SV波斜入射下凸起地形对地震动特性的影响分析

针对10种不同坡角的凸起地形,采用基于透射边界的有限元-有限差分计算方法,研究了局部凸起在SV波斜入射时,地震动峰值加速度放大倍数和反应谱谱比随入射角度的变化规律。结果表明:①地震波以一定的角度斜入射时,地表大部分观测点的峰值加速度放大倍数大于垂直入射的情况;②在计算模型宽高比一定的情况下,最不利入射角度与坡角有一定关系,且地表最不利位置随坡角增大由凸起台地边缘向中心移动;③入射角度对凸起地形地震反应谱特性的影响十分显著,不但影响谱比的幅值,也影响谱比曲线的形状,斜入射时各关键节点大部分周期点的谱比值大于垂直入射,入射角度对反应谱中的高频成分影响较为显著,而对长周期成分影响不大。     

三维沉积盆地对地震动的放大效应间接边界元法模拟

基于一种高精度间接边界元法(IBEM), 实现了沉积盆地三维地震响应的频域、 时域精细求解, 并以半空间中椭球形沉积盆地对平面P波和SV波的散射为例, 着重探讨了入射角度、 入射波型、 入射频率、 盆地长宽比和深宽比对沉积盆地地震动放大效应的影响规律． 结果表明: 盆地形状对地震波的放大效应和空间分布状态具有显著影响, 且具体规律受控于入射波频段． ① 随着盆地深度增大, 盆地边缘面波发育更为充分, 在较宽频段内均会出现显著的地震动放大效应, 且深盆地的放大区域集中于盆地中部． ② 圆形盆地对地震波的汇聚效应最为显著, 而狭长盆地对地震波的汇聚作用相对较弱, 高频情况下可在盆地内部形成多个聚焦区域． ③ 不同波型入射下, 盆地对地震动放大效应的机制有所差异: P波入射下, 竖向位移放大主要是由于盆地边缘面波由四周向中部汇聚所致; SV波入射下, 边缘面波汇聚效应相对较弱, 而当盆地较深时, 底部透射体波和边缘面波易形成同相干涉从而显著放大地震动． 按盆地内外介质波速比为1/2, P波和SV波垂直入射下频域最大放大倍数分别为25和15, 时域放大倍数约为4.0和3.7(雷克子波)． ④ 低频波入射下, 位移从盆地中部向边缘逐渐减小, 且浅层沉积盆地对地表位移幅值的放大作用不明显． ⑤ P波和SV波的入射角度对盆地地震动放大幅值及空间分布特征也具有显著影响．      

地震波斜入射对高面板坝地震反应的影响

为研究地震波斜入射对高面板坝地震反应的影响,根据地震波动入射理论,采用FORTRAN进行波动荷载的编程计算,并与大型通用有限元软件ADINA相结合,实现基于黏弹性人工边界的地震波斜入射,研究P波和SV波分别以不同角度入射对高面板堆石坝地震反应的影响。结果表明,地震波斜入射时大坝地震动反应与垂直入射时明显不同,常规垂直入射的结果偏于不安全,因此在高面板坝地震反应分析和抗震设计中应考虑地震波斜入射的影响。     

长短周期地震波作用下钢框架结构的响应特性对比分析

作为一种特殊的地震动,长周期地震动对结构的危害已引起国内外学者的关注。选取10条KiK-net、K-NET台网中典型的长周期地震动,以及10条国内外的短周期地震动,对比分析两者时程特征和反应谱特征的差异。将所选长、短周期地震动输入钢框架结构模型;通过非线性时程分析,研究钢框架结构在长、短周期地震动作用下的响应差异。结果表明：短周期地震动的平均地面峰值加速度是长周期地震动的3.26倍,而平均地面峰值位移比长周期地震动低10.89%;短周期地震动作用下,钢框架结构顶点加速度响应平均值是长周期地震动的5.16倍,结构顶点位移响应平均值仅比长周期地震动多0.91%;长周期地震动作用下,钢框架结构层间位移角响应较大,结构底部受影响范围更广。对于长周期地震动隐患地区的高层钢框架结构,应对长、短周期震害分别进行考虑;对于中、长周期钢框架结构,建议选用峰值位移作为抗震分析指标。     

