上马鞍岩相潮间带贝类生态初步研究

从１９９２～１９９３年４个季度月采集的样品中,共鉴定出贝类６３种,隶属３纲９目２９科。根据它们对温度的适应性质可分为４个类群：暖温带种占４．７６％;亚热带种占４４．４４％;广温广布种占３８．０９％;热带种占１２．６９％,生态特征与福建沿岸相近。阐述了贝类的数量分布、季节变化。还探讨了潮汐、波浪等环境因子对贝类生态分布的影响。     

A comparison of diatom colonization on natural and artificial substrata in seawater

Experiments to investigate diatom colonization on various substrata in seawater are described. No differences were found due to different methods of preparation of the substrata. Differences in the numbers of diatoms colonizing the different substrata emphasize the care needed in selecting a substratum on which to study the settlement of organisms, especially if the experiments are to be used for subsequent prediction.     

海南岛东北部海岸极端波浪事件沉积记录

建立长时间尺度台风序列对于预测未来超强台风的活动规律具有重要科学和实践意义。历史上影响海南岛地区的台风十分频繁,但因缺少确切而详实的记载往往无法判断其是否为超强台风,因此迫切需要寻找千百年尺度的超强台风沉积记录。本文对海南岛东北部翁田镇沿海地区进行详细野外调查,选定白石堡海岸沙丘剖面为研究对象,在该沙丘剖面中识别出风暴越岸沉积和海滩岩巨砾沉积。根据沉积学分析和动力过程分析,这两种类型沉积极有可能是由历史上的台风事件形成,形成年代可能达到距今3 400 a;将该沉积层中的海滩岩巨砾与台风"威马逊"搬运的最大海滩岩巨砾进行对比,发现形成该沉积层海滩岩巨砾的台风事件强度应比台风"威马逊"更强,表明该区域历史上超强台风的存在,这对建立千百年尺度的台风序列有很重要的意义。同时,研究区岸外珊瑚岸礁发育良好,动力分析表明礁坪宽度对于波浪消减、海岸防护具有显著作用。然而,随着海南岛珊瑚岸礁日益衰亡、风暴强度逐渐加大和海面持续上升,未来海南岛地区的海岸极端风浪危害和海岸侵蚀形式威胁正日益加大,亟待加强海南岛珊瑚岸礁保护。     

Sublittoral seaweed communities on natural and artificial substrata in a high-latitude coral community in South Africa

Coral mortality may result in macroalgal proliferation or a phase shift into an alga-dominated state. Subtidal, high-latitude western Indian Ocean coral communities at Sodwana Bay on the KwaZulu-Natal coast, South Africa, have experienced some mortality because of warm-water anomalies, storms and other causes, but the response of the macroalgae is unknown. We investigated the abundance and diversity of benthic algae on different hard natural substrata (dead digitate, brain and plate corals and beach rock) on Two-Mile Reef, Sodwana Bay. We also compared algal communities colonising ceramic, marble and pretreated ceramic tiles placed on the reef for six months. We identified 95 algae (14 Chlorophyta, 11 Phaeophyceae, 69 Rhodophyta and one cyanobacterium). Assemblages on natural and artificial substrata were dominated by the brown alga Lobophora variegata (Lamouroux) Womersley ex Oliveira and non-geniculate corallines (Rhodophyta, Corallinaceae). Cluster and ordination analyses revealed that the algae showed no affinity for particular substrata, whether natural or artificial. Algal cover was occasionally higher on rougher tiles and crustose corallines were significantly more abundant on marble than ceramic tiles. Two-Mile Reef had 23.1% dead and 48.4% live scleractinian coral cover, where dead corals were colonised indiscriminately by many small algal species, but there was no evidence of algal proliferation. The results provide a baseline for monitoring this high-latitude reef system.     

