感潮河段流量在线监测方法研究

针对滦河下游水文站最终控制断面距离入海河口较远,以及流量测量存在空白区域的问题,在滦河入海口感潮河段处建立了流量在线监测站。本文采用指标流速法进行流量测验,利用垂向平均流速作为指标流速,得到了指标流速与断面平均流速间回归方程,进行了误差分析及检验分析。研究结果表明,回归方程的决定系数为0.948,均方误差仅为0.000 4,且三种检验的各项统计参数误差均符合规范要求,指标流速法可以用于感潮河段流量在线监测。对比分析了滦河入海口处与最下游水文站处的流量监测数据,结果表明流量增大了124%。将水文控制断面设在河流最终入海处,可填补此区域内数据空白,有效提高水文监测精度。     

长江感潮河段潮波传播变化特征及影响因素分析

径潮相互作用是感潮河段水动力变化的典型特征,受其影响潮波传播具有明显的洪枯季及沿程变化。本文基于长江感潮河段天生港、江阴、镇江、南京、马鞍山及芜湖6个潮位站2002-2014年连续高低潮位资料及大通站月均流量数据,统计分析长江感潮河段潮波振幅衰减率、潮波传播速度及余水位坡度等传播特征值的洪枯季及沿程变化特征,并探讨这些潮波传播特征的变化规律及其主要影响因素。结果表明,潮波传播特征的洪枯季差异自上游至下游逐渐减小,其分界点位于天生港与江阴之间(其中,天生港和江阴站的多年平均洪枯季潮差差值约为0.01 m和-0.04 m);径流动力对潮波衰减的影响主要位于江阴以上河段,江阴以下河段主要受潮汐动力控制;径流驱动下余水位坡度引起的余水位及水深增加,导致潮波传播的有效摩擦减小,当流量超过某个阈值时潮波振幅衰减反而减弱,特别是上游马鞍山-芜湖段最为明显,统计结果表明该河段流量阈值约为33 000 m3/s。本文分析结果作为前人研究的重要补充,可为长江河口感潮河段径潮相互作用机制研究及河口治理等提供基础参考。     

感潮河段船闸下引航道水沙运动及泥沙淤积

通过建立一维非恒定水流泥沙数学模型,对规则断面引航道中的水流泥沙运动规律及淤积特性进行了数值模拟计算,并对影响感潮河段船闸下泥沙淤积的各种因素(如干支流水位差、开通闸水头差、主流潮差等)进行了深入分析和研究。研究结果可为有关工程设计及运行管理提供参考。     

海平面上升对中国沿海工程的潮位和波高设计值的影响

本文根据国内外专家对中国近海海平面上升幅度的估计，讨论了海平面上升对海洋工程和海岸工程所需的设计潮位、设计波高分析计算的影响。     

徒骇河感潮河段冲淤变化的数值模拟

研究天然河流,特别是感潮河口段河流的泥沙冲淤问题时,由于其复杂性和多变性,使得数学模型成为一种重要研究手段。本文采用天然冲积河道中缓变非恒定一维水流泥沙方程组建立了研究徒骇河感潮河段泥沙冲淤变化的数学模型。数值模拟时对河道进行了梯形断面概化。通过过河道子测站的实测资料对数值计算结果进行验证,二者吻合较好,在此基础上对徒骇河上游坝上处建闸后该河段在各级径流量影响下的冲淤变化趋势作出了模拟。     

闽江感潮河段潮汐-洪水相互作用数值模拟

本文分析了闽江感潮河段洪水、潮汐特征,利用高精度GIS数据建立了基于非结构三角网的高分辨率洪-潮耦合模型,在闽江口重点区域的网格分辨率达到50~100m。选取竹岐断面作为径流边界并基于"2006.6.6"洪水过程设计了3组数值实验,模拟结果表明:相比于只考虑洪水或者潮汐,在耦合洪水和潮汐后,各代表站的模拟值与实测值更为吻合;在30年一遇洪水的作用下,闽江感潮河段各断面的原有潮汐特征都不同程度地被洪水信号所影响,其中,文山里和解放大桥站表现出明显的洪水特征,而峡南、白岩潭和琯头站则表现出洪、潮混合特征;从峡南到琯头对应河段在高潮时段流速减小而低潮时段则流速增大,说明该河段存在很明显的洪-潮相互作用。     

