腾格里沙漠东南缘白刺灌丛地土壤性状的特征

腾格里沙漠东南缘白刺灌丛地土壤颗粒组成中仍以细沙粒(0.25～0.05 mm)含量占主要成分(80%～99%),除固定沙堆土0～5 cm土壤粉沙粒含量高于堆间低地外,沙堆土不同深度粉沙粒含量(0.05～0.002 mm)均低于堆间低地;沙堆不同部位的土壤含水量有一致的变化趋势且差异不大,沙堆0～60 cm土层含水量低于堆间低地,60 cm以下的土壤含水量不仅高于0～60 cm,并且高于堆间低地。发育于草甸盐土上的堆间低地20 cm以下水分含量变化基本保持在较高的水平,发育于盐化半固定风沙土上的堆间低地水分含量在20 cm以下呈急剧降低趋势。白刺沙堆上土壤剖面土壤水分含量的这种变化和堆间低地20 cm处较高的含水层,将会为灌丛植物在年内气候干旱期的生命维持提供着重要水源保证。土壤容重白刺沙堆大于堆间低地,土壤剖面堆间低地的容重基本无变异,而沙堆上因为植物发育土壤容重有不同程度的差异。表征土壤肥力和保肥能力的阳离子代换量均是堆间低地大于沙堆上。堆间低地和沙堆上土壤全氮、有机质、电导率含量和pH值差异因白刺沙堆发育的生境不同而不同,处于半固定沙地生境的白刺沙堆并未形成灌丛的"沃岛效应",处于固定沙地生境的白刺沙堆有弱"沃岛效应"。因此,白刺沙堆地表物质的固定是该植物种生长的生境产生"沃岛效应"的前提。     

荒漠生态系统C、N、P生态化学计量研究进展

生态化学计量学是通过研究生物有机体主要元素含量及其比值的变化关系,揭示生态系统各组分间元素循环规律的一门学科,生态化学计量也是荒漠生态系统研究的重要内容。因此,综合掌握水分和养分限制环境下C、N、P生态化学计量的关系对揭示荒漠生态系统植物的限制性元素、土壤营养的供给能力、养分的有效性等都具有重要的意义。基于此,回顾和分析了国内外荒漠生态系统C、N、P生态化学计量最新研究和动态,分别从植物、凋落物、土壤、土壤微生物、土壤酶进行较为系统的评述,讨论了植物-土壤-微生物-酶四者的关系,提出了荒漠生态系统C、N、P生态化学计量的未来研究方向,期望为全面理解固沙植被的演变过程、稳定性维持机制及其科学管理提供理论指导。     

中亚热带天然常绿阔叶林下不同母质的土壤质量性状

通过对发育于江西省中亚热带典型红壤地区泥质岩和花岗岩上天然常绿阔叶林下的土壤质量性状的研究,结果表明,天然常绿阔叶林植被下表层350kg/m^2土壤的土层深厚、容重小,有机质、全N和CEC水平高,但是土壤速率养分水平低。进一步比较发现,生态系统进化到常绿阔叶林这种生态系统的顶极状态,这两种母质类型上土壤表层350kg/m^2土层的总厚度、平均容重、总有机质含量、总N量和土壤pH具有趋同性;而母质性状的差异却使该土层中凋落物层干物质量及其P、K含量、矿质土层的容重与厚度、土壤BS和速效N、P、K含量表现出极显著的差异。     

中国荒漠植物-土壤系统生态化学计量学研究进展

荒漠生态系统是中国陆地生态系统的重要组成部分,具有独特的结构和功能.生态化学计量学重点关注C、N、P元素比例及权衡关系,已成为揭示生态系统养分循环及其限制等生态过程的有力工具.植物自身体现出对养分元素的调控能力和对环境变化的响应及适应性,土壤C∶N∶P可表征土壤养分供应能力和储量变化,植物-土壤系统中N、P的养分循环关...     

