Late-Quaternary Slip Rate and Seismic Activity of the Xianshuihe Fault Zone in Southwest China

The Xianshuihe fault zone is a seismo-genetic fault zone of left-lateral slip in Southwest China. Since 1725, a total of 59 Ms ≥ 5.0 earthquakes have occurred along this fault zone, including 18 Ms 6.0–6.9 and eight Ms ≥ 7.0 earthquakes. The seismic risk of the Xianshuihe fault zone is a large and realistic threat to the western Sichuan economic corridor. Based on previous studies, we carried out field geological survey and remote sensing interpretation in the fault zone. In addition, geophysical surveys, trenching and age-dating were conducted in the key parts to better understand the geometry, spatial distribution and activity of the fault zone. We infer to divide the fault zone into two parts: the northwest part and the southeast part, with total eight segments. Their Late Quaternary slip rates vary in a range of 11.5 mm/a –(3±1) mm/a. The seismic activities of the Xianshuihe fault zone are frequent and strong, periodical, and reoccurred. Combining the spatial and temporal distribution of the historical earthquakes, the seismic hazard of the Xianshuihe fault zone has been predicted by using the relationship between magnitude and frequency of earthquakes caused by different fault segments. The prediction results show that the segment between Daofu and Qianning has a possibility of Ms ≥ 7.0 earthquakes, while the segment between Shimian and Luding is likely to have earthquakes of about Ms 7.0. It is suggested to establish a GPS or In SAR-based real-time monitoring network of surface displacement to cover the Xianshuihe fault zone, and an early warning system of earthquakes and post seismic geohazards to cover the major residential areas.     

遗传算法反演龙门山断裂带断层三维滑动参数研究

利用位错理论模型将遗传算法运用于断层三维滑动参数反演问题的求解,采用川西地区2004—2007年GPS观测数据对龙门山断裂带主要断层的三维滑动速率进行计算分析。结果表明：反演结果在量值上整体较小,与地质结果具有较好的一致性,走滑分量︱U1︱〈3.2 mm/a,倾滑分量︱U2︱〈1.54 mm/a,张开分量︱U3︱〈2.5mm/a,低滑动速率反映断层的闭锁及应力的积累及大地震发生的危险性;局部分量较地质结果偏大,反映实测GPS数据反演结果体现的是断层实时活动状态;遗传算法的全局收敛、不依赖初值等优点使结果更加稳定,而张开分量显示局部不规律性,表现出各子断层空间活动不均匀性。     

用地震资料估计的龙门山断裂深部形变及其对于汶川地震成因的意义

2008年5月12日汶川8.0级地震前龙门山断裂被“忽视”的原因之一是地质学证据和GPS测量证据均显示龙门山断裂长期以来形变速率很低。问题是,构造地质的结果是对一个较长的时间尺度的,而GPS结果反映的是较短时间尺度上的、地表上的、水平方向的形变,因此有理由怀疑由此得到的结论能否反映现今龙门山断裂的深部形变的全貌。我们采用类似于Kostrov方法的思路,利用最近30 a的地震资料,试图研究龙门山断裂的深部形变,并与其相邻的断裂进行比较。利用ML2.5以上的微震资料,给出了沿龙门山断裂带的累积Benioff应变,并根据震级频度关系计算了a值的空间分布。作为对照,同时计算了龙门山断裂邻区沿鲜水河、安宁河、则木河断裂各区域内的累积Benioff应变和a值。结果表明,在与地质学证据不同的时间尺度上,在与GPS证据不同的时间尺度、不同的深度上,并且不仅考虑到水平形变,与周边的断裂带相比,龙门山断裂带其实并不是一个“安静的”断裂带。在更短的时间尺度上,可以回溯性地观察到微震活动的一些异常变化,但这些变化似乎很难用于该地震的预测。我们讨论了相关的观测资料分析对于汶川地震的成因的意义。     