舟山东极岛潮间带贝类生态学初步研究

为了解东极岛潮间带贝类生态状况,为浙江海洋生态系统基本群落结构提供基础资料,于2010年4月至2011年4月的大潮期间,在舟山东极岛潮间带采集贝类,调查了解贝类的种类组成、数量分布、生态特点、多样性情况。研究分析发现,东极岛潮间带贝类33种,隶属3纲7目20科。根据温度适应性质分,东极岛潮间带贝类属于3个类群：广温广布种15种,占45.5%;温带种4种,占12.1%;亚热带种14种,占42.4%。东极岛潮间带贝类四季平均生物量为1541.8 g/m2,由高潮带向低潮带呈递增趋势;四季平均栖息密度为925.2个/m2,以中潮带最高,向高潮带和低潮带递减。季节变化中生物量由大到小依次为夏季、春季、冬季、秋季,栖息密度由大到小依次为夏季、秋季、冬季、春季。多样性指数(H′)为0.9~3.0,均匀度指数(J)为0.2~0.8。结果表明东极岛种类丰富,生物量和栖息密度较高,说明东极岛地理环境较好,适宜贝类生存;物种分布均匀,生态环境稳定。     

厦门岛岩相潮间带生物种类组成与数量分布

本文报道了厦门岛岩相潮间带生物２７６种，其中藻类、软体动物和其他动物占总数的６５．２１％，夏季和冬季平均生物量为１３６５．０９ｇ／ｍ＾２，平均栖息密度为３１１０个／ｍ＾２。生物量以甲壳动物居首位，软体运动居第二位；栖息密度以本动物居首位，甲壳动物占第二位。     

舟山东极岛潮间带两种荔枝螺的营养成分分析

对舟山东极岛潮间带野生黄口荔枝螺Thaisluteostoma Holten和疣荔枝螺T.clavigeraKuster软体部的主要营养成分进行了分析,结果表明,两种螺的蛋白质质量分别占各自湿质量的(20.24±0.016)%和(19.16±0.004)%,粗脂肪质量分别占各自湿质量的(1.28±0.03)%和(0.86±0.010)%,糖分质量分别占各自湿质量的(2.11±0.005)%和(1.93±0.003)%;在两种螺的蛋白质中均检测出17种氨基酸,每100 g软体部干品的氨基酸质量疣荔枝螺为68.14 g、黄口荔枝螺为60.17 g;必需氨基酸质量分数与总氨基酸质量分数的比值疣荔枝螺为37.48%,黄口荔枝螺为35.57%;必需氨基酸质量分数与非必需氨基酸质量分数的比值疣荔枝螺和黄口荔枝螺分别为56.28%和55.20%,其必需氨基酸模式基本接近FAO/WHO的优良蛋白质理想模式;在粗脂肪中各检测出14种脂肪酸,不饱和脂肪酸占脂肪酸比例高;软体部中的重金属含量均在安全范围内。由此可见,两种螺均具有较高的营养价值和保健价值。     

Scleractinian settlement patterns to natural cleared reef substrata and artificial settlement panels on an Indonesian coral reef

Recruitment is a key factor driving the population dynamics of scleractinian corals, but despite its importance, we still have a poor understanding of recruitment processes in the Coral triangle region, which contains the most biodiverse marine ecosystems in the world. This study aimed to compare settlement rates to artificial settlement panels with cleared areas of natural reef in order to assess whether panels are a suitable indicator of natural coral settlement rates. We recorded coral settlement rates to panels made of two different materials (concrete and terracotta), attached to the reef at two different orientations (vertical and horizontal), and compared these settlement rates to those on cleared areas of natural reef positioned on vertical reef walls, over a 12 month period. We examined settlement rates at four sites in the Wakatobi National Marine Park, south-east Sulawesi, Indonesia; two reefs were light-limited, highly sedimented sites with low coral cover (<10%) and two had moderate coral cover (approx. 40%) and lower sedimentation rates. Panels were directly attached to the reef at 6–7 m depth. The number of coral spat per tile ranged from 0 to 34 and no significant differences were reported between the settlement rates to cleared natural reef areas and settlement panels. Significantly higher numbers of spat settled on the cryptic (back) side of the panels, while no significant difference was found between settlement rates to the different panel materials, or between the different orientations or any combination of these two factors. There is, however, a significant difference in the settlement rates between sites, for both settlement panels and permanent cleared areas, with higher settlement rates at the sites with higher live coral cover. We conclude that both concrete and terracotta panels yield similar settlement rates, and orientation makes no difference to settlement rates when panels are directly attached to the reef. Our results demonstrate that artificial substrata provide comparable settlement rate data to natural substrata and therefore are suitable for monitoring coral settlement rates in the future.     