亚热带地区典型林分氮保留能力的差异及δ~(15)N空间垂直分异特征

δ~(15)N空间垂直分异特征可以有效指示森林生态系统土壤氮保留能力。以中国亚热带典型林分(天然林、格氏栲人工林、杉木人工林、闽粤栲人工林、闽楠人工林)为对象,通过对比其当年生叶片、凋落物及不同深度的土壤氮稳定同位素,研究林分类型对植物、土壤氮稳定同位素的影响及森林生态系统垂直空间氮稳定同位素分异特征,并探讨了不同林分土壤氮保留能力的差异。结果表明:不同林分当年生叶片、凋落物及0~10 cm和10~20 cm土壤δ~(15)N均具有显著差异,其中杉木人工林中这些δ~(15)N值显著高于其他4种林分类型,δ~(15)N在0~40 cm土层随深度的增加而显著增加,40~100 cm各土层δ~(15)N差异均不显著。另外,不同林分叶片~(15)N富集指数(EF)存在显著差异,呈现出杉木人工林的EF值较接近于0的趋势。研究表明,与阔叶人工林相比,杉木人工林由于较高的土壤净硝化速率、硝态氮含量及叶片、凋落物、土壤δ~(15)N值和较接近于0的叶片~(15)N富集指数,其土壤氮保留能力较阔叶人工林和天然林更差。     

阿拉善荒漠典型植物功能群氮、磷化学计量特征

氮（N）、磷（P）作为荒漠生态系统重要的养分元素和限制性因子,在维持植物功能群组成及结构稳定、生态系统内养分循环中发挥着重要的作用。本研究沿水热梯度从东至西在阿拉善荒漠设置52个调查样地,通过对优势植物的调查取样,分析了荒漠植物不同功能（类）群N、P元素的生态化学计量特征,并就N、P含量及N：P值对荒漠植物的限制性作用进行了检验和讨论。结果显示：（1）所调查阿拉善荒漠区植物叶片的N、P含量分别为10.65±7.91 mg·g^-1和1.04±0.81 mg·g^-1,N：P值为11.53±5.06,叶片N含量与P含量及N：P值均显著正相关,P含量与N：P值显著负相关;通过对比分析认为该区植物同时受到N、P双重制约,且更易受N限制。（2）从植物生活型比较,认为草本植物叶片N、P含量均高于灌木植物叶片,而灌木植物叶片的N：P值大于草本植物;对光合作用途径分析发现,C₃植物叶片N含量高于C₄植物叶片,而C₄植物叶片P含量高于C₃植物叶片;从系统发育类型方面分析,认为单子叶植物叶片N含量低于双子叶植物叶片N含量,而P含量则高于双子叶植物叶片P含量。     

黄土丘陵区典型退耕恢复植被土壤生态化学计量特征

为探究不同植被土壤碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)化学计量特征及其影响因素,以黄土丘陵区油松、刺槐、沙棘和草地4种典型退耕恢复植被0～100 cm土壤为研究对象,分析不同植被土壤有机碳(SOC)、全氮(STN)、全磷(STP)含量及其化学计量特征。结果表明:(1)不同恢复植被对土壤养分含量有显著影响,刺槐的SOC、STN最高,油松的SOC、STN最低,STP表现为草地>刺槐>油松>沙棘。(2)不同恢复植被土壤养分具有“表聚性”,随土层深度增加,SOC和STN含量呈下降趋势,而STP的变异性较弱。特别是刺槐的SOC和STN在60～100 cm呈增加趋势。(3)不同恢复植被土壤SOC:STN(C:N)、SOC:STP(C:P)差异不显著(P>0.05),刺槐的土壤STN:STP(N:P)显著高于其他植被类型(P<0.05),土壤C:N、C:P、N:P均低于全球及全国平均水平,研究区有机质的分解速率较快,P的有效性高,植被生长主要受N元素限制。(4)研究区土壤C:N、C:P和N:P主要受SOC和STN影响;土壤养分与土壤含水量(SWC)和土壤容重(BD)呈负相关,与...     

围栏封育对不同类型高寒草地植物及土壤养分的影响（英文）

围栏封育是高寒草地最为常见的保育方式,不同类型草地的封育效应可能会存在差异。开展该方面的研究,可以评估围栏封育对草地恢复的效应,为藏北高原不同类型退化草地的恢复措施提供科学依据。本研究以藏北地区的高寒草甸、高寒草原和高寒荒漠3类草地为研究对象,采用单因素方差分析对生物量、叶片–土壤养分含量以及化学计量比进行差异性检验,探讨了围栏封育对这3类高寒草地植物和土壤养分的影响。结果表明,围栏封育能显著提高这3类草地群落的地上生物量,但仅提高了10–20 cm高寒荒漠的地下生物量;围栏封育显著提高了高寒荒漠优势植物叶片的养分含量和10–20 cm土壤中全氮、全钾、有机碳的含量,并显著改变了C、N、P之间的化学计量比;而在高寒草甸和高寒草原围栏封育仅仅显著增加了高寒草原中优势物种叶片的N含量,其他养分指标和化学计量比均没有表现出显著的差异。以上结果表明,从植物和土壤养分来看,围栏封育对高寒荒漠草地的保育作用最为显著。     

