新疆伊犁河流域湿地保护与管理

伊犁河流域是新疆境内独特的湿岛,是我国17个优先保护的生物多样性关键地区之一。由于水土资源的大规模开发、工业化和城镇化进程的加速,伊犁河流域湿地受到了严重破坏。分析了伊犁湿地保护面临的主要问题,提出了伊犁河湿地资源保护、开发和合理利用的可持续发展对策。     

甘南草地类型的生态经济价值与功能及其分类经营

根据山区景观所具有的3层次功能和指标体系选取的原则,从美学、社会、生态3个方面,初步构建了4个层次的评价指标体系。在此基础上建立综合评判模型,应用于北京市怀柔区9个乡镇,得到如下结果:景观功能评价综合指数处在"较好"标准的有宝山镇和怀北镇;在"一般"标准的有喇叭沟门乡、雁栖镇、九渡河镇、长哨营乡;处在"较差"标准的有渤海镇、玻璃庙镇、汤河口镇。评价结果基本与实际相符,说明建立的评价指标体系与模型是可行的。     

伊犁河流域林业生态建设基地淡灰钙土土壤特征研究

在伊犁河流域林业生态建设基地,随机挖土壤剖面11个,依照土壤发生层分层取样,同时观察其颜色、结构、干湿度、松紧度、孔隙大小及植物根系的分布等生态特征,以此来鉴别土壤质地、土壤发育状况,并测定土壤中的盐分和养分。分0~10 cm、10~20 cm、20~30 cm、30~40 cm共4层取样,测定土壤容重,并分别在灌水前及灌水后不同日期测定了土壤含水量。实验结果表明:在伊犁河流域林业生态建设基地淡灰钙土土壤剖面发育微弱;含盐量低;有机质含量平均只有0.80%,全N、全P含量较少,全K含量较高,速效N、速效P含量较低,速效K含量较高;0~10 cm和10~20 cm的土壤容重分别为1.35~1.62 g/cm3和1.36~1.50 g/cm3之间。灌水后土壤含水量普遍都有所提高,其中0~10 cm土层土壤含水量比灌水前增加了59.31%,10~20 cm、20~30cm和30~40 cm土层的土壤含水量分别比灌水前增加了37.74%、27.29%和6.36%。     

基于SSM的伊犁河流域主导产业选择定量化研究

在梳理了传统主导产业选择基准理论与偏离-份额分析法基本原理的基础上,选取伊犁河流域1997年和2006年两个时间点的30个工业部门为分析对象,以国家范围内的30个工业部门的情况为参照,对研究区30个工业部门进行了份额偏离分量、结构偏离分量和竞争力偏离分量的综合比较分析.结果表明,农副食品加工业、纺织业以及电力、热力的生产和供应业3个产业部门最有可能成为主导产业;同时,也说明研究方法具有基本客观性、有效性和较强的操作性.     

新疆伊犁河流域气候变化(英文)

In this paper, the monthly precipitation and temperature data collected at 7 stations in the Ili River Basin from 1961 to 2007 were analyzed by means of simple regression analysis, running mean, db6 wavelet function and Mann-Kendall test. This study revealed the characteristics of climate change and abrupt change points of precipitation and temperature during different time scales in the Ili River Basin within the past 50 years. The results showed that the precipitation increased from the mid-1980s until 2000 and has continued to increase at a smaller magnitude since 2000. Over the studied period, the precipitation increased significantly during the summer and winter months. The temperature increased greatly in the late 1980s, and has continued to show an increasing trend from the year 2000 to present. The temperature increases were most significant during the summer, autumn and winter months. In terms of different geographies, the temperature increase was significant during the winter in the plains and hilly regions; the increase was also significant during autumn in the intermontane basins. The climate change trends in the Ili River Basin were consistent with the changing trends of the North Atlantic Oscillation and the plateau monsoon.     

