新前身星模型对超新星爆发的影响

采用2002年Woosley给出的前身星模型,使用"WZYWS9"程序数值模拟了质量为11-40M⊙的Ⅱ型超新星的爆发过程.计算结果显示新模型对Ⅱ型超新星塌缩、激波传播及爆发都有不同程度的影响.此外,还讨论了激波初始能量的定义.     

超新星光谱研究的进展：观测

介绍了超新星完整样品的分类概况，依次转述了各类超新星光谱观测的新进展。两颗特殊Ｉａ型超新星－ＳＮ１９９１Ｔ和ＳＮ１９９１ｂｇ一的发现对原先认为Ｉａ型超新星是均质的观点提出了挑战，对Ｉｂ／Ｉｃ型超新星应加以特别关注，ＩＩ型超新星ＳＮ１９９３Ｊ和ＳＮ１９８７Ｋ由光极大时的ＩＩ型演化星云类似于Ｉｂ／Ｉｃ的光谱，对传统的超新星Ｉ型和ＩＩ型的区分提出了质疑，对某些特殊ＩＩ型超新星也许列为“ＩＩｎ”型，其Ｈα     

超新星宇宙学的观测与研究进展

超新星在宇宙学研究中起着重要的作用,2011年的诺贝尔物理学奖就颁给了利用Ia型超新星为探针发现宇宙加速膨胀的天文学家。首先,通过详细介绍超新星宇宙学研究的物理原理和发现宇宙加速膨胀的观测与研究,讨论了宇宙加速膨胀发现过程给予当前研究工作的启示。然后,回顾超新星宇宙学研究在近10多年来的进展和主要成果,分析了当前所面临的主要问题与挑战。最后,对国内外超新星宇宙学研究中超新星观测研究的大型项目情况进行了全面回顾与介绍,讨论和展望了超新星宇宙学研究工作的方向。     

六年来超新星SN1987A的研究

本文阐述了超新星ＳＮ１９８７Ａ爆发六年多来的研究进展情况，分三个方面介绍，首先介绍关于热光变曲线演化的研究情况，其次，介绍超新星 ＳＮ１９８７Ａ的光谱形成及其演化（重点介绍星云相期间）。最后，讨论Ｘ射线和γ射线的辐射，并展望以后的研究方向。     

超新星在旋涡星系中的径向分布

本文研究了在1993年3月28日之前发现的899颗超新星（SNe）的样本．其中277颗SNe被用来研究超新星在其母星系中的径向分布．我们研究了四个星系样本中超新星在产生单个超新星（称为一般超新星）的星系及在产生多个超新星（称为多重超新星）的星系中的径向分布．这四个星系样本为：总旋涡星系样本，Sb～SbC星系样本，SC星系样本，Sc～Sd星系样本．研究的结果表明：一多重超新星比一般超新星在其母星系中具有更集中于星系核心（大多数恒星形成发生的地方）的倾向，说明星系中心的恒星形成活动会影响多重超新星事件的发生从而影响超新星的频率分布     

超新星在旋涡星系中的径向分布

本文研究了在１９９３年３月２８日之前发现的８９９颗超新星（ＳＮｅ）的样本。其中２７７颗ＳＮｅ被用来研究超新星在其母星系中的径向分布。我们研究了四个星系样本中超新星在产生单个超新星（称为一般超新星）的星系及在产生多个超新星（称为多重超新星）的星系中的径向分布。这四个星系样本为：总旋涡星系样本，Ｓｂ￣Ｓｂｃ星系样本，Ｓｃ星系样本，Ｓｃ￣Ｓｄ星系样本。研究的结果表明：多重超新星比一般超新星在其母星系中具     

当前超新星遗迹研究中的若干热点问题

对银河系内历史性超新星"回光"(light echoes)的观测是研究年轻超新星遗迹的重要手段。通过对"回光"进行观测,可以确认其前身星的物理特性,揭示恒星晚期演化过程和其星周介质的三维空间分布。历史性超新星直接"回光"极其暗弱,对其探测最近几年才因新技术的应用而得以实现。综述了河内超新星遗迹包括仅有的已探测到回光现象的两颗年轻超新星遗迹——第谷(SN1572)和仙后座A(CasA)的最新研究进展。研究结果有利于更好地理解Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型超新星的性质,区别两类超新星的爆发机制,加深对超新星的核合成、重元素合成、星系形成和演化、暗能量等的了解。讨论了利用回光观测可以进一步深入开展的研究课题。     

Ia超新星的几个问题

首先利用Ａｓｉａｇｏ 超新星星表对Ｉａ 超新星作了统计分析。其次用具有精确测光的Ｉａ 超新星对其均匀性及多样性进行了研究。旋涡星系中Ｉａ 超新星的产生率比椭圆星系的要高。最亮的Ｉａ 超新星只出现于晚型旋涡星系中;而旋涡星系及早型的椭圆星系都是暗Ｉａ 超新星的寄主星系。离星系中心越近Ｉａ 超新星的光度弥散有增加的趋势,但这一趋势对蓝Ｉａ 超新星不明显。利用色指数可将Ｉａ 超新星划分为蓝超新星及红超新星。蓝Ｉａ 超新星构成了相对均匀的Ｉａ 超新星样本,是较好的距离指示器;而红Ｉａ 超新星的存在则表明了Ｉａ 超新星整体多样性的特点。最后,我们还探讨了Ｉａ 超新星中碳点火的非线性问题。     