湖南省桃江-城步断裂带北东段锑矿成矿规律及找矿模型

桃江-城步断裂带是湘中"拗拉槽"中主要复活断裂之一,由于多期复活,因此具有规模大、切割深、控岩控矿明显的特点,为湘中地区重要的控矿断裂带.北东段即指南西自安化廖家坪,北东至桃江板溪的走向长度约40 km的地段,该段主要切割了雪峰期及加里东期两个构造层,并有中-大型规模脉状锑矿产出,而正是这些脉状锑矿逐渐改变湘中锑矿储量的比例,通过对该锑矿类型、特征、控矿构造组合型式、锑矿成矿规律、成矿-找矿模型的研究,提出了新的认识,并根据所建模型预测了大福坪锑矿和廖家坪金矿,经验证分别达到了中型及大型规模.     

龙门山地震断裂带地应力分布及其对井壁稳定的 影响———以WFSD-2 井为例

[摘 要]龙门山地震断裂带是我国最为强烈的地震带之一,地层破碎、地应力异常,钻孔缩径造成孔内事故频发,井壁稳定问题十分突出。本文介绍了汶川地震断裂带科学钻探施工中所发生的孔内事故情况,并通过对地层应力数据的统计分析,得出龙门山地震断裂带最大水平应力和最小水平应力随深度变化的回归曲线,最大水平应力梯度为4. 52MPa/100 m,最小水平应力梯度为2. 51 MPa/100 m。以WFSD-2 井为例,分析了龙门山地震断裂带地层应力、尤其是断层泥应力对井壁稳定的影响;针对膨胀性地层,介绍了一种通过泥浆密度微调现场测定地层坍塌压力和破裂压力的简易方法。     

Piezomagnetic In-situ Stress Monitoring and its Application in the Longmenshan Fault Zone

The relative change of in-situ stress is an inevitable outcome of differential movement among the crust plates. Conversely, changes of in-situ stress can also lead to deformation and instability of crustal rock mass, trigger activity of faults, and induce earthquakes. Hence, monitoring real-time change of in-situ stress is of great significance. Piezomagnetic in-situ stress monitoring has good and longtime applications in large engineering constructions and geoscience study fields in China. In this paper, the new piezomagnetic in-situ stress monitoring system is introduced and it not only has overall improvements in measuring cell＇s structure and property, stressing and orienting way, but also enhances integration and intelligence of control and data transmission system, in general, which greatly promotes installing efficiency of measuring probe and quality of monitoring data. This paper also discusses the responses of new piezomagnetic system in large earthquake events of in-situ stress monitoring station at Qiaoqi of Baoxing and Wenxian of Gansu. The monitoring data reflect adjustments and changes of tectonic stress field at the southwestern segment of and the northern area near the Longmenshan fault zone, which shows that the new system has a good performance and application prospect in the geoscience field. Data of the Qiaoqi stress-monitoring station manifest that the Lushan Earthquake did not release stress of the southwestern segment of the Longmenshan fault zone adequately and there still probably exists seismic risk in this region in the future. Combined with absolute in-situ stress measurement, carrying out long-term in-situ stress monitoring in typical tectonic position of important regions is of great importance for researchers to assess and study regional crust stability.     

龙门山断层破裂的频率非平稳特性

为研究地震过程中的频率非平稳特性,对近年来龙门山断层发生的两次大地震:汶川大地震和芦山大地震的近断层地震记录进行频谱分析。结果表明:相对于芦山地震有较大走向滑动分量的汶川地震,大多数位于汶川地震断层滑动前方的台站接收到更高的频率成分,位于断层滑动后方的台站接收到的地震波频率较低;尽管芦山地震断层相对汶川地震有较小的走向滑动分量,但仍然可以得出与汶川地震相同的结论,不同的是虽然芦山地震沿断层面向上方向分量大,但是其同一台站东西、南北、竖直三方向分量记录幅值相当。把芦山地震三分量记录变换到走向和沿断层面向上方向,证实了沿断层面向上方向高频成分更丰富。在断层滑动前方接收到的地震波频率较高,在断层滑动后方接收到的频率较低,这正是多普勒效应影响的结果。由于多普勒效应的客观存在,其对频率非平稳特性的影响与震源、传播路径和场地效应一样具有普遍性;所以,工程场地接收到的地震波的频率不仅取决于震源、传播路径、场地效应,还取决于断层滑动速度(多普勒效应)。     