策勒河流域荒漠类型特征研究

策勒河流域荒漠类型多样,在干旱区具有典型代表性。基于Landsat5的TM遥感影像数据、数字高程模型（DEM）数据,利用GIS技术,结合野外调查、样品采集及实验室粒度、有机质、盐分分析,对策勒河流域荒漠类型分类,并编制荒漠类型分布图。据地貌类型、物质组成、植被盖度等指标将流域内荒漠分为2个一级类,7个二级类,14个三级类,建立策勒河流域荒漠类型分类系统。流域荒漠自下游向上游具有依次是沙漠、砾漠、岩漠、土漠和寒漠空间分布的规律;荒漠总面积2 416.76 km²,占流域总面积的70.45%,砾漠占荒漠总面积的45.52%,为最大一类,泥漠所占比重最小。可为流域环境保护、荒漠化防治提供依据,为其他干旱区荒漠类型研究提供参考。     

和田河流域天然柽柳灌木林生态价值评估

以分布于和田河流域的天然柽柳灌木林地为研究对象,使用影子工程法、机会成本法等方法,评价了其生态系统服务价值。结果表明:在和田河流域,面积为2.23 万 hm²的天然柽柳灌木林生态系统服务价值在2 970.58~2 974.62 亿元·a^-1之间,平均值为2 972.60 亿元·a^-1。     

伊犁河流域水汽含量时空变化及其和降水量的关系

利用1976-2006年伊宁探空站的实测资料计算了逐月水汽含量,结合地面水汽压建立适合于伊犁河流域的W-e模型,结合DEM重建了1961-2009年伊犁河流域的月均水汽含量,利用EOF和交叉谱方法分析水汽含量和降水量的时空分布特征,并分析夏季干湿年、典型强降水过程中水汽输送特征。结果表明：大气水汽含量在空间分布上表现为西部多于东部、平原多于山地、迎风坡大于背风坡,下游平原及上游河谷地带是高值区,水汽含量在13～15 mm,这与地形和绿洲城镇的分布有关;在850 hPa至700 hPa的高度上存在一个最大水汽含量带,对应海拔约2 000 m。水汽含量年代际变化呈上升趋势,夏季增加明显（0.48 mm/10a）。降水量和水汽含量标准化场EOF分解表明两者的时空分布极为相似,存在气候振动的一致性和河谷南北相反的分布型式。雨季水汽含量源地以热带海洋为主,同时也受北冰洋为源地的西北向水汽输送的影响。     

文都河流域地貌类型与农业开发

论述河北文都河流域地貌类型特征，提出各种地貌单元的农业综合开发方向。     

文都河流域地貌类型与农业开发

论述河北文都河流域地貌类型特征，提出各种地貌单元的农业综合开发方向。     

Variation and abrupt change of climate in Ili River Basin, Xinjiang

In this paper, the monthly precipitation and temperature data collected at 7 stations in the Ili River Basin from 1961 to 2007 were analyzed by means of simple regression analysis, running mean, db6 wavelet function and Mann-Kendall test. This study revealed the characteristics of climate change and abrupt change points of precipitation and temperature during different time scales in the Ili River Basin within the past 50 years. The results showed that the precipitation increased from the mid-1980s until 2000 and has continued to increase at a smaller magnitude since 2000. Over the studied period, the precipitation increased significantly during the summer and winter months. The temperature increased greatly in the late 1980s, and has continued to show an increasing trend from the year 2000 to present. The temperature increases were most significant during the summer, autumn and winter months. In terms of different geographies, the temperature increase was significant during the winter in the plains and hilly regions; the increase was also significant during autumn in the intermontane basins. The climate change trends in the Ili River Basin were consistent with the changing trends of the North Atlantic Oscillation and the plateau monsoon.     

新疆伊犁河谷新垦区生态需水对土地利用变化的响应

利用新疆伊犁河谷新垦区1985年、2000年和2008年3期土地利用数据,分析了1985-2008年间土地利用变化情况,并利用土地利用类型生态面积及生态用水定额资料,剖析了新垦区24 a来生态需水对土地利用变化的响应。研究结果表明:①24 a间,伊犁河谷新垦区土地利用发生了明显的变化,在耕地扩张的同时,维持生态稳定的草地急剧减少,表征生态退化的盐碱地和沙地呈快速增加趋势;②研究时期内,新垦区生态需水量增加了2.811亿m3,各地类对其影响程度存在差异,其中旱地、水田和水域对其影响最为显著。③新垦区农业开发程度较高,耕地已经成为主要土地利用类型,其生态需水量一直占据首位,致使人工生态需水量远高于天然生态需水量。     

