东方百合鳞片生小鳞茎生长过程中的激素变化

应用高效液相色谱仪测定东方百合“索蚌”鳞片繁殖小鳞茎过程中, 母鳞片、小鳞茎和新生根中4种内源激素赤霉素（GA3）、生长素（IAA）、脱落酸（ABA）和玉米素（ZT）的变化。结果发现,小鳞茎形成过程中,4种内源激素中ZT和GA3在母鳞片中含量最高,IAA在新生根中含量最高,ABA在小鳞茎中含量最高。同时,母鳞片和小鳞茎中ZT、GA3、ABA和IAA都呈现不同幅度的上升趋势。小鳞茎形成过程中,母鳞片中的4种激素中的ZT的净增长率最高为109%;小鳞茎的4种激素中IAA的净增长率最高,为102%;在新生根中,除了ABA其他3种激素都呈现上升趋势,其中ZT的净增长率最高,为493%。     

低温和赤霉素对百合鳞茎休眠解除的影响

以百合品种“西伯利亚”为材料,研究了低温和赤霉素（GA₃）处理对百合鳞茎休眠解除过程中形态和碳水化合物含量的影响,以及不同温度条件下鳞茎不同部位内源GA₃含量的变化。结果表明：低温（5℃）和0.15 g·L^-1 GA₃处理35 d时芽长与鳞茎高比值为67.954%,芽生长点位于鳞茎直立高度约2/3处,解除休眠所需天数最少;鳞茎在0~14 d时淀粉降解最快,第35天时可溶性总糖和还原糖含量最高。低温处理的内层鳞片和芽内源GA₃含量变化显著,且温度越低,变化越明显。低温条件下内层鳞片和芽的内源GA₃含量较高,上升趋势最为明显;而外层鳞片和根的GA₃含量水平较低,变化趋势较小。可见,顶芽和内层鳞片可能为整个鳞茎休眠解除活动的中心。     

甘肃几种早熟禾内源激素水平及干旱适应性

以甘肃陇西、清水、秦州野生草地早熟禾为试验材料,商用品种午夜2号为对照,采用优化的HPLC法测定了干旱胁迫下草地早熟禾叶片中玉米素(ZT)、脱落酸(ABA)和吲哆乙酸(IAA)含量的变化.结果表明:干旱胁迫后,清水和秦州野生草地早熟禾植株萎蔫死亡,相比较之下陇西野生草地早熟禾和午夜2号却能够较好地适应干旱逆境.与此同时,供试材料的ZT含量均下降,下降幅度59.25%～66.02%;ABA和IAA含量均先上升后下降,但与对照相比ABA含量显著上升,上升幅度为23.63%～59.55%;IAA含量显著下降, 下降幅度为48.34%～53.35%;此外,供试材料的ZT/IAA、ZT/ABA和(ZT+IAA)/ABA均下降,以减少生长量来主动适应干旱胁迫.在激素水平上评价材料的抗旱性大小为陇西野生草地早熟禾>午夜2号>秦州野生草地早熟禾>清水野生草地早熟禾.     

东方百合低温打破休眠期间碳水化合物及呼吸代谢变化

以东方百合“西伯利亚”为试材,对不同温度（25 ℃和4 ℃）处理下百合外部及内部鳞片的碳水化合物含量和呼吸代谢途径的关键酶进行了测定。结果表明,随着储藏时间的延长,百合淀粉含量不断下降,可溶性糖含量在低温处理中期较高,且外部鳞片变化较内部鳞片变化剧烈,4 ℃低温处理糖化比25 ℃明显;在百合休眠期间,3条主要呼吸代谢途径的关键酶--糖酵解（EMP）途径的丙酮酸激酶（ATP）、三羧酸循环途径（TCA）的琥珀酸脱氢酶（SDH）和磷酸戊糖途径（PPP）的葡萄糖六磷酸脱氢酶（G6PDH）呈现不同的变化趋势。根据不同途径关键酶的变化趋势判断,处理前30 d,3条主要呼吸途径变化较剧烈,EMP占绝对优势且不断升高,TCA和PPP呈不断下降过程,且内部鳞片变化比外部鳞片明显;其后随着休眠处理时间的延长,EMP不断下降,而TCA和PPP不断得到活化;呼吸强度变化趋势与碳水化合物自然休眠解除的进程基本一致。     