Deep Seismogenic Environment in the Southern Section of the Longmenshan Fault Zone on the Eastern Margin of the Tibetan Plateau and Lushan Ms 7.0 Earthquake

The 2,026 earthquake events registered by the Sichuan regional digital seismic network and mobile seismic array after the April 20 th,2013 Lushan earthquake and 28,188 pieces of data were selected to determine direct P waves arrival times. We applied the tomographic method to inverse the characteristics of the velocity structure for the three-dimensional(3D) P wave in the mid-upper crust of the seismic source region of the Lushan earthquake. The imaging results were combined with the apparent magnetization inversion and magnetotelluric(MT) sounding retest data to comprehensively study the causes of the deep seismogenic environment in the southern section of the Longmenshan fault zone and explore the formation of the Lushan earthquake. Research has shown that there are obvious differences in velocity structure and magnetic distribution between the southern and northern sections of the Longmenshan fault zone. The epicenter of the Lushan earthquake is located near the boundary of the high and low-velocity anomalies and favorable for a high-velocity section. Moreover,at the epicenter of the Lushan earthquake located on the magnetic dome boundary of Ya’an,the development of high velocity and magnetic solid medium favors the accumulation and release of strain energy. Lowvelocity anomalies are distributed underneath the are of seismogenic origin,The inversion results of the MT retest data after the April 20 th Lushan earthquake also indicate that there a high-conductor anomaly occurs under the area of seismogenic origin of the Lushan earthquake,Therefore,we speculated that the presence of a high-conductivity anomaly and low-velocity anomaly underneath the seismogenic body of the Lushan earthquake could be related to the existence of fluids. The role of fluids caused the weakening of the seismogenic layer inside the mid-upper crust and resulted in a seismogenic fault that was prone to rupture and played a triggering role in the Lushan earthquake.     

用远震接收函数研究龙门山断裂带与其邻区的莫霍面深度及波速比分布

利用龙门山断裂带及其邻近地区地震台站的远震波形记录,采用时间域迭代反褶积技术求取接收函数,并用H-Kappa叠加方法计算出各台站下方的莫霍面深度和波速比及其相应的误差.结果除了获得与前人研究大体相同的莫霍面深度分布轮廓外,还获得一些新的细节与认识:(1)莫霍面深度在四川盆地内为41～48 km,在四川盆地西缘存在一个N...     

东北东部虎林盆地的构造特征、成盆机制及敦-密断裂带北东段的形成时代

虎林盆地位于黑龙江省东部,是叠置在佳木斯地块之上的中、新生代断陷-坳陷盆地,其构造变形可以划分为3个构造演化阶段：早白垩世为NW-SE向伸展作用阶段,主要形成一系列各自独立的NE向箕状断陷群;晚白垩世为NW-SE向挤压作用阶段,使部分早期控陷正断层发生反转,形成反转构造,虎林盆地转化为具有多个沉降中心的NE向挤压坳陷盆地群;古近纪-第四纪为NNW-SSE向挤压作用阶段,虎林盆地的构造格局发生了重大变化,不仅使部分早期控陷正断层发生反转作用形成大型反转构造,而且在七虎林河凹陷与中央隆起之间形成NEE向大型逆冲断层（敦-密断裂）和断层传播褶皱,它们共同控制了盆地的形成和沉积作用,虎林盆地转化为具有1个中央隆起和南、北2个坳陷的NEE向挤压坳陷型盆地。东北地区自白垩纪以来始终处于活动大陆边缘的大地构造背景,包括虎林盆地在内的东北东部盆地群的形成与伊泽纳奇板块、太平洋板块向欧亚板块的俯冲作用有关。敦-密断裂带总体上呈NE向展布,具有左行走滑的性质,在靠近虎林盆地的北东段转变为NEE向展布,断层的性质也转变为逆冲断层,敦-密断裂带北东段的逆冲作用很可能与该断裂带的NE向左行走滑作用在NEE向的转换挤压有关。敦-密断裂带自古近纪始新世-渐新世虎林期开始活动,一直持续活动到第四纪。     