伊犁河谷不同植被带下土壤有机碳分布

结合2008年和2009年野外实地调查与室内分析的资料,运用方差分析等方法对伊犁河谷高山草甸、草甸草原、典型草原、荒漠草原、温性针叶林等9种不同植被条件下的土壤有机碳含量分布及其储量进行了分析估算.研究结果表明:伊犁河谷土壤有机碳含量因植被类型变化而不同.在0～50 cm土层范围,高山草甸、草甸草原土壤有机碳含量较高,其次是温性针叶林和典型草原,含量最低的是隐域植被和荒漠植被土壤.除隐域植被外,各植被类型下土壤有机碳含最基本呈随着土层深度增加而降低的,变化趋势.有机碳密度同样是高山草甸、草甸草原和温性针叶林土壤有机碳密度较高且比较相近,荒漠植被下土壤有机碳密度最低.伊犁河谷草地表层土壤有机碳含量高、密度大,因此应重视对伊犁河谷草地的保护,尤其要保护草地表层土壤以降低浅层土壤有机碳发生变化的可能性,维护土壤碳库的稳定性.     

基于GIS的伊犁河流域生态环境质量评价与动态分析

生态环境质量评价是一项综合性、系统性研究工作,是合理开发利用资源、制定经济社会可持续发展规划和生态环境建设与保护对策的前提和基础。借助GIS技术,以县级行政区划为单元,利用2002和2004年遥感监测数据,运用综合指数评价法,从生物丰度、植被盖度、水网密度、土地退化和污染负荷5个方面,对伊犁河流域8县1市的环境质量现状进行了评价,结果表明:各县级行政区生态环境质量总体较为均衡,均处于一般等级水平,其中流域上游的新源县、巩留县和特克斯县相对较好。在此基础上探讨了生态环境质量综合评价指标体系在干旱区的适用性,比较分析2年期间不同生态环境质量等级的土地覆盖变化,数据表明伊犁河流域生态环境质量呈现"局部有所改善、总体缓慢退化"的趋势,并分析了研究区生态环境质量变化的内在原因。     

流域开发与土地管理模式——兼谈伊犁河流域土地开发与产业定位

通过对美国西部市场经济条件下的土地开发过程、前苏联计划经济条件下的土地开发模式、新中国成立初期计划经济体制下新疆生产建设兵团规模化的土地垦荒以及"十五"期间市场经济体制下的克拉玛依现代化综合农业开发模式的对比和利弊分析,总结了在过去一个世纪人类规模化土地开发的成功经验与教训,并结合对伊犁河流域资源环境特点的分析,就伊犁河流域水土资源开发相关的政策导向、管理体制、产业定位和发展方向等问题提出了见解。     

关于建立长江流域生态安全体系的初步探讨

阐述了生态安全与生态安全体系的基本概念，提出了生态安全体系由生态安全组织管理系统，规划、决策与建设管理系统，政策与法律配套系统，信息管理系统，监测、预警、监督与评估系统和资金保证系统等组成；最后分析了长江流域生态环境问题现状，认为建立长江流域生态安体系非常紧迫，并勾画了这一体系的基本框架。     

Distribution of soil organic carbon under different vegetation zones in the Ili River Valley,Xinjiang

We analyzed and estimated the distribution and reserves of soil organic carbon under nine different vegetation conditions including alpine meadow, meadow steppe, typical steppe, desert steppe, and temperate coniferous forest and so on, in the Ili River valley, Xinjiang according to data from field investigations and laboratory analyses in 2008 and 2009. The study results show that the soil organic carbon content in the Ili River valley varies with the type of vegetation. In the 0–50 cm soil horizon, the soil organic carbon content is the highest under the vegetation types of alpine meadow and meadow steppe, slightly lower under temperate coniferous forest and typical steppe, and the lowest under the intrazonal vegetation and desert vegetation types. The soil organic carbon content shows basically a tendency to decrease as soil depth increases under various vegetation types except in the case of the intrazonal vegetation. Similarly, the soil organic carbon density is the highest and varies little under the vegetation types of alpine meadow, meadow steppe and temperate coniferous forest, and is the lowest under the desert vegetation type. Both the soil organic carbon content and density in the topsoil of meadows in the Ili River valley are high, so protecting meadows in the Ili River valley, and especially their topsoil, should be a priority so that the potential of change in soil organic carbon in the shallow soil horizon is reduced, and this means maintenance of the stability of the soil carbon pool.