Interaction of geometry and mechanical property of trapezoidal sedimentary basins with incident <Emphasis Type="Italic">SH</Emphasis> waves

This paper investigated the effects of basin geometry and material property on the response of 2D trapezoidal sediment-filled basin to incident plane SH waves. Ten basin configurations with different geometries were developed, and then their seismic responses to both Ricker wavelets and seismic records were simulated by using an explicit finite difference scheme. The definition of deep/shallow basin, the precondition for the observation of prominent surface waves and the influential area of edge effects of the shallow basin were discussed quantitatively in this study. The followings were concluded: in the common velocity contrast range (v _s1/v _s2 < 10), the fundamental frequency a basin with W/H > 3.0 can be estimated approximately by 1D theory. The complexity of peak ground acceleration distribution pattern, the width of the most affected section as well as the amplitude of ground motion in the Edge Region increase with incident frequency. Prominent surface waves can only be observed when the incident wavelength is shorter than the critical wavelength λ _c . The interaction between incident wave and basin dynamic property plays a dominant role on the peak ground acceleration amplitude while the interaction between incident wave and geometry plays a more significant role on the peak ground acceleration distribution. For very shallow basin, different areas along the basin width are affected to different extents. Only a limited area close to the basin edge is influenced significantly. It is more feasible to propose spectral aggravation factor for different surface zones respectively than a uniform constant as a tool to calibrate the 1D-based design spectrum so as to take the basin effects into account.     

SV波斜入射下混凝土重力坝易损性分析

易损性分析是评估不同强度地震作用下混凝土重力坝各级破坏概率的有效方法。目前重力坝易损性分析通常假定地震波为垂直入射,然而在近断层区域,地震波往往是倾斜入射的,地震波斜入射对重力坝地震响应有显著影响。从太平洋地震工程研究中心数据库选取16条地震动记录,采用黏弹性人工边界结合等效节点荷载实现SV波斜入射波动输入。采用增量动力分析方法对地震动峰值加速度进行调幅,以印度Koyna混凝土重力坝为研究对象,以坝顶相对位移为抗震性能指标,建立SV波斜入射下重力坝不同震损等级的易损性曲线。结果表明,与垂直入射相比,相同震损等级和相同地震动强度下,斜入射时重力坝破坏概率减小;当PGA接近重力坝实际遭受的地震动强度时,入射角为15°和30°时破坏概率与垂直入射相比最大减小率分别为27.3%和68.2%;各地震强度下,15°和30°斜入射相对于垂直入射的破坏概率差异值最大分别达36.6%、83.9%。因此,混凝土重力坝抗震性能分析应考虑地震波斜入射的影响。研究结果也可为近断层区域混凝土重力坝安全风险评估提供参考。     

地震动入射角度对地下结构地震响应的影响

考虑土-结构接触面效应和场地初始静应力影响,基于大型商用有限元软件ANSYS和粘弹性人工边界条件,采用动力松弛法的分析思路,建立了一种地震动斜入射条件下地下结构的接触非线性动力反应分析模型和方法,并讨论了地震动入射角度对地下结构动力反应的影响。结果表明：地震波斜入射使得结构的整体反应发生明显变化;随着入射角度的增加,节点的水平向应力反应明显增大,竖向应力峰值较小,增大程度也相对较小;节点的位移峰值随输入加速度峰值的增大也有一定的变化。因此,在分析近源地震作用下的地下结构动力响应时,需要考虑地震动的非一致输入问题。     