龙门山前陆盆地深层海相碳酸盐岩储层地震预测研究

本文论及龙门山前陆盆地深层海相碳酸盐储层地震预测的岩石物理学基础与有效的预测方法技术问题。龙门山前陆盆地深层震旦系至中三叠统海相沉积以碳酸盐岩为主,厚4000~7000m, 天然气资源蕴藏量巨大而探明率低, 油气勘探的关键在于寻找优质储层。基于对地震资料和井资料的分析,认为该区段的储层主要是生物礁滩相白云岩和发育构造裂缝的碳酸盐岩。依据井资料,总结介绍了该区三叠系马鞍塘组、雷口坡组和嘉陵江组地层与碳酸盐岩储层的地震波速度、密度、电阻率等物性参数特征。在分析介绍储层地震预测原理方法与碳酸盐岩储层地震预测问题的基础上,介绍了作者研究提出的地震纹分析方法的概念、原理及其在含气储层检测中确定的应用效果。     

龙门山构造带中段实测剖面的古应力恢复

龙门山逆冲构造带由茂汶断裂带、北川-映秀断裂带和安县-灌县断裂带及其间夹块组成,这一NE向构造带印支期以来遭受了多期构造活动,形成了川西前陆盆地的多套粗碎屑岩记录。本文大致垂直主构造线走向,沿都江堰至耿达剖面进行了断裂滑动分析和古应力恢复。通过9个观测点12组断裂数据的古应力反演,并结合区域热年代学研究成果,获得了龙门山构造带三条主要断裂活动阶段的认识,包括早期NNW向区域挤压、中期SEE向区域挤压、以及晚期NNE、NNW两个方向区域挤压,推测它们依次与秦岭晚造山挤压（T3）、江南隆起挤压与青藏构造域联合（K1）及青藏构造域为主体（K以来）的区域构造控制有关。     

青藏高原东北缘现今构造变动与地震活动特征

笔者利用青藏高原东北缘20世纪70年代以来的精密水准网和跨断层流动形变网监测资料和近10a来高精度GPS观测结果,结合地质构造和地震活动,研究和探讨了该区现今构造变动和强震活动的一些特征和初步机理。结果表明：①研究区现今构造变动具有空间分布的不均一性和随时间演化的非平稳性,其总体趋势呈现为新构造时期以来的继承性;②构造变动过程中的快速隆升异常区和与之相伴生的高梯度变形带、以及显著地断层活动异常,是较强地震孕育的标志,地震往往发生在具有较高应变积累的区域附近;③印度板块对青藏高原的强烈挤压是该区构造变动与地震活动的主动力环境;构造变动和地震与块体活动及区域构造应力场变化密切相关。     

Preliminary Results of In-situ Stress Measurements along the Longmenshan Fault Zone after the Wenchuan Ms 8.0 Earthquake