小清河感潮河段与河口区温排水模拟及对地貌的响应

为研究感潮河段温排水的扩散规律及其与地形地貌的响应关系,建立了二维温排水数学模型,模拟了不同径流量条件下小清河下游感潮河段及河口外海域温排水扩散影响,以期对滨海电厂建设和温排水扩散研究提供借鉴。研究表明,针对小清河感潮河段弯曲、河道狭窄、河口两侧潮滩宽阔的特点,采用三角形与矩形网格嵌套的方法,能够更为准确地拟合实际岸线和地形地貌特征;采用动边界处理方法能较好地反映河口潮滩潮流场和温排水扩散特征。受小清河河口地形地貌的影响,温排水主要沿河口向上游或下游扩散,水深浅于–3 m温排水扩散面积占总面积的70%以上;小清河口外海域和取水口温升与潮位和径流量之间存在一定的相关关系。     

近40年珠江流量变化对河口区海平面变化的影响

根据珠江流域代表性观测站的实测径流量资料及口门区验潮站潮位资料,采用气候分析方法,分析近４０年（１９５５－１９９４）珠江流量对口门区海平面变化的影响,表明流量明显影响着海平面的年内变化和年际变化。     

海平面上升对黄浦江潮位和潮量影响的数值计算

采用1984年8月28日19时—29日24时黄浦江米市;渡至吴淞口水位和流量资料,根据描述河道中水流非恒定流动的Saini-Venant方程组,建立了模拟黄浦江潮位和潮量特征变化的数值模式。考虑未来海平面上升,预测了黄浦江潮位和潮量的变化及对周围环境的影响。计算结果表明,随着海平面的上升,黄浦江潮位相应增加,高潮位的上升值大于海平面上升值;低潮位的上升值小于海平面上升值,潮差增大。在同一海平面上升值下,潮差增量由下游向上游渐渐增大,随着海平面的上升,涨潮量和落潮量都相应增加。     

三峡建坝对长江宜昌段水质影响的初步分析

通过分析长江宜昌段多年水质资料和葛洲坝兴建前后该江段之水质的变化,以及该江段污染负荷现状,预测了三峡工程的兴建将对长江宜昌段水质的影响。本文认为,兴建三峡大坝后,宜昌段上游将成为一季节性调节水库,坝下溶解氧可能出现过饱和现象,这可能影响江中生物群体的组成与分布。三峡建坝后,由于枯季供水量增加,将使宜昌段水质略有改善。目前,宜昌段污染负荷绝对量较大,必须控制污染。     

Potential impacts of Three Gorges Dam in China on the ecosystem of East China Sea

The Changjiang River in China was dammed in 2003. The possible changes in matters fluxes from the river downstream after the completion of Three Gorges Dam and their potential impacts on the ecosystem of the East China Sea are discussed . The estuarine and coastal waters in the East China Sea were heavily fertilized by the inflow of nutrient-rich freshwater from the Changjiang River, which has led to severe eutrophication and frequent harmful algal blooms ,thus worsening the ecosystem health in this area. Analy- sis showed that the nutrient loadings are very likely to be reduced in the lower Changjiang River due to the construction of Three Gorges Dam. Especially for the total phosphorus, the discharges to the East China Sea will be reduced by one-third, which would relieve the severe eutrophication in this area. However, the expected decrease in the riverine silicate discharge would lead the ratio of silicon to nitrogen to be much less than 1 in the estuarine and coastal waters and thus may cause an elevation of flagellate growth. The changes in the annual water discharges and their seasonal distributions below the dam will be minor. Reduction of suspended particulate matter loading, due to the sedimentation behind the dam, will reduce the nutrient loadings of the particulate form especially for phosphorus, and decrease the turbidity of estuarine and coastal waters. On the other hand, this may enhance the erosion of the delta and the coasts as well as modifythe benthic ecosystem.     