白刺灌丛沙堆形态与沉积特征

白刺灌丛沙堆在我国西北干旱区分布广泛,但对其的研究程度较低.选择沙漠、戈壁和荒漠草地三种生境下发育的白刺灌丛沙堆,通过典型样方(100 m×100 m)调查和采样分析,探讨了沙堆形态、沉积物特征及其控制因素.在三个样区,沙堆总底面积和总体积从小到大依次为戈壁、沙漠、荒漠草地,沙堆密度从小到大的顺序为荒漠草地、沙漠、戈壁,表明植物生长状况和沙源是控制沙堆单体规模的主要因素.沙堆形态参数之间的相关分析结果显示,在三种生境下沙堆水平尺度与高度之间存在良好的二次多项式相关,且目前的沙堆尚处在垂向增长阶段.灌丛沙堆沉积物粒度组成以细砂为主,其粘土、粉沙和粗砂含量均少于丘间地,表明灌丛沙堆沉积物属短距离风力搬运、分选产物.沙堆表层沉积物平均粒径由迎风坡脚至背风坡脚趋于变细,由沙堆顶部垂直向下至底部趋于变粗但变化不明显.     

雪岭云杉林叶片碳氮化学计量特征及其与土壤理化因子的关系

碳（C）、氮（N）对于植物生长和生理调节机能意义重大。研究雪岭云杉林叶片C、N化学计量特征随土壤理化因子的变化特征,对于认识森林生态系统的分布格局和未来变化趋势具有重要意义,为进一步探讨全球变化对植物的影响提供科学依据。以雪岭云杉林叶片为研究对象,利用统计分析探究叶片C、N化学计量的变化特征,并利用冗余分析（Redundancy analysis,RDA）技术对叶片C、N化学计量特征与土壤理化因子的关系进行研究。研究结果表明,叶片C含量的平均值为465.28 g·kg^-1,变异系数为14%;叶片N含量的平均值为6.54 g·kg^-1,变异系数为42%;土壤C/N的平均值为90.63,变异系数为82%。冗余分析的结果表明,在0~30 cm层中,叶片C、N化学计量特征主要受到土壤含水量和pH的驱动,土壤含水量与叶片C/N之间呈正相关关系,与叶片C、N含量之间呈负相关关系;pH与叶片C、N含量成正比,与C/N成反比;在30~80 cm层中,土壤含水量和土壤粘粒含量是影响叶片C、N化学计量特征的主要因素,土壤含水量和叶片C/N之间呈正比,土壤粘粒含量与C、N含量之间呈正比,与叶片C/N之间呈反比;pH、土壤C、N含量对叶片C、N化学计量特征的影响不显著。     

Changes in morphology and soil nutrient patterns of nebkhas in arid regions along a precipitation gradient

Nebkhas, discrete mounds of sand and vegetation, are a common landscape feature critical to the stability of desert ecosystems and supported by limited precipitation. Nebkha morphology and spatial pattern vary in landscapes, but it is unclear how they change along precipitation gradients in arid and semi-arid regions. In this study we determined morphology and soil nutrient patterns of nebkha from different regions of northwestern China. The objective of this study was to understand zonal differences among nebkhas and how morphological characteristics and soil nutrient patterns of nebkha change along a precipitation gradient in northwestern China. Our results shows that mean annual precipitation(MAP) had significant effects on morphological characteristics of nebkhas such as height, area, and volume which significantly decreased with an increase in MAP. MAP had significant positive effects on shrub cover and species richness of nebkha. Soil nutrients such as soil organic matter(SOM), total carbon(TC), total nitrogen(TN), and total phosphorus(TP) in the 0-10 cm layer increased with an increase of MAP, and soil nutrient content within nebkhas was higher than in inter-nebkha areas.We concluded that nebkhas are "fertile islands" with an important role in ecosystem dynamics in study regions. Further,MAP is a key factor which determined zonal differences, morphological, and soil nutrients patterns of nebkhas. However,disturbance, such as animal grazing, and planted sand-stabilizing vegetation accelerated the degeneration of nebkha landscapes. We recommend implementation of protective measures for nebkhas in arid and semi-arid areas of China.     