Four months after the Wenchuan Ms 8 earthquake in western Sichuan, China, in situ stress measurements were carried out along the Longmenshan fault zone with the purpose of obtaining stress parameters for earthquake hazard assessment. In-situ stresses were measured in three new boreholes by using overcoring with the piezomagnetic stress gauges for shallow depths and hydraulic fracturing for lower depths. The maximum horizontal stress in shallow depths (～20 m) is about 4.3 MPa, oriented NI9°E, in the epicenter area at Yingxiu Town, about 9.7 MPa, oriented N51°W, at Baoxing County in the southwestern Longmenshan range, and about 2.6 MPa, oriented N39°E, near Kangding in the southernmost zone of the Longmenshan range. Hydraulic fracturing at borehole depths from 100 to 400 m shows a tendency towards increasing stress with depth. A comparison with the results measured before the Wenchuan earthquake along the Longmenshan zone and in the Tibetan Plateau demonstrates that the stress level remains relatively high in the southwestern segment of the Longmenshan range, and is still moderate in the epicenter zone. These results provide a key appraisal for future assessment of earthquake hazards of the Longmenshan fault zone and the aftershock occurrences of the Wenchuan earthquake.     

龙门山断裂带变形特征

野外构造解析和地震遗址的构造应力分析显示,龙门山断裂带在新生代早期对应于当时的南东—北西主压应力场,发育了北北东向的左旋走滑构造体系,其后才被具有右旋兼具逆冲的龙门山断裂带叠加改造,对应的近东西向构造主压应力场一直延续至今,是区内地震构造的应力场机制。龙门山断裂带河流岩屑磷灰石裂变径迹分析显示,龙门山断裂带在走向上位移量有显著的差别,呈现正态分布的整体趋势。依照龙门山隆起剥蚀单调冷却的热史特征,判定前述两期变形的转换时限是40 Ma前后。结合龙门山断裂带地层厚度和变形时的深度模型,认为现今龙门山断裂带是一个宽达数十千米的大型走滑断裂带,剖面上呈现花状构造特征。近地表的逆冲构造是薄皮构造,并由此建立了龙门山断裂带走滑变形的深度变形样式模型。     

郯庐断裂带中段第四纪活动及其分段特征

郯庐断裂带是中国东部一条岩石圈尺度的构造不连续带.位于江苏和山东境内的郯庐断裂带中段,在新构造运动时期强烈右旋走滑复活, 形成地貌形迹显著的走滑活动断裂带 .笔者在断层活动形迹的野外调查和观测的基础上,结合TM遥感影象特征解译和地震震源机制解资料,分析了郯庐断裂中段第四纪活动的分段行为特征.位于嘉山-潍坊之间的郯庐断裂带中段可以进一步划分为3段,北段安丘-茅埠亚段,中段汪湖-宿迁亚段,南段宿迁-嘉山亚段,这三段可能分别是独立的地震破裂段.观测表明,新构造变形主要集中在宿迁以北的中、北段,是历史强震的发生段,而南段变形相对较弱.嘉山以南安徽境内郯庐断裂新构造变形更弱.郯庐断裂带新构造走滑变形的走向分段行为是华北地区不同块体新构造运动位移调节的结果.     

广西防城-灵山断裂带北东支灵山段活动性初探

防城-灵山断裂北东支灵山段为北部湾经济区内地震活动最为频繁的地区。为了查明防城-灵山断裂带北东支灵山段的断裂活动变形特征,尤其是在活动性特征的关键部位控制断裂构造的产状特征,断裂产状深部变化、断裂带规模及展布方向,本文通过遥感解译、地质地貌调查以及浅层地震和地质雷达勘探等物探方法对广西防城-灵山断裂带北东支灵山段的平面展布特征以及活动性进行了初步探讨。结果表明该断裂带呈北东向展布并被多条北西向断裂错断,东西边界分别为灵山断裂和石塘断裂。灵山断裂错断了晚更新世洪积扇阶地,河流流经灵山断裂后发生右旋偏转;石塘断裂表现为宽约250 m的破碎带,次级断裂密集发育。物探结果显示防城-灵山断裂北东支灵山段的东西两支在晚更新世以来均具有较强的活动性。     