温室辣椒果实生长及内源激素含量对外施α-萘乙酸钠的响应

为明确α-萘乙酸钠（α-NaNAA）对辣椒果实生长的调控作用,以陇椒2号为试验材料,研究了荒漠区日光温室辣椒果实生长及内源激素含量对α-NaNAA的响应。结果表明:喷施不同浓度的α-NaNAA能显著增加辣椒果实长度、果实直径、果皮厚度、单果重和干物质积累速率。与对照相比,喷施α-NaNAA加快了果实前期的生长速率,缩短了果实的生长期,处理后20～30 d是辣椒果实迅速增大的时段;提前了果实干重快速增大的开始时间,延缓了结束时间,使果实干重显著增大,而且以35 mg·L-1浓度效果更显著;在辣椒果实的单果重相同时,使果实的成熟期提前10 d左右。喷施α-NaNAA显著增加了辣椒果实的脱落酸（ABA）、赤霉素（GA）和玉米素（ZR）含量,而对吲哚乙酸（IAA）平均含量没有显著影响。分析表明,辣椒果实的单果重与果实生长期中ABA、GA、IAA和ZR的平均含量水平呈显著正相关。     

α-萘乙酸钠对温室辣椒产量和内源激素水平的影响

以陇椒2号为试验材料,研究了α-萘乙酸钠对荒漠区日光温室辣椒产量和内源激素水平的影响。结果表明:叶面喷施35 mg·L-1的α-萘乙酸钠显著提高了辣椒生育后期的单果重,降低了辣椒不同生育阶段的落花落果率,改善了辣椒植株的营养条件,加速了辣椒根系和地上部分中后期的生长速率和干物质积累量,提高了辣椒不同生育阶段单株的产量。单果重和单株平均产量较对照分别提高15.76%和43.18%,落花落果率较对照降低19.77%。叶面喷施30～35 mg·L-1的α-萘乙酸钠显著降低了辣椒植株生长过程中叶片内源激素脱落酸（ABA）和吲哚乙酸（IAA）的含量,而且浓度越高,效果越明显;改变了辣椒叶片内源激素赤霉素（GA）和玉米素（ZR）的浓度和分布。辣椒植株的单株产量与叶片内源激素ZR含量正相关,与IAA和ABA的含量负相关,与GA相关性不显著。     

连作栽培对兰州百合(Lilium davidii var.unicolor)叶片PSⅡ光化学效率和抗氧化作用的影响

为探究连作栽培对兰州百合(Lilium davidii var.unicolor)生长发育、光合作用和抗氧化生理生态的影响,测定分析了连作0、3、6、9年的共20个样地的兰州百合苗期、盛花期、蒴果成熟期、采收期的12个生长指标和18个叶片光合和抗氧化生理指标的变化。随连作年限的增加,株高、茎粗、叶面积\,生长量显著降低(P0.05)。鳞茎单重与根冠比、茎粗/株高比、壮苗指数正相关。随连作年限的增加,叶片光合色素含量显著下降,光合荧光参数劣化,叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性下降,渗透调节物质丙二醛(MDA)、脯氨酸(Pro)含量增加,可溶性蛋白含量降低。长期连作造成了逆境生境,引起植株活性氧代谢失调\,PSⅡ光化学效率和光合能力下降植株生长受阻。茎粗/株高比可以作为简便实用的百合植株大田生长状况评价指标。在传统栽培模式下,连续种植2茬以上生产田不宜持续种植百合。     

施加外源3-吲哚乙酸和硝酸铜胁迫下凤眼蓝和菹草生长生理指标和酶活性

选择菹草(Potamogeton crispus)和凤眼蓝(Eichhornia crassipes),分别设置不同浓度(10μmol/L、20μmol/L、50μmol/L和100μmol/L、150μmol/L、200μmol/L)的外源3-吲哚乙酸(Indole-3-acetic acid,IAA),于2018年1月26日～2月3日,进行室内水培实验,研究其对Cu(NO_3)_2胁迫下菹草和凤眼蓝抗氧化酶活性和Cu~(2+)含量的影响,分析了IAA产生作用的机理。研究结果表明,在Cu(NO_3)_2胁迫下,施加外源IAA能显著提高菹草和凤眼蓝的根长和叶绿素含量,菹草的根长和叶绿素含量最高分别为10.24 cm和8.96 mg/L,凤眼蓝的分别为7.65 cm和12.27 mg/L,但是降低了其丙二醛含量(n=6,p0.05)。在Cu(NO_3)_2胁迫下,添加IAA使凤眼蓝和菹草的超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化物酶活性显著增强(n=6,p0.05),在施加高浓度IAA条件下,菹草的过氧化氢酶活性却受到抑制,为14.45 U/mg。施加IAA后,凤眼蓝各部位和菹草根中的Cu~(2+)含量显著增加(n=4,p0.05),但是菹草茎叶中的Cu~(2+)含量显著减少(n=4,p0.05),且其在Cu(NO_3)_2胁迫+施加高浓度IAA条件下最低。在Cu(NO_3)_2胁迫+IAA条件下,施加中浓度IAA,使凤眼蓝和菹草的转运系数最小,分别为0.30和1.21。外源IAA通过提高两种植物的抗氧化酶活性和降低膜脂过氧化物含量,缓解了Cu(NO_3)_2胁迫对两种植物的毒害,增强了植物对Cu(NO_3)_2的耐受能力,凤眼蓝比菹草具有更强的抗氧化能力。     

