气候平均场中的西太平洋副热带高压双脊线特征及其与季风槽准10天振荡的关系

副热带高压双脊线过程几乎历年均存在,其“季节锁相”与地域性使得在气候平均场上西太平洋副热带地区也存在明显的双脊线过程。作者利用43年NCEP/NCAR再分析资料对5～10月气候平均场中的西太平洋副热带高压双脊线过程进行了分析。气候平均场上5～10月西太平洋副热带高压共出现6次双脊线过程,集中发生在7月下旬至9月下旬,表明每年这个时段最易发生双脊线事件。每次双脊线过程均表现为副高南侧新生一脊线,发展几天后就减弱消失,北侧脊线（原脊线）继续维持。初步的诊断分析表明,6次双脊线过程中南侧脊线的生成与季风槽8～10天周期的“间歇性增强东伸”密切相关,这一准10天振荡在7月下旬至9月下旬的突然增强造就了双脊线的“季节锁相”。进一步分析发现,季风槽8～10天的“间歇性增强东伸”与两支分别来自西太平洋的西传准10天振荡和来自赤道的北传准10天振荡有关,这两支振荡同位相,其有利于位相同时传入南海季风区（10°N～15°N,110°E～120°E）,共同作用,引起季风槽的“间歇性增强东伸”。     

贵州夏季降水异常的环流特征分析

利用美国NCEP/NCAR月平均高度及风场再分析资料和中国月平均降水资料,分析了贵州多、少雨年夏季环流的平均距平场特征.结果表明:贵州多、少雨年夏季环流具有明显的不同特征.多雨年南亚高压偏弱,西太平洋副热带高压较常年偏强,脊线明显偏南偏西,且影响贵州的印度西南季风、西太平洋副热带季风较常年也偏强,影响贵州的中、东路冷空气强.少雨年西太平洋副热带高压明显偏强,脊线较常年明显偏北,其它环流特征与多雨年相反.     

夏季西太平洋副热带高压的不同类型与中国汛期大尺度旱涝的分布

利用历史数据,研究了西太平洋副热带高压指数的特征,证实脊线指数和西伸脊点指数可以较好地描述西太平洋副热带高压,同时也指出这两个指数的年际和年代际变化及其不同的配置,是造成中国夏季降水时空分布和旱涝异常的复杂性、多变性的主要原因之一。据此,将西太平洋副热带高压西伸脊点指数和脊线指数的距平投影到二维平面上,对西太平洋副热带高压进行了分类,并对其各种类型下中国夏季降水进行了合成分析,发现夏季西太平洋副热带高压西伸脊点和脊线不同配置下中国夏季降水的总体分布具有明显的规律性:在西太平洋副热带高压脊线偏北的情况下,夏季降水总体表现出南北两条雨带;在西太平洋副热带高压脊线正常的情况下,夏季降水总体表现为北多南少,长江以北降水偏多;在西太平洋副热带高压脊线偏南的情况下,夏季降水总体表现为南多北少,长江流域及其以南地区降水偏多;上述3种情况下西伸脊点越偏西,降水范围越大。此外,通过计算1951—2010年各年夏季降水实况与其西太平洋副热带高压所属年份夏季降水合成的距平相关系数,发现同一类型下各年夏季降水与其合成分布总体相似,说明了西太平洋副热带高压位置对中国降水具有明显的影响,同时也说明此种分类具有一定的合理性。最后,通过对9种西太平洋副热带高压类型下北半球夏季500hPa高度场和850hPa风场距平分别进行合成,对不同西太平洋副热带高压类型下中国夏季降水的大尺度环流背景和可能机理进行了分析。     

1998年汛期嫩江松花江流域大暴雨成因分析

分析了 1 998年汛期嫩江、松花江流域大暴雨形成的大尺度环流异常特征 ,指出东亚阻塞高压持续强盛位置偏西 ,乌拉尔山到西西伯利亚维持长波高压脊和西太平洋副热带高压与东亚阻高在 1 30°E附近同位相叠加是形成 1 998年汛期嫩江、松花江流域大暴雨的大尺度环流主要特征。它们为大暴雨的形成提供了优越的大尺度环流背景。频繁活动的东北冷涡是在这一大尺度环流背景下形成大暴雨的天气尺度系统。进一步分析了东北冷涡生成维持的环流条件和活动特征 ,得出东北冷涡在蒙古东部滞留少动是形成嫩江松花江流域特别是嫩江流域持续性大暴雨的主要原因     