中国近海枝鳃亚目、蓑海牛亚目(软体动物)区系的研究

中国近海共有枝鳃亚目、蓑海牛亚目软体动物40种，隶属于16科30属，主要分布在浙江以南的热带、亚热带海区，有些种类向北可以分布到达黄、渤海，部分种类仅分布于黄、渤海。区系性质属于印度，西太平洋区的中国，日本亚区。     

北麂列岛岩相潮间带无脊椎动物的群落结构

利用 1 997年 7月～ 1 998年 4月在北麂列岛壳菜岙北侧岩礁、海利南岙岙口岩礁、关帝山岩礁及大筲箕屿岩礁 4个断面所采集的样品 ,对北麂列岛岩相潮间带无脊椎动物的群落类型及结构进行了研究。采用 Shannon- Wiener多样性指数 (H′)、Pielous均匀度 (J)、Margalef丰度 (d)、 Mc Naunghton优势度 (D) 4个测定群落种类多样性的指标及 Whittaker群落相似性指数公式进行数值分析 ,结果表明 :该群落属于典型的外海高盐性生物群落。水平变化 ,H′、J及 d值以大筲箕屿岩礁处为最大 ,D值以关帝山岩礁处为最大 ;垂直变化 ,H′、J及 d值为低潮区 >中潮区 >高潮区 ,D值为高潮区 >中潮区 >低潮区 ;季节变化 ,H′和 J值以春季最高、秋季最低 ,d值以夏季最高、冬季最低 ,D值以秋季最高、春季最低。 4个断面群落种类的相似程度较为接近 ,根据相似性指数 I的值 ,可将其划分为开敞性群落组和极开敞性群落组 ,其中壳菜岙北侧岩礁、海利南岙岙口岩礁和大筲箕屿岩礁为开敞性群落组 ,关帝山岩礁为极开敞性群落组     

河口海岸测流仪器比测研究

通过对直读式海流计、ENDECO海流计和ADP测流结果的对比分析表明,ENDECO所测流速比直读式海流计偏小约4.2%,流向偏小2.4%;ADP测得的流速比直读式海流计偏大6.1%,流向偏大3.6%,但ADP测量数据更稳定;由三种仪器测得的涨落潮平均流速相对偏差均在10%左右。三种仪器的观测数据可比性强,同时使用时完全能够相互对比分析。流速小于30 cm/s时,由于仪器的摩擦阻力作用,直读式海流计精度变低;流速大于30 cm/s时,三种仪器测得的结果相差较小。与直读式海流计和ADP相比,ENDECO海流计对流向变化较敏感。     

大亚湾试验挂板上的附着硅藻

本文分析了大亚湾核电站进水口和澳头港试验挂板上的周年样品(1986年12月—1987年11月),共鉴定出附着硅藻123种和变种,隶属38属。核电站进水口和澳头港试板上的主要优势种不同,附着量年高峰出现的时间亦不同。文中并对硅藻的集群结构进行了分析。     

Temporal variability in the biochemical composition of sedimentary organic matter in an intertidal flat of the Galician coast (NW Spain)

Temporal variations and spatial distribution of sedimentary organic matter composition were investigated over a one year period in an intertidal flat of the NW Spain. Sediment samples were collected from 0 to 25 cm depth, every three months, from January 1997 to January 1998 at three tidal levels (high, medium and low). Changes in the elemental and biochemical composition were assessed to gather information on temporal and spatial fluctuations in quantity and quality of sedimentary organic matter potentially available to benthic deposit-feeder nutrition. Organic matter content was significantly higher at the medium tidal level, while minimum values were found at the high tidal level. The different biochemical classes of organic compounds exhibited different temporal patterns. Carbohydrate and lipid concentrations decreased with sediment depth. The biopolymeric fraction of organic carbon (i.e. the sum of lipid, carbohydrate and protein carbon) was dominated by proteins (61%), followed by lipids (26%) and carbohydrates (14%). Biopolymeric carbon accounted for only a small fraction (37% on average) of the total organic carbon. Refractory organic carbon (i.e. non biopolymeric) accounted for 50 to 80% of the total organic carbon and it tended to be buried into deeper sediment layers. The nutritional quality of the sedimentary organic matter, expressed as the biopolymeric carbon to total organic carbon ratio, was higher in January 1997, when also the higher protein to carbohydrate ratio values were observed and related to the presence of newly-produced organic matter. Low biopolymeric carbon to total organic carbon ratio and protein to carbohydrate ratio were recorded during the rest of the year, indicating a low-quality and aged organic matter. Results of the present study revealed an inverse relationship between the overall amount of organic matter and its potential availability to consumers.     