几种荒漠植物干旱休眠机理的初步研究

研究了阿拉善荒漠区天然生长的荒漠植物梭梭(Haloxylon ammodendron)、骆驼蓬(Peganum harmala)、白刺(Nitraria tangutorum)、霸王(Zygophyllum xanthoxylon)、红砂(Reaumuria soongorica)、珍珠(Salsolapasserina )、油蒿(Artemisia ordosica)叶片的相对含水量、脯氨酸、甜菜碱、海藻糖以及脱落酸(Abscisic Acid,ABA)含量在不同生长季节的变化特征。结果表明,ABA可促进脯氨酸、甜菜碱的积累;脯氨酸在9月累积较多,甜菜碱在7月大量累积,海藻糖在5月和9月积累较多,脱落酸在9月累积较多。脱落酸和脯氨酸对植物休眠可能存在着促进作用。     

模糊隶属法在塔里木河荒漠植物抗旱性评价中的应用

以塔里木河荒漠河岸乔木、灌木、草本植被的代表植物胡杨(Populus euphratica)、柽柳(Tamarix ramosissima)和罗布麻(Apocynum venetumas)为研究对象,对塔里木河下游不同区段、不同地下水位状况下胡杨、柽柳和罗布麻体内叶绿素、可溶性糖、脯氨酸(Pro)、丙二醛(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、生长素(IAA)、赤霉素(GA3)和脱落酸(ABA)等主要生理指标和地下水位进行了测定。运用国际通用软件SAS6.12对这十项生理指标和地下水位之间的关系进行了相关性分析,结果表明:亚哈甫马汗断面的柽柳对地下水位的生理响应最为敏感。其次是胡杨和罗布麻;阿拉干断面的差异不大;在所测的十项生理指标中,丙二醛(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、脱落酸(ABA)对地下水位变化的敏感度最高,其次为过氧化物酶(POD)、生长素(IAA)和分裂素(CK);地下水位是影响塔里木河流域植被生理特性的主要环境因子。在相关分析的基础上运用平均隶属函数法对这三种植物进行抗旱性排序,结果表明:在干旱胁迫下,植物各种生理代谢过程协同作用,共同抵御干旱胁迫,以减少其受伤害程度;就抗旱能力而言,胡杨>柽柳>罗布麻。     

Physiological and growth responses of Populus davidiana ecotypes to different soil water contents

Changes in dry matter accumulation and allocation, gas exchange, abscisic acid content (ABA) and water use efficiency (WUE) of three contrasting Populus davidiana ecotypes were recorded after exposure to five different soil water contents. The ecotypes used were from dry, middle and wet climate regions, respectively. In the controlled environment study, five different soil water contents which were watered to 100%, 80%, 60%, 40% and 20% field capacity were used, respectively. Significant differences in height growth (HT), total biomass (TB), total leaf area (LA), total leaf number (TLN), specific leaf area (SLA), root/shoot ratio (RS), net photosynthesis (A), transpiration (E), stomatal conductance (C), transpiration efficiency (WUE_T) and instantaneous water use efficiency (WUE_i) between the ecotypes were detected under all soil water contents. Ecotypic differences in ABA and carbon isotope composition (δ¹³C) were also detected under low soil water contents, but these differences were not significant under high soil water content. Compared with the wet climate ecotype, the dry climate ecotype had lower HT, TB, LA, TLN, SLA, A, E and C, and higher RS, WUE_T and WUE_i under all soil water contents. On the other hand, the dry climate ecotype also exhibited higher ABA and δ¹³C as affected by low soil water contents than the wet climate ecotype. These morphological and physiological responses to water availability showed that the different ecotypes may employ different survival strategies under drought at the initial phase of seedling growth and establishment. The wet climate ecotype possesses a prodigal water use strategy and quick growth, while the dry climate ecotype exhibits a conservative water use strategies and slow growth.     

