接触面单元，用弹塑性有限元法，模拟了深厚表土底部含水层失水时土与井壁的相互作用，得到了井壁附加应力随深度和含水层水头降的变化规律，分析了井壁稳定性，揭示了井壁破裂的内在机理。     

A three‐dimensional displacement approach for analysis of laterally loaded piles in nonhomogeneous soil

An analytical approach using the three‐dimensional displacement of a soil is investigated to provide analytical solutions of the horizontal response of a circular pile subjected to lateral loads in nonhomogeneous soil. The rocking stiffness coefficient of the pile shaft in homogeneous soil is derived from the analytical solution taking into account the three‐dimensional displacement represented in terms of scalar potentials in the elastic three‐dimensional analysis. The lateral stiffness coefficient of the pile shaft in nonhomogeneous soil is derived from the rocking stiffness coefficient taking into account the rocking rotation of a rigid pile shaft. The relationship between horizontal displacement, rotation, moment, and shear force of a pile subjected to horizontal loads in nonhomogeneous soil is obtainable in the form of the recurrence equation. The formulation of the lateral displacement and rotation of the pile base subjected to lateral loads in nonhomogeneous soils is presented by taking into account Mindlin's equation and the equivalent thickness for soil layers in the equivalent elastic method. There is little difference between lateral, rocking, and couple stiffness coefficients each obtained from both the two‐dimensional and three‐dimensional methods except for the case of Poisson's ratio near 0.5. The comparison of results calculated by the current method for a pile subjected to lateral loads in homogeneous and nonhomogeneous soils has shown good agreement with those obtained from analytical and numerical methods. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Current and future UK practice for the permanent support of shaft excavations

Summary Mining development work in the UK is primarily concerned with the coal industry. Sedimentary rocks of the sandstone, marl and limestone types and coal measures are the predominant strata through which new shafts or existing shaft deepenings penetrate. The paper discusses hydrogeological information, the loadings imposed on shaft linings in such strata and outlines design philosophy. Design formulae are quoted and design practice is reviewed with reference to the current UK Codes of Practice for concrete construction.Included in the overall shaft lining design concept should be a consideration of the installation factors. Construction aspects and the influence of strata water control measures are therefore discussed in relation to recent advances using high-strength concrete and water pressure relief. New concepts in shaft lining design are also proposed and commented upon. Finally, the significant features of shaft lining design and construction are emphasized.     

考虑温度效应的井壁竖向附加力反演分析

为了分析考虑温度应力后作用于深厚表土层立井井壁竖向附加力,建立了由于立井内、外壁温度差产生的温度自应力和径向膨胀受阻产生的温度应力解析式。基于井壁是由于竖向应力超过钢筋混凝土井壁极限抗压强度而发生破裂的事实,对作用于井壁上的温度荷载、自重、水平侧压力和竖向附加力在井壁内产生的竖向应力分量进行了分析,结果表明,竖向附加力是导致井壁破裂的最主要因素,温度应力也是诱发井壁破裂的重要因素。同时在考虑井壁温度应力和井壁破裂特征的基础上,利用井壁结构设计理论通过反演分析得到了地层疏水沉降时井壁承受的最大竖向附加力的数值,为新建井壁设计和已建成投产井壁的安全性评估提供重要参考依据。     

Loads on Sprayed Waterproof Tunnel Linings in Jointed Hard Rock: A Study Based on Norwegian Cases

A composite tunnel lining system based on a sprayed waterproofing membrane combined with sprayed concrete is currently being considered for future Norwegian rail and road tunnels. Possible loading of the tunnel linings caused by water pressure is being investigated. This tunnel lining system consists of a waterproof membrane which, during application on the sprayed concrete lining, bonds mechanically to the sprayed concrete on either side. Hence, a continuous, sealing, and non-draining structure from the rock mass to the interior tunnel surface is formed in the walls and crown. Experiences from some successful recent projects with this lining system in Europe are reviewed. However, these experiences are not directly comparable to the Scandinavian hard rock tunnel lining approach, which utilizes a relatively thin sprayed and irregular concrete layer for permanent lining. When considering the sprayed membrane and sprayed concrete composite lining concept, introducing a partially sealing and undrained element in the lining, the experiences with the traditionally used lining systems in Norway need to be reconsidered and fully understood. A review of several hard rock tunnels with adverse conditions, in which the tunnel lining has been subject to load monitoring, shows that only very small loads in the tunnel linings occur. Recent investigations with in situ water pressure testing, including two sites with the composite sprayed membrane in a partially drained waterproof tunnel lining, are discussed. In a case with a cavern located in a hydraulically saturated rock mass subjected to approximately 8 bar hydrostatic pressure, a negative pressure gradient towards the tunnel lining has been measured. The investigation results from the Norwegian test sites indicate that no significant loading of the tunnel lining takes place in a hydraulically saturated rock when applying this composite waterproof tunnel lining in parts of the tunnel perimeter.     