Comparative study on microphytobenthic pigments of muddy and sandy intertidal sediments of the Tagus estuary

The abundance and distribution of microphytobenthic pigments determined by HPLC (chlorophylls and carotenoids) were compared between muddy and sandy sediments of the Tagus estuary (Portugal). In the two types of sediment, with similar periods of illuminated emersion, chlorophyll a concentrations on a per area basis (mg m⁻²) were comparable (down to 2 mm). Pigment analysis also revealed similar microphytobenthic communities in terms of algal classes. Diatoms were the dominant microalgae, but cyanophytes, euglenophytes and phanerogam debris were also present. For both muddy and sandy sediments, microphytobenthic biomass showed a high level of variability both within and between two consecutive years. Microphytobenthos was highly stratified in the mud, with most of the chlorophyll a occurring in the top 500 μm. In the sand, relatively constant concentrations were found throughout the sediment profile down to 3 mm. This is probably related to deeper light penetration in sandy sediment and/or increased physical mixing caused by invertebrate activity or overlying currents, leading to the burial of an important fraction of the microphytobenthic cells. Differences observed in the intensity of sediment coloration of muddy and sandy sediments might have resulted from the different vertical distribution of benthic biomass.     

Modern sedimentation rates in the intertidal zone on the west coast of the Bohai Gulf

On the basis of the measurement of ^210Pbcx and ^137Cs activities in the sediment cores taken from the intertidal zone on the west coast of the Bohai Gulf, the average sedimentation rates of modern sediments are calculated. The results indicate that in the sandy area of the intertidal zone (from Daogouzi to the Duliujian River), the sedimentation rate from 1955 to 1963 is 3.43～4.06 cm/a, and is within the range of 0.65～1.59 cm/a since 1963. The average sedimentation rate in the muddy area (around Qikou) is approximately 1.81 cm/a.The results above suggest that the sandy area of the intertidal zone has experienced rapid sedimentation from the 1950s to the 1960s,and the sedimentation slows down after the 1960s, and the sedimentation rates increase from north to south spatially. The rapid sedimentation from the 1950s to the 1960s in the sandy area is due to the fact that North China has plentiful precipitation during this period and the intertidal zone is supplied with abundant matter sources for sedimentation. After the 1960s, the weakened sedimentation may be a result of the reduction of sand transported to the intertidal zone, which is a consequence of diminished rainfall in North China and intensive human activities in the Haihe basin.     

海坛岛潮间带底栖生态的初步调查

本文报道了1984年10～11月和1985年4～5月对海坛岛4种潮间带底栖生态的初步调查。结果表明,该区底栖生物经鉴定的种类280种,以暖水性种类占多数,且有些已成为优势种或主要种;不同岸相潮间带底栖生物种类数多寡顺序是岩石滩>泥滩>沙泥滩>沙滩;平均最大生物量(634.26g/m~2)和平均最高栖息密度(508.55个/m~2)分布在岩石滩,其次是泥滩。文中还对各滩的开发利用提出了建议。     

The immediate effects of Hurricane Iniki on intertidal fauna on the south shore of O'ahu

When Hurricane Iniki struck the Hawaiian Islands in September 1992, it provided a rare opportunity to examine the immediate effects of a hurricane on two intertidal benthic communities off the reefs of O'ahu, Hawai'i. The Niu Beach site contained large, obvious aggregations of the tube building polychaete Diopatra dexiognatha, and the Wailupe Beach site was without obvious tubiculous fauna at the surface. Ten replicate sediment cores were taken before and after the hurricane with a 7.6 cm PVC corer and organisms were identified to family and enumerated. There were no substantial depletions or loss of taxa after the hurricane. Oligochaetes were the most dominant taxa pre-and post-hurricane. The abundance of all dominant polychaete families increased post-hurricane. The three most abundant polychaetes were capitellids and D. dexiognatha (Onuphidae) at Niu Beach and Pygospio muscularis (Spionidae) at Wailupe Beach. We suggest that D. dexiognatha and P. muscularis help stabilize the sediments since they both form dense tube mats while capitellids and oligochaetes are considered highly adaptive surface burrowers that can take advantage of newly disturbed sediments. Overall, there was no substantial effect observed on the intertidal fauna exposed to this severe disturbance. It is suggested here that invertebrate communities in this area are adapted to survive and thrive in high-energy environments and possibly benefit from dense aggregations of tube building polychaetes.