西太平洋副高在1998年和2001年梅汛期长江大涝大旱中的作用

计算了 1 998年 6～ 7月和 2 0 0 1年 6～ 7月 50 0hPa高度场西太平洋副热带高压逐日变化指数 ,对比分析了 1 998年和 2 0 0 1年长江流域梅汛期 ( 6～ 7月 )平均北半球大气环流场和西太平洋副高的逐日变化特征。结果表明 :长江流域梅汛期的旱涝与副高强弱和东西位置关系密切。在副高平均脊线偏北的情况下 ,副高长期偏东偏弱 ,长江流域不易产生强降水 ,易少雨干旱。副高异常偏西与伊朗高压打通时 ,长江流域也不易产生强降水。只有当副高平均脊线偏南的情况下 ,副高西伸到 95～ 1 1 5°E范围时 ,长江流域易产生强降水。     

2008年初我国南方雨雪低温天气的中期过程分析Ⅲ:青藏高原-孟加拉湾气压槽

针对2008年1月24日～2月2日我国南方地区雨雪低温过程,分析了其中期演变特征及其可能机理。在亚非副热带地区,Rossby波能量从北非东北侧传播到东亚地区,引起青藏高原附近气压槽的加深和西太平洋副热带高压的加强及北扩,并与亚洲北部的高压脊配合,造成了这次较长时间的雨雪低温过程。东北大西洋和西欧的反气旋式异常环流为亚非副热带急流Rossby波与欧亚高纬度Rossby波活动的主要波源区。在对流层上层,贝加尔湖一带的高压脊在过程之前已形成,而在这次过程中缓慢减弱,来自上游Rossby波能量主要起抵消摩擦耗散的作用。西太平洋副热带高压在偏北位置上维持主要由来自青藏高原和孟加拉湾地区Ross-by波能量的注入所致。亚洲冷高压系统的强度、位置及形态决定了这次我国南方地区低温过程的重要特性。     

北太平洋中纬度负海温异常对副热带高压影响的数值试验

利用中国科学院大气物理研究所的T42L9全球大气环流模式，研究了1993年夏季北太平洋中纬度海温异常对西太平洋副热带高压的影响。数值试验结果表明：（1）中纬度地区负距平海温异常对其南侧太平洋副热带高压的形态和脊线位置都有影响，负距平海温异常试验的500hPa副热带高压的形态明显比气候平均海温试验更接近于NCEP资料实况，对流层中下层副热带高压脊线的平均位置也比气候平均海温试验要偏南，与实况比也更接近了；（2）在500hPa上，北太平洋中纬度负距平海温异常在其南侧产生的高度扰动使副热带高压向南偏移，而在其北侧产生的高度扰动则沿北太平洋中高纬度、北美中高纬度、北大西洋和欧洲南部以及地中海和北非地区的大圆路径传播，并影响和改变整个北半球大气环流的变化。1993年夏季北太平洋中纬度异常的低海温可能是该年盛夏6、7月北太平洋副热带高压位置异常偏南的重要原因之一。     

2008年初我国南方雨雪低温天气的中期过程分析III：青藏高原-孟加拉湾气压槽

针对2008年1月24日～2月2日我国南方地区雨雪低温过程,分析了其中期演变特征及其可能机理。在亚非副热带地区,Rossby波能量从北非东北侧传播到东亚地区,引起青藏高原附近气压槽的加深和西太平洋副热带高压的加强及北扩,并与亚洲北部的高压脊配合,造成了这次较长时间的雨雪低温过程。东北大西洋和西欧的反气旋式异常环流为亚非副热带急流Rossby波与欧亚高纬度Rossby波活动的主要波源区。在对流层上层,贝加尔湖一带的高压脊在过程之前已形成,而在这次过程中缓慢减弱,来自上游Rossby波能量主要起抵消摩擦耗散的作用。西太平洋副热带高压在偏北位置上维持主要由来自青藏高原和孟加拉湾地区Rossby波能量的注入所致。亚洲冷高压系统的强度、位置及形态决定了这次我国南方地区低温过程的重要特性。     

月尺度西太平洋副热带高压指数的重建与应用

针对目前国家气候中心业务监测中使用的月时间尺度西太平洋副热带高压指数存在的问题,利用NCEP/NCAR月平均再分析资料,对西太平洋副热带高压面积指数、强度指数、脊线指数和西伸脊点4种指数重新进行定义和计算,重建了1951—2010年逐月历史时间序列。面积指数、强度指数采用真实的面积和体积进行定义和计算,脊线指数则同时利用500 hPa高度场和纬向风切变线进行定义,且不仅仅局限于588 dagpm等值线,充分考虑了西太平洋副热带地区高压系统对我国夏季降水的影响作用。选取其中两个相对独立的指数——脊线指数与西伸脊点,通过对这两个指数的9种组合类型的构建,最大程度上涵盖了我国东部夏季降水各种雨型的分布特征。     