SN1996W：中国天文学家首次发现的河外超新星

１９９６年４月１０日，使用北京天台兴隆观测站６０ｃｍ望远镜及其主焦上的ＴＩ２１５ＣＣＤ照相机，在ＮＧＣ４０２７天区发现了一颗超新星，这是今年开始的超新星巡天计划的第一个结果，这颗超新星已被ＭｃＤｏｎａｌｄ天台的王力帆证实，并被分类为ＩＩ型超新星，国际天学会中央电报局已将它列为ＳＮ１９９６Ｗ＾（２）。     

中微子泄漏与超新星爆发

在超新星爆发过程中,中微子的泄漏非常重要.采用一维球对称模型,在不同的中微子泄漏模式下,数值模拟了质量为12 M_⊙、14 M_⊙及15 M_⊙的Ⅱ型超新星爆发过程.结果表明:不同的中微子泄漏模式对超新星塌缩、激波的传播和爆发都具有影响;并给出了最有利于Ⅱ型超新星爆发的相关参数的最佳值.此外还讨论了物态方程与压缩模量对模拟结果的影响.     

Type Ia supernovae selection and forecast of cosmology constraints for the Dark Energy Survey

We present the results of a study of selection criteria to identify Type Ia supernovae photometrically in a simulated mixed sample of Type Ia supernovae and core collapse supernovae. The simulated sample is a mockup of the expected results of the Dark Energy Survey. Fits to the MLCS2k2 and SALT2 Type Ia supernova models are compared and used to help separate the Type Ia supernovae from the core collapse sample. The Dark Energy Task Force Figure of Merit (modified to include core collapse supernovae systematics) is used to discriminate among the various selection criteria. This study of varying selection cuts for Type Ia supernova candidates is the first to evaluate core collapse contamination using the Figure of Merit. Different factors that contribute to the Figure of Merit are detailed. With our analysis methods, both SALT2 and MLCS2k2 Figures of Merit improve with tighter selection cuts and higher purities, peaking at 98% purity.     

Theoretical light curves of Type II-P supernovae and applications to cosmology

Based on an extensive grid of stellar models between 13 and  25 M_⊙  and a wide range of metallicities, we have studied the light curves of core collapse supernovae, their application to cosmology and their evolutionary effects with redshift. The direct link between the hydrodynamics and radiation transport allows us to calculate monochromatic light curves.
With decreasing metallicity, Z , and increasing mass, progenitors tend to explode as compact blue supergiants (BSG) and produce subluminous supernovae that are approximately 1.5 mag dimmer than normal Type II supernovae (SNe II) with red supergiant (RSG) progenitors. Progenitors with small masses tend to explode as RSGs even at low Z . The consequence for testing the chemical evolution is obvious, namely a strong bias when using the statistics of core collapse supernovae to determine the history of star formation.
Our study is limited in scope with respect to the explosion energies and the production of radioactive Ni. Within the class of extreme SNe II-P supernovae, the light curves are rather insensitive with respect to the progenitor mass and explosion energy compared with analytic models based on parametrized stellar structures. We expect a wider range of brightness due to variations in ⁵⁶Ni because radioactive energy is a significant source of luminosity. However, the overall insensitivity of light curves may allow their use as quasi-standard candles for distance determination.     

Asymmetric Supernovae: Yes, Rotation and Magnetic Fields are Important

Spectropolarimetry of core collapse supernovae has shown that they are asymmetric and often bi-polar. This raises the issue of whether some jet-like phenomena are at work involving rotation and magnetic fields. We summarize the importance of the magnetorotational instability for the core collapse problem and sketch some of the effects that large magnetic fields, ~10¹⁵ G, may have on the physics of the supernova explosion.     

Asiago Supernova classification program: Blowing out the first two hundred candles

We present the compilation of the first 221 supernovae classified during the Asiago Classification Program (ACP). The details of transients classification and the preliminarily reduced spectra, in fits format, are immediately posted on the Padova‐Asiago SN group web site. The achieved performances for the first 2 years of the ACP are analysed, showing that half of all our classifications were made within 5 days from transient detection. The distribution of the supernova types of this sample resembles the distribution of the general list of all the supernovae listed in the Asiago SN catalog (ASNC, Barbon et al. 1999). Finally, we use our subsample of 78 core‐collapse supernovae, for which we retrieve the host‐galaxy morphology and r ‐band absolute magnitudes, to study the observed subtype distribution in dwarf compared to giant galaxies. This ongoing program will give its contribution to the classification of the large number of transients that will be soon delivered by the Gaia mission. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Supernovae interacting with a circumstellar medium: New observations with X‐shooter