地层沉降协调法防治煤矿立井破坏试验研究

近年来已有许多专家学者对立井附加应力的产生以及相应的消除方法进行了理论和试验研究,在此基础上,本文首次提出地层沉降协调法,分析了其作用机理,进行了立井井壁变形破坏防治的试验研究,对地层沉降协调法消除附加应力的有效性进行了分析。试验中通过设置不同的隔离协调条件,得出了地层排水固结沉降过程中井壁应变变化以及土体表面沉降变形规律。结果表明,开始阶段的井壁纵向应变都有突然增大的现象,其中未加隔离体试验的突增较大。隔离协调体对井壁纵向应变的突变有减小作用。此外,隔离体能够有效减缓其内侧沉降速率以及最终沉降量。地层沉降协调法可以明显降低沉降过程中井壁纵向应变突增值与稳定值以及竖向力与最大主应力,同时可以保持井壁横向变形及受力的稳定,因此,可以发展为防治矿山立井井壁破坏的有效方法。     

Experimental study,numerical modeling of and axial prediction approach to base grouted drilled shafts in cohesionless soils

The pressure grouting of drilled shaft tips has become popular worldwide due to its effectiveness in mobilizing a larger portion of the available tip resistance under service displacements. This paper presents experimental and numerical studies on the load transfer mechanism and factors controlling the axial response of base grouted drilled shafts in cohesionless soils. The study found that the increased axial capacity of grout-tipped drilled shafts under service loads and displacements depended mainly on preloading effects and the increased tip area provided by the grouting process. A simple prediction approach for estimating the tip capacity of grouted shafts utilizing cone penetration resistance was suggested based on the results of the study. The validity of the proposed approach was verified by the analysis of full-scale case studies of grouted shafts reported in the literature.     

深厚膨胀粘土中冻结凿井的温度场测试与分布规律研究

介绍了冻结深度达460多米（其中多数为膨胀粘土层）的立井井筒施工监测方案,通过分析不同埋深的冻土井壁和混凝土衬砌的温度场测试数据,得到了黏土结冰温度与含水率和埋藏深度的函数关系、不同深度冻结壁形成和降温规律、混凝土衬砌井壁结构温度场的阶段性发展规律等研究结果。有效地指导了本测试井筒的施工,为同类井筒的施工和设计提供了新的科学依据。     

土钉墙地基承载力问题探讨

土钉墙墙底地基土的承载力验算是土钉墙支护设计的一项重要内容。国内的工程实践中,通常将土钉墙地基承载力与坑底土抗隆起验算合并考虑。针对具体案例,通过Plaxis3D有限元数值模拟,分析研究了土钉墙底部土体发生地基承载力失稳的破坏模式、破坏荷载以及土钉墙墙底应力分布特点等,探讨了依据我国相关规程进行土钉墙坑底隆起或地基承载力计算可能存在的问题。借鉴国外加筋土挡墙地基承载力计算的一般方法,将土钉墙作为荷载倾斜、偏心的刚性基础对待,利用荷载倾斜、偏心条件下传统刚性浅基础的地基承载力的Meyerhof解和Vesic解,对土钉墙地基承载力进行了计算和对比,通过对比发现,Meyerhof解更接近实际,据此,提出了土钉墙地基承载力计算的合理模式。     

Passive earth pressure of overconsolidated collapsible soil subjected to inundation