地震SV波斜入射下沉管隧道的地震响应分析

在ABAQUS黏弹性人工边界时域波动方法的基础上,首先运用等效应力输入方法实现地震SV波倾斜入射,半空间算例验证该方法具有较好的计算精度,进而基于所建立的斜入射方法研究地震波斜入射对海河沉管隧道地震响应的影响。计算结果表明:SV波斜入射情况下,沉管隧道的地震响应规律与垂直入射时具有明显差异;随入射角增加,沉管隧道结构应力增大,应力较大点出现在沉管隧道的四个角点及隔墙与底板、顶板的连接处,其中中隔墙为最薄弱点;随入射角增加,侧墙和隔墙的相对最大水平位移增大,其中中隔墙位移最大;随入射角增加,沉管隧道结构竖向加速度峰值明显增大。因此在沉管隧道结构抗震设计中应考虑地震波斜入射的影响。     

The Effect Analysis of Topography on the Spectrum Properties of Anti-Plane Movement

An explicit finite difference method is performed to evaluate the significance of topography effects on the seismic response of viscoelastic sites. The real accelerograms and bell-shape impulse wavelets, slope angle of cliff and angle of incidence on the spectrum property of the incoming waves are all discussed in detail. The conclusions show that the presence of topographic factors and the direction of the incident waves not only significantly affect the peak ground acceleration of a site, but also affect the spectrum properties of the incoming waves, and the effect on the direction of the incident waves is especially remarkable. The study also finds that it is reasonable to analyse spectrum properties with the input of impulse wavelets in the finite element simulation of wave motion.     

SH波入射下圆弧状沉积盆地地震反应瞬态解析解计算

地震波散射问题的解析解是研究局部场地、地形、盆地等不规则地层结构对地震动参数放大效应影响的重要理论工具.现有解析解大部分在频域内给出,无法直接用于研究不规则地层结构对地震动峰值、反应谱等参数的放大效应.本文基于平面SH波入射下圆弧状沉积盆地动力响应宽频带稳态解析解,通过Fourier变换,获取瞬态响应解析解.基于此,研...     

Directional dependence of site effects observed near a basin edge at Aegion,Greece

We study site effects using 520 weak motion earthquake records from a vertical array in Aegion, Greece. The array is inside a basin, has four stations in soil, and one in bedrock (178 m depth). The site is marked by high seismicity and complex surface geology. We first use the records to establish the downhole accelerometer orientations and their evolution with time. Then we estimate site effects using empirical spectral ratios with and without a reference site (standard and horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio). We find significant site amplification which cannot be accounted for by 1D model predictions, along with a significant difference in the amplification level between the two horizontal components. These are indications of 2D effects, namely surface waves generated at the basin edge. The difference in amplification between the horizontal components is maximised when these are rotated with respect to the orientation of the basin edge. The strongest amplification takes place in the direction parallel to the basin edge (SH, or out-of-plane motion), and is up to 2 times higher than in the perpendicular direction (SV, or in-plane motion). This directional effect on the amplification is corroborated by numerical 2D modelling using incident SH and SV waves, with the former possibly generating strong Love waves. In the records, the directionality is clear for windows containing the largest amplitudes of the records (S waves and strong surface waves), while it tends to vanish for coda-wave windows. This directionality is also observed when using response spectral ratios rather than Fourier ratios. We compute soil-to-rock amplification factors for peak ground acceleration (PGA) and find it is significantly higher than what is predicted by current design codes. We attribute this difference to the basin edge amplification, linear soil behaviour, and to the inability of simple scalar values like PGA to describe complex amplification effects. Finally, we analyse the earthquake records at a surface station near the slope crest and do not observe significant topographic amplification.     