In this article we present new data of a sample of core‐collapse supernovae showing unequivocal evidences of interaction between their ejecta and pre‐existing circumstellar matter (CSM). This CSM was produced by the progenitor star through major mass loss episodes during the final stages of its life. The study of the properties of the SN ejecta and the circumstellar environment are crucial to unveil the nature of the progenitors producing interacting supernovae. In this context, the instrumental combination Very Large Telescope (VLT) plus X‐shooter provides spectra covering simultaneously the optical and near‐infrared domains, and with adequate resolution to constrain the main properties of the supernova and its environment, including its chemical composition, the ejection velocity and the distribution of the emitting gas (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Electron capture in carbon dwarf supernovae

The rates of electron capture on heavier elements under the extreme conditions predicted for dwarf star supernovae have been computed, incorporating modifications that seem to be indicated by present experimental results. An estimate of the maximum possible value of such rates is also given. The distribution of nuclei in nuclear statistical equilibrium has been calculated for the range of expected supernovae conditions, including the effects of the temperature dependence of nuclear partition functions. These nuclide abundance distributions are then used to compute nuclear equilibrium thermodynamic properties. The effects of the electron capture on such equilibrium matter are discussed. The results of supernova numerical hydrodynamics incorporating the computed equilibrium properties and the influence of electron capture are presented. In the context of the ‘carbon detonation’ supernova model, the dwarf central density required to assure core collapse to a neutron star configuration is found to be slightly higher than that obtained by Bruenn (1972) with the electron capture rates of Hansen (1966).     

Two-Dimensional Simulation of the Dynamics of the Collapse of a Rotating Core with Formation of a Neutron Star on an Adaptive Triangular Grid in Lagrangian Coordinates

Results are presented from a two-dimensional numerical simulation of the collapse of a rotating core with formation of a neutron star that has strong differential rotation in its outer regions. A specially developed numerical method is used which is based on a fully conservative implicit operator difference scheme for gravitational gas dynamics problems in lagrangian coordinates on a variable-structure triangular grid. The recoil shock wave generated by the collapse causes ejection of a small amount of material. This cannot explain the explosion of type II supernovae. The strong differential rotation in the presence of even a weak initial magnetic field obtained in these calculations must lead to a rise in the magnetic pressure, formation of an MHD shock wave, and conversion of rotational energy into the energy of radial expansion (magnetorotational supernova explosion).     

Novel technique for supernova detection with IceCube

The current supernova detection technique used in IceCube relies on the sudden deviation of the summed photomultiplier noise rate from its nominal value during the neutrino burst, making IceCube a ≈3 Megaton effective detection volume - class supernova detector. While galactic supernovae can be resolved with this technique, the supernova neutrino emission spectrum remains unconstrained and thus presents a limited potential for the topics related to supernova core collapse models.The paper elaborates analytically on the capabilities of IceCube to detect supernovae through the analysis of hits in the detector correlated in space and time. These arise from supernova neutrinos interacting in the instrumented detector volume along single strings. Although the effective detection volume for such coincident hits is much smaller (?35 kton, about the scale of SuperK), a wealth of information is obtained due to the comparatively low rate of coincident noise hits. We demonstrate that a neutrino flux from a core collapse supernova will produce a signature enabling the resolution of rough spectral features and, in the case of a strong signal, providing indication on its location.We further discuss the enhanced potential of a rather modest detector extension, a denser array in the center of IceCube, within our one dimensional analytic calculation framework. Such an extension would enable the exploration of the neutrino sky above a few GeV and the detection of supernovae up to a few 100’s of kilo parsec. However, a 3-4 Mpc detection distance, necessary for routine supernova detection, demands a significant increase of the effective detection volume and can be obtained only with a more ambitious instrument, particularly the boosting of sensor parameters such as the quantum efficiency and light collection area.     

The ANTARES telescope neutrino alert system

The ANTARES telescope has the capability to detect neutrinos produced in astrophysical transient sources. Potential sources include gamma-ray bursts, core collapse supernovae, and flaring active galactic nuclei. To enhance the sensitivity of ANTARES to such sources, a new detection method based on coincident observations of neutrinos and optical signals has been developed. A fast online muon track reconstruction is used to trigger a network of small automatic optical telescopes. Such alerts are generated for special events, such as two or more neutrinos, coincident in time and direction, or single neutrinos of very high energy.     

On the progenitors of core-collapse supernovae

Theory holds that a star born with an initial mass between about 8 and 140 times the mass of the Sun will end its life through the catastrophic gravitational collapse of its iron core to a neutron star or black hole. This core collapse process is thought to usually be accompanied by the ejection of the star’s envelope as a supernova. This established theory is now being tested observationally, with over three dozen core-collapse supernovae having had the properties of their progenitor stars directly measured through the examination of high-resolution images taken prior to the explosion. Here I review what has been learned from these studies and briefly examine the potential impact on stellar evolution theory, the existence of “failed supernovae”, and our understanding of the core-collapse explosion mechanism.