ABSTRACT

Backfills behind retaining walls are often made of collapsible soils, which are subjected to wetting by surface running water or by rising the groundwater table. Collapsible soil shows considerable strength when it is dry or at a relatively low degree of saturation and experiences excessive and sudden settlement when it is inundated. This paper presents an experimental investigation on walls retaining overconsolidated collapsible soil subjected to passive earth pressure. A prototype model of a vertical wall, retaining horizontal backfill was developed. Collapsible soil was prepared in the laboratory by mixing kaolin clay with fine sand. The model was instrumented to measure the total passive earth force on the wall, the passive earth pressure at strategic locations on the wall, and the overconsolidation ratio of the soil in the testing tank. The state of passive pressure was developed by pushing the wall horizontally toward the backfill without any rotation. Tests were conducted on walls retaining overconsolidated collapsible soil at the dry and at full saturation conditions. Results showed that for the dry state, the passive earth pressure increases with the increase of the collapse potential and overconsolidation ratio, and was significantly dropped at full saturation.     

Earth pressure distribution behind rigid non-yielding walls under the effect of repeated loading on backfill

One of the most important factors in optimized design of non-yielding retaining walls like basement walls and bridge abutments is to determine the exact variation of earth pressure acting on such walls. In this paper, the distribution of at rest earth pressure behind a laboratory model of a fixed and rigid retaining wall with a cohesionless dry backfill is measured under the effect of static and repeated loads. The same conditions of the experimental model are then simulated numerically with a two-dimensional finite-difference analysis computer code. For the purpose of model verification, the results of numerical model are compared to the results of the experimental model, which is similar in geometrical and geomechanical properties. Cyclic surcharges with different amplitudes and frequencies are applied in different distances from the wall, and the earth pressure distribution, the resultant force, and its point of application are investigated. The effect of soil and loading parameters on the at rest earth pressure is also evaluated, and a parametric study has been carried out. The results of model show a significant increase in the earth pressure due to cyclic loading compared to static loading, especially in the initial cycles of loading. It indicates that the effect of cycling nature of loading should be essentially taken into account in the design of retaining walls.     

Analytical approach for circular-jointed shield tunnel lining based on the state space method

This paper presents a new analytical solution to the circular segmental tunnel lining subjected to overburden and surrounding earth pressures. The governing equations are derived by adopting the curved Euler beam theory and the principle of minimum potential energy. Based on the state space method, the displacements and the relevant energy-conjugated internal forces are treated as the fundamental unknown state vector and can be obtained by solving the state function. The inter-segment joints on the lining are modeled by a set of linear springs, including shear, compression, and rotation. The presented method allows for the arbitrary distribution of the segmented joints and loads along the circumferential direction. The most striking advantages of the proposed method include the rigid body displacement treatment, lining-displacement-dependent soil reaction, and internal force direction dependency of the joint stiffness. Using this method, the displacements and internal forces of the entire lining can be obtained conveniently and simultaneously under the arbitrary loading and joint distribution conditions. The verification of the analytical solutions is provided by several examples.     

A new concept for sinking freeze shafts into great depths

For Ruhrkohle AG, the largest mining company of the Federal Republic of Germany, nine shafts are presently being sunk. In late 1978, Gewerkschaft Walter, Essen, obtained the contract for the construction of the Voerde shaft from Bergbau AG Niederrhein, a subsidiary of Ruhrkohle AG.

The requirements to be met regarding the quality of the lining in terms of loads to be absorbed from rock pressure, hydraulic pressure, tension, etc. are very high. Up to a depth of 600 m, this shaft will be sunk through soft and water-bearing strata such as formations of Tertiary, Cretaceous, Bunter Sandstone and Permian. The freezing method therefore has to be employed.

The high requirements with regard to the quality of the lining can only be fulfilled if the lining is constructed in the form of an absolutely watertight tube, not connected to the surrounding ground and resting on a ring foundation below the frozen part of the shaft.

During sinking of the shaft, the icewall will normally absorb the load of both rock pressure and hydraulic pressure. Because of the depth of the frozen part of this shaft and for economical reasons, a yielding outer lining has to be constructed. This will serve on one hand as an auxilliary lining during sinking as a support for the icewall and, as part of the final lining on the other hand, will absorb the rock pressure. This auxilliary lining can only be of the yielding type, its flexibility must correspond to the behavior of the surrounding frozen rock. The determination of the thickness of the icewall and the outer lining was based upon results of tests carried out on frozen and non-frozen drilling cores by Prof. Jessberger's Institute at the Ruhr-University of Bochum.