Seasonal changes in nitrogen and phosphorus transport in the lower Changjiang River before the construction of the Three Gorges Dam

Water and sediment samples were collected at Datong from June 1998 to March 1999 to examine seasonal changes in the transports of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) from the Changjiang River (Yangtze River) to the East China Sea (ECS). Dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN; dominated by nitrate) concentration exhibited small seasonality, and DIN flux was largely controlled by water discharge. Dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) concentration was inversely correlated with water discharge, and DIP was evenly delivered throughout a year. The transports of DIN and DIP from the Changjiang River were consistent with seasonal changes in nutrient distributions and P limitation in the Changjiang Estuary and the adjacent ECS. Dissolved organic and particulate N (DON and PN) and P (DOP and PP) varied parallel to water discharge, and were dominantly transported during a summer flood. The fluxes of DOP and particulate bioavailable P (PBAP) were 2.5 and 4 times that of DIP during this period, respectively. PBAP accounted for 12–16% of total particulate P (PP), and was positively correlated with the summation of adsorbed P, Al–P and Fe–P. Ca–P, the major fraction of PP, increased with increasing percent of CaCO₃. The remobilization of riverine DOP and PBAP likely accounted for the summer elevated primary production in DIP-depleted waters in the Changjiang Estuary and the adjacent ECS. The Changjiang River delivered approximately 6% of DIN (1459 × 10⁶ kg), 1% of DIP (12 × 10⁶ kg), and 2% of dissolved organic and particulate N and P to the totals of global rivers. The construction of the Three Gorges Dam might have substantially reduced the particulate nutrient loads, thereby augmenting P limitation in the Changjiang Estuary and ECS.     

三峡水库正常蓄水后长江口海域营养盐分布与结构变化

根据2010-2011年对长江口及其邻近海域的调查资料,研究了三峡水库正常蓄水后长江口及其邻近海域营养盐的分布变化特征,并与三峡大坝合拢蓄水前的2002年同期数据进行了比较。结果表明,与三峡大坝合拢蓄水前相比,三峡水库正常蓄水后长江口海域溶解无机氮、无机磷含量显著增大,且无机磷含量增幅更大(60%),但活性硅酸盐含量显著降低(20%),并由此导致长江口海域N/P比值明显降低和Si/N比值的大幅度降低。此外,三峡水库秋季蓄水活动造成的入海径流量的减少,导致该季节长江冲淡水扩展范围和营养盐浓度及影响范围显著减小。     

江苏近岸海域水位变化特征分析

基于江苏沿海连云港、吕四两个测点的验潮站多年的观测资料以及AVISO卫星高度计资料,利用统计分析方法和潮汐调和分析方法研究江苏沿海地区的海洋水位变化特征。结果表明:江苏沿海海平面和潮差均呈上升趋势,海平面上升速度达3.35 mm/a,高于全球和区域海平面的上升速度;对采样间隔为1 h的潮位连续观测数据作调和分析,各验潮站主要半日分潮的振幅呈上升趋势,全日分潮的振幅呈下降趋势,S_a分潮的周期性变化与El Nino现象有关。     

Evaluation of vertical crustal movements and sea level changes around Greenland from GPS and tide gauge observations

To better monitor the vertical crustal movements and sea level changes around Greenland, multiple data sources were used in this paper, including global positioning system(GPS), tide gauge, satellite gravimetry, satellite altimetry, glacial isostatic adjustment(GIA). First, the observations of more than 50 GPS stations from the international GNSS service(IGS) and Greenland network(GNET) in 2007–2018 were processed and the common mode error(CME) was eliminated with using the principal component a...     