局部地形对出平面运动谱特性的影响分析

本文利用显式有限元有限差分方法进行了脉冲和实际地震动输入下的粘弹性场地地形影响的分析计算,研究了坡地地形在高宽比不同、体波入射角度不同时出平面运动谱特性的差异。结果显示:地形的特征尺寸和入射角度不仅对地震动的峰值有影响,而且对地震动的谱特性有较大的影响,其中入射角度的影响尤为显著。另外,研究还表明,基于脉冲输入研究粘弹性地形谱特性的影响仍不失为一种有效的方法。     

圆弧形凹陷在SH波入射下瞬态反应的解析解

针对现有地震波散射问题的解析解均在频域内给出,其适用的频带较窄,不能获取到可靠的瞬态反应解析解的问题,本文利用宽频带频域解析解进一步获取了不同空间点地震反应的宽频带频响函数,并基于傅里叶变换得出SH波入射下圆弧形凹陷地形瞬态动力响应的解析解.以上述为基础,研究了输入脉冲与实际地震动时凹陷的瞬态反应的基本特征,并重点分析...     

Study of Basin-edge Effects on the Ground Motion Characteristics Using 2.5-D Modelling

This paper presents the role of basin-edge geometry in the generation of surface waves using 2.5-D modelling. The simulated responses of various basin-edge models revealed surface wave generation near the basin edge and their propagation normal to the edge. Seismic responses of basin-edge models using different fundamental frequency of soil along with spectral analysis of differential ground motion confirmed that surface waves start generating near the basin edge when body-wave frequency exceeds the fundamental frequency of soil. Spectral analysis of differential ground motion also confirmed the generation of high frequency surface wave. An increase of surface-wave amplitude with soil thickness was obtained. Large ground displacement observed near the basin edge may be due to the interference of surface/diffracted waves with the direct waves and their multiples. The effect of edge roughness on the surface-wave characteristics was found to be negligible as compared with the edge geometry. Simulated results revealed a decrease of surface-wave amplitude with edge slope, particularly in the case of surface waves caused by S waves. Surface wave generation near the basin edge was obtained for all four considered angles of incidence. At the same time, it was also inferred that the characteristics of these surface waves depend on the angle of incidence to some extent. The findings of this paper reveal that basin-edge effects deserve a particular attention for the purpose of earthquake-resistant design and seismic microzonation.Acknowledgement Financial assistance by the Department of Science and Technology (DST) New Delhi and the Indian National Science Academy (INSA), New Delhi is gratefully acknowledged.     

Influences of type of wave and angle of incidence on seismic bending moments in pile foundations

When analysing the seismic response of pile groups, a vertically‐incident wavefield is usually employed even though it does not necessarily correspond to the worst case scenario. This work aims to study the influences of both the type of seismic body wave and its angle of incidence on the dynamic response of pile foundations. To this end, the formulation of SV, SH and P obliquely‐incident waves is presented and implemented in a frequency‐domain boundary element‐finite element code for the dynamic analysis of pile foundations and piled structures. Results are presented in terms of bending moments at cap level of single piles and 3 × 3 pile groups, both in frequency and in time domains. It is found that, in general, the vertical incidence is not the most unfavourable situation. In particular, obliquely‐incident SV waves with angles of incidence smaller than the critical one, a situation in which the mechanism of propagation of the waves in the soil changes and surface waves appear, yield bending moments much larger than those obtained for vertically‐incident wavefields. It is also shown that the influence of pile‐to‐pile interaction on the kinematic bending moments becomes significant for non‐vertical incidence, especially for P and SV waves. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

SV波斜入射时不同水体模拟方法下超高水头船闸地震反应分析

基于黏弹性人工边界的地震动斜入射方法模拟平面SV波不同角度入射情况,分别采用声固耦合法和附加质量法模拟闸室内水体,研究超高水头船闸闸室位移、应力和塑性损伤等地震反应,对比两种水体模拟方法计算结果的异同。结果表明:(1)整体上,两种方法计算得出的左、右闸墙地震反应结果随入射角度变化的规律基本一致;左闸墙受拉损伤的最大值均出现在入射角15°时,右闸墙受拉损伤的最大值均出现在入射角35°时;地震波入射角度对超高水头船闸动力响应影响较大,设计时应考虑地震波斜入射的影响。(2)当入射角较大时,采用声固耦合法计算的闸墙相对位移极值、主应力极值和受拉损伤结果偏保守的概率更大,对超高水头船闸结构设计来说更为安全。(3)建议两种计算方法相互参考和校核,推荐采用偏安全的结果进行超高水头船闸结构设计。     