Taking an outside shaft diameter of approximately 9 m, the diameter of the freezingpipe circle is 18.5 m, the number of freezing pipes is 38.

Considering an icewall-thickness of 8 m (on average) and using the data for friction and cohesion for the different rock formations resulting from the above mentioned tests, the lining dimensions for the different rock formations were calculated. The determined dimensions were widely varying. It also had to be considered, that the outer lining would have to bear the load of the rock pressure once the frozen core of the shaft had been finished.     

卵砾石层大断面斜井井筒支护方法现场试验研究

我国缺少在巨厚卵砾石层中采用普通施工方法掘进煤矿斜井井筒的成熟支护经验。结合伊犁一矿材料斜井和回风斜井的施工过程,设计了现场支护试验方案,对不含水和含水卵砾石层大断面斜井井筒的多种支护方法进行了试验。研究结果表明,含水与不含水卵砾石层斜井井筒相比,其支架变形量和支护难度显著变大;架棚临时支护结合钢筋混凝土永久井壁支护是不含水卵砾石层大断面斜井井筒有效的支护方法;含水卵砾石层地压显现明显,采用超前支护、架棚临时支护和钢筋混凝土永久井壁支护相结合的方法可以实现围岩稳定。由试验推断,库仑和太沙基土压力理论用于计算卵砾石层围岩压力误差显著。     

特厚表土层钢板混凝土复合井壁竖向承载力试验研究

通过模型试验和理论分析,对特厚表土层双层钢板高强混凝土复合井壁的竖向受力特性进行了研究。首先,根据相似理论,进行了双层钢板高强混凝土复合井壁结构的模型设计和试件加工;然后,通过加载试验,得到了井壁结构在竖向荷载和侧压共同作用下的竖向应力、变形和强度特性。结果表明：由于内、外钢板筒的约束作用,井壁结构中的混凝土完全处于三向受压应力状态下,其抗压强度提高了1.73～1.92倍,且井壁破坏时混凝土的竖向极限压应变达到-3.9×10-3,表现出较好的延性特性。通过钢板与混凝土的相互约束,改善了各自的力学特性,使井壁竖向承载力显著提高,远比钢板筒和中间混凝土层的竖向极限承载力之和大,并根据理论分析和试验结果推导出了井壁竖向承载力的计算公式,对理论研究和工程应用具有一定的参考价值。     

Measurement of wall friction in direct shear tests on soft soil

If the free vertical movement of the upper rigid part of the shear box is hindered during shearing, a frictional force is mobilized between the specimen and the vertical walls of the shear box. This causes either unloading (for contractant soils) or additional loading (for dilatant soils) of the specimen during shearing. If no correction of the applied vertical load with respect to the wall friction is taken into account, the resulting shear strength can be either underestimated (for contractant soils) or overestimated (for dilatant soils). For example, in a particular investigation of a normally consolidated soil, the measured friction angle from a direct shear test was almost 8° smaller than the angle from a triaxial test. This paper, therefore, presents a method for direct measurement of the frictional force at the contact between the vertical walls of the box and a fine-grained soil. If the wall friction is taken into account, the friction angle from the shear box coincides well with the angle from triaxial tests. If the wall friction cannot be measured during the test, a sufficiently large vertical gap should be adjusted in case of soft soils, in order to enable non-restrained settlement of the upper part of the box during specimen contraction.     

国外常用的检查井修复方法介绍

在市政管道建设中,检查井主要作用是方便地下管线清淤、疏通以及修复等维护工作。检查井不仅承担路面车辆活荷载,还承担外部周围土体的土压力以及地下静水压力,井壁内部环境也十分复杂,长期受到废液和废气的腐蚀,十分容易出现破坏。针对这一情况,有必要对检查井及时地进行修复,防止其进一步恶化。保证检查井的密封性以及结构完整性。检查井的修复方法包括预制检查井更换,原位浇筑混凝土内衬,原位固化衬里,砂浆喷涂,黄麻纤维加聚氨酯树脂预聚物以及速凝水泥修复技术,各方法的设计施工特点以及适用范围有所不同。