四川地区夏季旱涝与西太平洋副热带高压的关系

利用近46年西太平洋副热带高压特征指数资料、四川地区123个测站的逐日降水资料集及NCEP\NCAR再分析资料,研究了四川地区夏季旱涝事件的空间分布特征及其与西太副高的关系。结果表明,四川盆地东西部经常出现"西旱东涝"或者"西涝东旱"的异常特征。西太平洋副热带高压的脊线、北界位置与四川盆地东(西)部区的旱涝之间存在很高正(负)相关关系。西太平洋副热带高压南北位置的异常变化对应着东亚地区大气环流的异常变化,从而影响四川盆地东部区及四川盆地西部区的旱涝变化。      

West Pacific subtropical high double ridges and intraseasonal variability of the South China Sea summer monsoon

In this study, the National Center for Environmental Prediction-National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP-NCAR) reanalysis data from 1979 to 2005 is used to investigate the possible impact of IntraSeasonal Oscillation (ISO) of the South China Sea (SCS) monsoon on the West Pacific Subtropical High (WPSH) double ridges. Three WPSH modes are defined as the 3/6 mode, the 1/2 mode and the dual mode, for the amplitude of the 30–60-day oscillation of SCS summer monsoon which is larger, smaller and comparable to the 10–20-day oscillation, respectively. The results show that there are no double ridges of WPSH present during 3/6 mode, but a weak process can be found during 1/2 mode. However, a powerful double-ridge structure of WPSH is present in several phases of the dual mode during both the 10–20-day oscillation and the 30–60-day oscillation. Then two typical WPSH double ridge cases in 1999, a special year of the dual mode, are chosen to further discuss this interesting phenomenon. Case 1 (24 July–27 July) is much weaker, and in this case the southern ridge disappears after several days, while during case 2 (3 August–11 August), the southern ridge finally replaces the northern ridge. The double ridges are much stronger compared to case 1. The ISO evolution feature is different between case 1 and case 2. The anomalous circulation of 10–20-day oscillation is anticyclonic over the southern ridge during both case 1 and case 2. However, the anomalous circulation of 30–60-day oscillation is cyclonic during case 1 and anticyclonic during case 2. It is this difference that leads to the double ridges being more powerful in case 2 than in case 1. This indicates that the 10–20-day oscillation of the SCS summer monsoon plays a key role in the WPSH double-ridge formation, while the 30–60-day oscillation provides a favorable background for it.     

1998年区域性水汽输送及对流活动与副高活动变异的相关特征(英)

根据1998年NCEP逐日资料和TBB逐日资料,探讨了低纬度对流活动和副高周边水汽输送及其对流活动对夏季西太平洋副热带高压季节性北跳、南撤的影响效应。研究表明:低纬热带对流加强,且110°-150°E地区的南北向垂直经圈环流下沉区北移,夏季西太平洋副热带高压有北跳现象。另外,诊断结果亦表明西太平洋副高周边纬向水汽输送的显著减弱亦预示将出现副高的北跳,而西太平洋地区低纬经向水汽输送减少一候之后,副高南撤。研究结果表明西太平洋副高北跳、南撤与低纬度的对流潜热释放、中纬西太平洋副高周边的水汽输送及其对流活动存在密切的关系。数值模拟结果进一步证实上述副高活动变异与前期水汽输送及其对流特征的相关关系。     

THE POSITION VARIATION OF THE WEST PACIFIC SUBTROPICAL HIGH AND ITS POSSIBLE MECHANISM

Using NCEP/NCAR daily reanalysis data and SCSMEX data, an investigation is carried out of the relationship between the position variation of the west Pacific subtropical high (WPSH) and the apparent heating in June 1998 based on the complete vertical vorticity equation. It is found that the non-adiabatic heating plays an important role in the position variation of WPSH. In comparison with climatic mean status, the vertical change of non-adiabatic heating is stronger in the north side of WPSH in June 1998, but weaker in the south side of WPSH. The anomalous non-uniform heating induces anomalous cyclonic vorticity in South China, areas to the south of the Yangtze and its mid-lower valleys, but anomalous anticyclonic vorticity in the Indo-China Peninsula and South China Sea areas lead to the more southward position of WPSH than the mean.     