Buoyancy leads to high productivity of the Changjiang diluted water: a note

Being the mightiest river emptying into the East China Sea （ECS） and the Pacific Ocean, compounded with the large increase of nitrogen and phosphorus input due to anthropogenic activities, the Changjiang River （Yangtze River） has become a dominating source of these nutrients to the estuary. The high nutrient concentrations notwithstanding, however, outside of the estuary the high biological productivity of the Changjiang diluted water （CDW） are most probably fueled mainly by nutrient-rich subsurface waters originating from the upwelled Kuroshio waters. This is because while the buoyancy of the CDW spreads it out on the ECS continen- tal shelf, the CDW entrains subsurface waters along with the nutrients. Nutrients thus supplied are several times more than those supplied by the Changjiang River.     

沿海警戒潮位核定技术问题探讨

在沿海警戒潮位核定工作中,为了提高技术人员对新颁布实施的《警戒潮位核定规范》(GB/T 17839-2011)的理解和把握,文章针对核定岸段选取、设计高潮位推算、设计波浪及波浪爬高计算、警戒潮位修正值计算、警戒潮位颁布等技术问题进行探讨,给出了规范使用的建议。     

长江供沙量减少对水下三角洲发育影响的初步研究——近期证据分析和未来趋势估计

根据1951～2000年大通站实测水文资料和长江口地形图,分析了长江入海泥沙量的变化趋势及其对水下三角洲冲淤演变的影响.从20世纪60年代末开始,长江入海泥沙量出现减少趋势,90年代输沙量相对于60年代下降了1/3.流域大量修建水库是导致河流入海泥沙减少的根本原因.在此背景下,长江口门外的水下三角洲淤积速率从1958～1978年时段的55mm/a下降为1978～1998年时段的11mm/a.考虑三峡工程等多种人类活动的可能影响,估计本世纪上半叶和下半叶的河流入海泥沙量将分别减少约60%和40%.尝试建立了三角洲冲淤对河流供沙量响应的概念公式,并据此对本世纪长江三角洲的演变趋势做了初步预测:三角洲的总体淤涨速率将急剧下降,口门外水下三角洲将出现严重侵蚀.     

三峡工程蓄水前后秋季长江口鱼类浮游生物群落结构的动态变化初探

对长江口及其邻近海域2002年秋季与2003年秋季鱼类浮游生物的调查资料进行比较,分析三峡工程蓄水前后秋季长江口鱼类浮游生物群落结构特征变化.结果发现,蓄水后鱼类浮游生物种类和数量比蓄水前有所增加,群落结构和时空分布特征发生了明显的改变,一些分布在黄渤海的种类如方氏云ND022等开始在东海出现,并且部分鱼类的生殖时间上也发生了改变.利用相对重要性指数（IRI）对长江口鱼类浮游生物进行优势度检验,其优势种成分也发生了很大的变化,虽仍是以小型种类为主,但原占绝对优势的日本ND023优势度开始逐渐下降,成为常见种,而康氏小公鱼的数量急剧上升.阐明了长江口鱼类资源的补充及群落结构和多样性变化规律及其与环境的关系,为动态监测三峡工程对河口生态环境的影响提供科学依据.     

长江干流有机碳的时空输运特征及三峡工程对其影响

2006-04,2008-04,2008-05沿长江干流采集表层水样,并于2006-05~2007-05在下游大通站进行每月2次、为期1 a的连续观测,测定溶解有机碳(DOC)、颗粒有机碳(POC)及总悬浮物(TSM)。结果表明:长江重庆以上江段DOC浓度较低,重庆至河口由于人为污染排放DOC表现出高值;干流POC与TSM显著正先关,POC%(TSM)随TSM含量增大呈负指数关系下降。大通站有机碳浓度及通量均表现出明显的季节性,2006-06~2007-05全年经大通站进入河口的DOC、POC通量分别为1.17×106tC和1.88×106tC,其中洪季(5~10月)输运的有机碳占到总有机碳的70%,组成以颗粒态为主。三峡水库135 m及156 m蓄水后,泥沙在库区的沉降作用显著影响长江POC的输运特征及入海通量;从目前观测结果看,三峡库区DOC浓度并没有表现出明显的升高趋势,可能与水库运行时间尚短有关。