2008年汶川地震破裂的滑移向量

估计同震滑移向量对于认识和理解破裂方式和破裂过程具有重要意义。2008年汶川大地震在青藏高原东缘龙门山推覆构造带的中央断裂和前山断裂上各形成了一条长250 km和72 km的地表破裂带。地震发生后至今,已经发表了大量有关同震位错沿破裂带分布的论文和报告,但绝大部分都仅仅是破裂的走向位错和垂直位错,极少有同震滑移向量的报道。这不仅是因为野外难以直接测量到水平缩短量(或拉张量),而且还因为这些走滑位错实际上是视走滑位错,部分或全部来自水平缩短或拉张。因此,仅仅根据视走滑同震位错和垂直同震位错估计的同震总滑移量肯定包含了相当大的误差。尝试利用据不同走向参考线测量到的一组(两个以上)视走滑位错来计算水平滑移向量的这一新方法,获得了中央破裂带上的7个水平同震滑移向量,并结合垂直位错量进一步计算了走滑、倾滑和水平缩短三个同震滑移分量以及断层倾角和破裂面上的同震滑移向量,综合出露破裂面的擦痕所指示的滑移向量,并对比根据矩张量解获得的震源深度的滑移向量,得出以下认识:(1)破裂南段的地表滑移向量的方位角明显小于震源深度滑移向量的方位角,表明在破裂从震源向地表传播过程中破裂面上的滑移向量发生了逆时针旋转;(2)滑移方位角向北东方向逐渐增大,表明地平面上水平滑移向量表现出顺时针旋转的趋势,而且在破裂向北东方向传播过程中近地表的走滑分量逐渐减小而倾滑分量逐渐增大;(3)几乎在每一个观测点倾滑分量都大于走滑分量,表明汶川地震的破裂方式在任何地点都是以逆冲运动为主;(4)破裂面倾角在10.4°～64.7°,平均值为41°,与天然破裂露头和探槽揭示的结果基本一致;(5)滑移向量沿破裂带的分布显示,走滑分量中段大而两端小,倾滑分量则相反,中段小两端大。     

Preliminary Results of In‐situ Stress Measurements along the Longmenshan Fault Zone after the Wenchuan Ms 8.0 Earthquake

Abstract: Four months after the Wenchuan Ms 8 earthquake in western Sichuan, China, in situ stress measurements were carried out along the Longmenshan fault zone with the purpose of obtaining stress parameters for earthquake hazard assessment. In-situ stresses were measured in three new boreholes by using overcoring with the piezomagnetic stress gauges for shallow depths and hydraulic fracturing for lower depths. The maximum horizontal stress in shallow depths (~20 m) is about 4.3 MPa, oriented N19°E, in the epicenter area at Yingxiu Town, about 9.7 MPa, oriented N51°W, at Baoxing County in the southwestern Longmenshan range, and about 2.6 MPa, oriented N39°E, near Kangding in the southernmost zone of the Longmenshan range. Hydraulic fracturing at borehole depths from 100 to 400 m shows a tendency towards increasing stress with depth. A comparison with the results measured before the Wenchuan earthquake along the Longmenshan zone and in the Tibetan Plateau demonstrates that the stress level remains relatively high in the southwestern segment of the Longmenshan range, and is still moderate in the epicenter zone. These results provide a key appraisal for future assessment of earthquake hazards of the Longmenshan fault zone and the aftershock occurrences of the Wenchuan earthquake.     

塔里木盆地顺北地区11号走滑断裂带变形及其活动特征

塔里木盆地顺北地区发育大量走滑断裂带,并对油气的运聚成藏有重要控制作用.以顺北西部地区地震资料为基础,对顺北11号走滑断裂带的几何变形特征、活动性、活动期次及其形成机制等进行了分析.顺北11号走滑断裂带整体呈NNW走向延伸,具有垂向分层性和平面分段性.断裂带北段主体为压扭和张扭交互段,中段为两条次级断层控制的拉分地堑,...