基岩倾角对盆地地震响应的影响分析

为了研究盆地基岩倾角对盆地地表动力反应的影响,选取了一个跨度2 km,深度500 m的二维成层盆地为研究对象进行有限元动力反应分析。以持时0.25 s的狄拉克脉冲作为输入地震动,探讨了P波和SV波垂直入射时,盆地基岩倾角从10°\,20°\,30°\,40°依次增加的情况下盆地地震反应。结果表明:入射波在倾斜基岩处发生波型转化,同时产生面波,在盆地中心区域发生汇聚;随着基岩倾角的增加地表中心处的卓越频率有减小的趋势。     

Site-specific spectral response of seismic movement due to geometrical and geotechnical characteristics of sites

It is well-known that the response of a site to a seismic solicitation depends on local topographical and geotechnical characteristics. Many aspects of seismic site effect still need to be studied in more detail and they can be incorporated in the seismic norms after quantification. The purpose of this paper is to contribute to establishment of a simple method to include complex site effects in a building code. Horizontal ground movements in various points of two-dimensional (2D) irregular configurations subjected to synthetic SV waves of vertical incidence are calculated. The parametric studies are achieved by means of HYBRID program combining finite elements in the near field and boundary elements in the far field (FEM/BEM). The results are shown in the form of pseudo-acceleration response spectra. For the empty valleys, we can classify the spectral response according to a unique geometric criterion: the “surface/angle” ratio, where surface is the area of the valley opening, and angle denotes the angle between the slope and horizontal line in the above corner. To assess the influence of the 2D effect on the spectral response of filled valleys, the response of alluvial basins are compared with the response of one-dimensional columns of soil. Finally, an offset criterion is proposed to choose a relevant computation method for the spectral acceleration at the surface of alluvial basins.     

考虑土体非线性及倾角影响的盆地地震响应研究

基于二维沉积盆地模型,采用D-P弹塑性模型模拟盆地的非线性特征。利用显式有限元与黏弹性边界结合的方法,通过改变盆地边缘倾角,在时域和频域内分析盆地地表的地震动响应,对比线性与非线性盆地地震反应的差异。结果表明:(1)土体非线性对整个盆地范围内地震动的影响都较显著。考虑非线性时地震动放大系数明显降低,降低幅度在30%~50%。同时,考虑非线性和倾角影响时最强烈放大区域的范围和位置变化,且很小倾角下的分布特征显著不同。(2)两分量的放大系数都有随边缘倾角的增大而增强的趋势,但均是盆地边缘区域受非线性的影响最为显著。此外,真实地震波输入下显著放大区域的范围及线性与非线性结果的差异程度相对更大。(3)考虑非线性时,对于不同频率地震波的放大系数差别明显,但都表现出从低频到高频谱比分布越来越复杂的现象,同时盆地倾角的影响程度随频率的增大更加明显。(4)考虑土体非线性并未改变地震波传播的总体特征,但各震相强度相对降低。     

Attenuation relations for horizontal peak ground acceleration and response spectrum in northeastern Tibetan Plateau region

Introduction Developing local attenuation relations of ground motion is one of the key steps in seismic hazard assessment. Because of inadequate strong ground motion records in China, the attenuation relations used in China are usually developed by using the transforming method (Hu, Zhang, 1983; HU, ZHANG, 1984). To use this method, we need to have both the attenuation relation of seismic intensity for the studied region and the attenuation relations of seismic intensity and ground mo-tion…