春季赤道东太平洋海温异常对西太平洋副高的影响

首先给出西太平洋副高脊线、面积和西伸指数的定义 ,在此基础上讨论赤道东太平洋海温异常与西太平洋副高的年际变化关系 ,并进一步分析了春季赤道东太平洋海温异常对西太平洋副高季节变化的影响。结果表明 ,春季赤道东太平洋海温异常与夏季副高位置和强度的年际变化及季节变化都有密切关系。从春季到夏季 ,春季海温偏暖年副高偏南、偏强、偏西 ;偏冷年副高偏北、偏弱、偏东 ,冷年 6月副高北跳较暖年显著 ,进入秋季后南撤更为迅速     

DISTRIBUTION OF LOW FREQUENCY WAVES IN NORTH PACIFIC AND INTRASEASONAL ABNORMALITY OF THE WESTERN PACIFIC SUBTROPICAL HIGH

By using ECMWF (2.5°×2.5°) grid data, analyzing correlation for the summer (June-August) of 1980 (the West Pacific Subtropical High (WPSH) anomalously more to the south), 1988 (the WPSH anomalously more to the north), 1981 (normal) in the west Pacific area, distribution characteristics of the low frequency waves are discussed. The relationship between distribution of the low frequency waves and intraseasonal abnormality of the west subtropical high is also analyzed. There is some discussions:(1)If the WPSH acts anomalously in summer, there is a distinct zonal wave series in the subtropical zone of the north Pacific.(2) One of the important characteristics of the WPSH abnormality is that there are low frequency geopotential high centres from east Pacific and northeast Asia, being combined in the west Pacific area.For different circulation, the combination areas are different, which define the WSPH anomalously more to the north or south.     

VARIABILITY IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC SUBTROPICAL HIGH AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH SEA TEMPERATURE VARIATION CONSIDERING THE BACKGROUND OF CLIMATE WARMING OVER THE PAST 60 YEARS

By adopting characteristic index data for the Western Pacific Subtropical High (WPSH) from the National Climate Center of China, U.S. National Centers for Environmental Prediction-National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis data, and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) sea surface temperature (SST) data, we studied the WPSH variability considering the background of climate warming by using a Gaussian filter, moving averages, correlation analysis, and synthetic analysis. Our results show that with climate warming over the past 60 years, significant changes in the WPSH include its enlarged area, strengthened intensity, westward extended ridge point and southward expanded southern boundary, as well as enhanced interannual fluctuations in all these indices. The western ridge point of the WPSH consistently varies with temperature changes in the Northern Hemisphere, but the location of the ridgeline varies independently. The intensity and area of the WPSH were both significantly increased in the late 1980s. Specifically, the western ridge point started to significantly extend westward in the early 1990s, and the associated interannual variability had a significant increase in the late 1990s; in addition, the ridgeline was swaying along the north-south-north direction, and the corresponding variability was also greatly enhanced in the late 1990s. With climate warming, the SST increase becomes more weakly correlated with the WPSH intensity enhancement but more strongly correlated with the westward extension of the ridge point in the equatorial central and eastern Pacific Ocean in winter, corresponding to an expanding WPSH in space. In the northern Pacific in winter, the SST decrease has a weaker correlation with the southerly location of the ridgeline but also a stronger correlation with the westward extension of the ridge point. In the tropical western Pacific in winter, the correlations of the SST decrease with the WPSH intensity enhancement, and the westward extension of the ridge point is strengthened. These observations can be explained by strengthened Hadley circulations, the dominant effects of the southward shift, and additional effects of the weakened ascending branch of the Walker circulation during warm climatological periods, which consequently lead to strengthened intensities, increased areas, and southward expansions of the WPSH in summer.     

Interannual Variability of Autumn Precipitation over South China and its Relation to Atmospheric Circulation and SST Anomalies