临泽绿洲农田土壤肥力质量时空变化特征

干旱区荒漠绿洲农田土壤肥力质量的研究是绿洲功能和生产力评价的一个重要方面。通过1982年和2008年临泽绿洲农田287个样点耕层土壤（0~20 cm）有机质、全氮、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾数据,利用地理信息系统和地统计学分析手段,研究了26 a来土壤肥力质量的变化特征。结果表明,研究区土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾的含量为13.8 g·kg-1、0.81 g·kg-1、64.4 mg·kg-1、32.3 mg·kg-1、199 mg·kg-1,较1982年分别提高了13.5%、7.8％、9.3%、225.6％和26.8％;土壤肥力指标的变异性较大,变异系数均大于25%;模糊数学综合评价方法适合研究区土壤肥力质量评价,土壤肥力质量综合值由1982年的强度空间变异发展为中等空间变异;根据全国农业地力等级划分标准,研究区土壤属于4、5、6、7级,较1982年的土壤肥力呈上升趋势。土壤肥力综合值分布图可以为该区域土壤资源的合理利用提供理论依据。     

COMPARISON OF THE ALKALI MARSH SOIL ANDAGRICULTURE SOIL ON NUTRIENT RETENTIONIN WESTERN JILIN, CHINA

An intact alkali marsh soil (MS) core and an agriculture soil (AS) core were studied by the simulated test in order to get the comparison of the nutrients retention in alkali MS and AS. The soil cores extracted from the Xiang-hai Wetland, western Jilin Province, China, were leached with solution contained carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus. Then the effluent water from the outlets of soil core with different depths was measured, including chemical oxygen demand (COD), total phosphorus (TP), phosphate (PO43-- P) and nitrogen existed as nitrate (NO3- - N), nitrite (NO2- - N) and ammonia nitrogen (NH4+- N) and the total nitrogen (TN) in the effluent water. COD and TP are decreased with the depth, the changing trends of TN, NO3- - N and NH4+ - N contents are similar to COD and TP, whereas NO2- - N in both MS and AS effluent have a little transition at 40cm depth. It is similar efficiency of MS to AS in significantly cutting down COD, TP, PO43- - P, TN, NO3- - N, NH4+ - N and NO2- - N in nutrient water. The fun     

The significance of atmospheric nutrient inputs and canopy interception of precipitation during ecosystem development in piñon–juniper woodlands of the southwestern USA

In arid ecosystems, widely spaced vegetation and prolonged dry periods may enhance canopy capture of nutrients from dry deposition. Additionally, differences in precipitation type, plant canopy architecture, and soil nutrient limitation could affect canopy exchange of atmospherically derived nutrients. We collected bulk precipitation and throughfall underneath piñon pine (Pinus edulis) and one-seed juniper (Juniperus monosperma) along a substrate age gradient to determine if canopy interception or throughfall chemistry differed among tree species, season, or substrate age. The Substrate Age Gradient of Arizona consists of four sites with substrate ages ranging from 1 ky to 3000 ky-old, which exhibit classic variations in soil nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) availability with substrate age. Greater nutrient inputs below canopies than in intercanopy areas suggest throughfall contributes to the “islands of fertility” effect. Canopy interception of precipitation did not differ between tree species, but was greater in the summer/fall than winter/spring. We found that net canopy retention of atmospherically derived N was generally greater when N availability in the soil was low, but retention also occurred when N availability was relatively high. Taken together, our results were inconclusive in determining whether the degree of soil nutrient limitation alters canopy exchange of plant growth-limiting nutrients.     

不同气候区灌丛沙堆形态及土壤养分积累特征

灌丛沙堆是干旱、半干旱区绿洲边缘常见景观类型,在绿洲风沙防护及生物多样性保护方面有重要意义.本文对中国西北干旱区不同气候区常见的柽柳(Tamarix chinensis)、泡泡刺(Nitraria sphaerocarpa)和柠条锦鸡儿(Caragana korshinskii)灌丛沙堆形态和养分积累特征进行了对比研究...     

Distribution and Characteristics of Nitraria sphaerocarpa nebkhas in a Gobi habitat outside an oasis in Hexi Corridor region, China

Nitraria sphaerocarpa Maxim., a typical desert plant which often appears in nebkha form, is widely distributed along the periphery of oasis in arid regions of Northwest China, and plays an important role in desertification control around oases. In this paper, the characteristics and distribution patterns of N. sphaerocarpa nebkhas were investigated in a Gobi environment outside an oasis. Results shows that about 200 N. sphaerocarpa nebkhas per hectare was recorded and total sand sediments was 25 m³/ha. Nebkhas vary in size, and the mean height (H) and horizontal composition (L) were 15 cm and 80 cm, respectively. There exists a significant linear relationship between H and L, suggesting that the investigated nebkhas are mostly in the growth stage. The numbers, height and sand deposit of nebkhas decreased with increasing distance away from the oasis. Grain-size analysis indicates that the mean grain size of sediments at the crests of nebkhas increased with increasing nebkha height. Organic C and total N concentrations were related to the mean grain size. It was concluded that N. sphaerocarpa shrubs are efficient horizontal sand traps for wind-driven sediments. A better understanding of the development of nebkha can provide information for the design of biological sand control measures around oases in arid regions.     

塔克拉玛干沙漠南缘3种荒漠植物光合特性的比较

在2008年6、7和8月中旬,以塔克拉玛干沙漠南缘固氮植物骆驼刺（Alhagi sparsiftia Shap．）和非固氮植物柽柳（Tamarx ramossimaLedeb．）、花花柴（Karelinia caspica Less．）为研究对象,研究了两种类型植物的净光合速率、光响应、CO：响应模型参数、叶绿素和叶氮...     

古尔班通古特沙漠典型灌木群落土壤化学计量特征及其影响因素

对古尔班通古特沙漠3种典型灌木群落77个样地的0～10 cm层土壤及环境因子进行调查取样,分析了土壤有机碳（C）、全氮（N）、全磷（P）及全钾（K）的化学计量特征及其影响因素。结果表明：土壤C、N、P、K含量均值分别为1.057、0.133、0.319、14.11 g·kg^-1,C∶N、C∶P、C∶K、N∶P、N∶K、P∶K值分别为8.124、3.486、0.099、0.434、0.013、0.034。本研究土壤C、N、P养分元素含量及其化学计量比均远低于全球及全国平均水平。C∶N和P含量具有较高的稳定性（CV=19.26%和22.46%）,而K、C∶K、N∶K和P∶K变异性较强（CV=52.17%～80.30%）。土壤化学计量特征在不同群落类型间、不同结皮类型间均有一定差异。C-N、C-K、P-K之间以及土壤养分与其化学计量比之间具有显著的非线性耦合关系,可用二次函数、幂函数或指数函数等非线性函数表征。相关性分析和CCA排序分析表明,除C∶N不受所调查环境因子影响外,土壤化学计量特征主要受经度、纬度、年降水量、生物结皮发育等级、电导率及海拔的影响。     

黄土高原小流域土壤养分的空间分布格局-Kriging插值分析

本文应用Kriging空间内插法,分析了黄土高原大南沟流域土壤有机质以及全N、全P、有效N和有效P等4种养分含量的空间分布格局。结果表明:土壤有机质呈现出坡上部低于坡下部的规律,其含量低于05%所占的面积最大,以耕地分布的区域为主,较高含量(06～08%)则分布在农果间作地和林地的区域;土壤全N的分布格局与土壤有机质具有相似性,只是坡下部的全N含量高于坡上部的趋势较为明显;土壤全P含量相差较小为138%,不同全P含量的空间分布面积基本相等;有效N和有效P并未表现出土地利用和景观位置控制的分布格局,有效P的空间分布较有效N更为复杂。     

Spatial and temporal variability of soil properties under Caragana microphylla shrubs in the northwestern Shanxi Loess Plateau, China

Shrub-induced spatial and temporal heterogeneity of soil properties is common in arid and semiarid ecosystems, and it facilitates the development of plant species diversity. We selected 5-, 10-, 20-, 30-, and 40-year-old Caragana microphylla shrubs in the Shanxi Loess Plateau to evaluate the spatial and temporal heterogeneity of soil properties under and outside the shrub canopy. In addition, the presence of adventitious plant species was investigated to assess the development of herbaceous species diversity. Soil samples were collected from two depths (0-5 cm and 5-10 cm). The establishment and development of shrubs promoted temporal variation, improved soil texture, enhanced soil organic matter (SOM), total nitrogen (TN), and cation exchange capacity (CEC), and decreased pH, bulk density (BD), and soil water content (SWC). The results further confirmed that SOM, TN, and CEC were significantly higher at the center than at the outside of the shrub canopies (P < 0.05) and were higher at the 0-5 cm depth than at the 5-10 cm depth. Moreover, the differences in SOM, TN, and CEC from the center to the outside of shrub canopies were greater under 30- and 40-year-old shrubs than under 10- and 5-year-old shrubs. Furthermore, the spatiotemporal heterogeneity of the soil properties facilitated the development of herbaceous species diversity.