The interannual variability of autumn precipitation over South China and its relationship with atmospheric circulation and SST anomalies are examined using the autumn precipitation data of 160 stations in China and the NCEP-NCAR reanalysis dataset from 1951 to 2004. Results indicate a strong interannual variability of autumn precipitation over South China and its positive correlation with the autumn western Pacific subtropical high （WPSH）. In the flood years, the WPSH ridge line lies over the south of South China and the strengthened ridge over North Asia triggers cold air to move southward. Furthermore, there exists a significantly anomalous updraft and cyclone with the northward stream strengthened at 850 hPa and a positive anomaly center of meridional moisture transport strengthening the northward warm and humid water transport over South China. These display the reverse feature in drought years. The autumn precipitation interannual variability over South China correlates positively with SST in the western Pacific and North Pacific, whereas a negative correlation occurs in the South Indian Ocean in July. The time of the strongest lag-correlation coefficients between SST and autumn precipitation over South China is about two months, implying that the SST of the three ocean areas in July might be one of the predictors for autumn precipitation interannual variability over South China. Discussion about the linkage among July SSTs in the western Pacific, the autumn WPSH and autumn precipitation over South China suggests that SST anomalies might contribute to autumn precipitation through its close relation to the autumn WPSH.     

夏季北太平洋副热带高压系统的活动

文中根据 NCEP/NCAR再分析资料 ,分析了北太平洋副热带高压系统的变化。 5～ 9月由于亚洲夏季风的建立及活动 ,北半球副热带高压系统在 6 0～ 1 2 0°E出现断裂 ,夏季西太平洋副热带高压脊点平均伸展到 1 2 0°E,其年际变化反映了亚洲夏季风的强弱。强夏季风年 5 0 0h Pa西太平洋副热带高压脊线位于 3 0°N以北 ,并分裂成两个中心 ,印度低压强 ;弱夏季风年西太平洋副热带高压脊线位于 3 0°N以南 ,表现为北太平洋高压中心向西伸展的高压脊 ,印度低压弱。夏季西太平洋副热带高压的季内活动有两种模态 :第 1种表现为副热带高压系统以 2 0～ 3 0 d的周期从北太平洋中部的副热带高压中心一次次地向西扩张到 1 2 0°E以西 ,这类过程大多出现在亚洲夏季风强度偏弱年 ;第 2种模态表现为副热带高压系统以 2 0～ 3 0 d的周期一次次地由东向西扩充时 ,在 1 2 5～ 1 5 5°E停滞 ,这类过程大多出现在亚洲夏季风强度偏强年。江淮流域梅雨的中断和结束与北太平洋副热带高压系统 2 0～ 3 0 d季内振荡有关。西太平洋副热带高压 5～ 1 0 d的短期活动受 3 5～ 45°N西风带活动的影响 ,当西风槽在中国沿海和西太平洋地区向南伸展到 3 0°N以南后 ,西太平洋副热带高压有一次加强活动     

西太平洋副高位置变动与大气热源的关系

采用NCEP／NCAR再分析逐日资料和SCSMEX等资料，根据全型垂直涡度倾向方程，研究了1998年6月西太平洋副高位置变动与大气热源的关系。结果表明，副热带地区的非绝热加热对副高位置变化有很重要的作用。与气候平均状况相比，1998年6月副高北侧的非绝热加热垂直变化较常年偏强，而南侧较常年偏弱。这种异常的非均匀加热状况导致我国华南、江南、长江中下游地区呈现异常气旋性涡度制造，而中南半岛大部和南海地区为异常反气旋性涡度制造，使得1998年6月副高位置异常偏南。     

江淮梅雨对东亚副热带夏季风进程及海温异常的响应

利用1960—2020年江淮地区75个气象站逐日降水量、气温、相对湿度资料以及NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和Hadley中心海表温度资料，研究了东亚副热带夏季风进程变异对江淮梅雨的影响，揭示了不同类型梅雨期太平洋海温及大气环流异常特征。结果表明：8种江淮梅雨类型中，多雨型占45.9%，少雨型占54.1%，其中多雨型在前30 a占36.7%，后31 a占63.3%。江淮典型梅雨年（高温高湿多雨）的主要特征为安徽南部、江苏中部及湖北东部地区降水偏多，安徽南部、江西东北部及浙江西北部气温偏高，淮河流域湿度大；而在非典型梅雨年（低温低湿少雨）大部分地区雨量偏少，气温呈"东高西低"分布，低温中心区位于淮河中游，湿度呈"西大东小"分布。欧亚大陆中高纬度阻塞高压增强，脊前向南输送的西北气流加强且路径偏东，中国东北冷涡强度较强且位置偏西南，东亚大槽加深，槽后冷空气向南输送，有利于典型梅雨形成。当前期冬春季赤道东太平洋海温异常偏高，西太平洋海温异常偏低时，西太平洋副热带高压强度偏强、面积偏大、脊线位置偏南、西伸脊点偏西，东亚副热带夏季风推进到江淮地区的时间偏早，出梅偏晚，梅雨期降水量偏多。