Recent temperature and precipitation increases in West Siberia and their association with the Arctic Oscillation

Surface air temperature and precipitation records for the years 1958-1999 from ten meteorological stations located throughout West Siberia are used to identify climatic trends and determine to what extent these trends are potentially attributable to the Arctic Oscillation (AO). Although recent changes in atmospheric variability are associated with broad Arctic climate change, West Siberia appears particularly susceptible to warming. Furthermore, unlike most of the Arctic, moisture transport in the region is highly variable. The records show that West Siberia is experiencing significant warming and notable increases in precipitation, likely driven, in part, by large-scale Arctic atmospheric variability. Because this region contains a large percentage of the world's peatlands and contributes a significant portion of the total terrestrial freshwater flux to the Arctic Ocean, these recent climatic trends may have globally significant repercussions. The most robust patterns found are strong and prevalent springtime warming, winter precipitation increases, and strong association of non-summer air temperatures with the AO. Warming rates for both spring (0.5-0.8 °C/decade) and annual (0.3-0.5°C/decade) records are statistically significant for nine often stations. On average, the AO is linearly congruent with 96% (winter), 19% (spring), 0% (summer), 67% (autumn) and 53% (annual) of the warming found in this study. Significant trends in precipitation occur most commonly during winter, when four of ten stations exhibit significant increases (4-13 %/decade). The AO may play a lesser role in precipitation variability and is linearly congruent with only 17% (winter), 13% (spring), 12% (summer), 1% (autumn) and 26% (annual) of precipitation trends.     

Climatic conditionality of radial increment of conifers and hardwoods in the middle taiga subzone of Central Siberia

Presented are the dendroclimatic research results on annual growth rings of spruce, fir, pine, birch and aspen growing in the middle taiga subzone of Central Siberia. The study established the general annual growth ring variability patterns for the conifers (spruce and fir) as well as for the hardwoods (birch and aspen), with the correlation coefficients between their chronologies estimated at 0.38 and 0.46 (p < 0.001), respectively. It is shown that under the given conditions the influence of the climatic factors accounts not more than for 53.5% of the variability in radial increment. For pine this influence is less clearly pronounced because of the content of the more mixed (compared with the other species of this territory) climatic signal. It is found that the temperature conditions of June are of first importance for all species under investigation. For birch and aspen the dependence of radial increment on the amount of precipitation in June is explained by moisture depletion at the period of the most active growth.     

北半球春季植被NDVI对温度变化响应的区域差异

利用1982年到2000年的探路者NDVI资料，采用奇异值分解分析方法，研究北半球春季NDVI对温度变化响应的空间差异，前7对模态对总的协方差平方的解释率高达91％以上，反映出NDVI和气温的相关性非常高，第一对模态解释率达42．6％，显示北半球最显著的NDVI响应中心在西西伯利亚，其次是北美大陆，中心在其中东部，第三对及以后的模态反映的是次一次的空间特征，分析表明这些NDVI一温度的耦合模态受大尺度的大气环流系统的显著影响，9个重要的大气环流指标能解释整个北半球NDVI方差的55．6％，其中对欧洲、北美东南部，北美西北部，亚洲高纬以及东亚地区的影响最突出，因此，研究未来植被生态系统对全球变化响应的区域特征时，必须要考虑到这些环流系统的可能变化及其影响。     

New palaeomagnetic result from Vendian red sediments in Cisbaikalia and the problem of the relationship of Siberia and Laurentia in the Vendian

A palaeomagnetic study of Vendian red sediments from the Lena River section on the western margin of Lake Baikal in the region of Cisbaikalia (54°N, 108°E) has isolated a stable remanence with direction D = 296.3°, I = −27.7° (high-temperature component) and a corresponding pole of 2.7°S, 168.2°E. The primary nature of this remanence is confirmed from a positive fold test, dual polarities and the presence of detrital haematite. This result, together with all late Precambrian–Early Cambrian palaeomagnetic data from Siberia, indicates that Siberia occupied low latitudes during that time. It has been proposed on the basis of palaeomagnetic data that Laurentia occupied high latitudes during the Vendian, so it would appear that there cannot have been any Laurentia–Siberia connection at that time. A review of Vendian to Cambrian Laurentian palaeomagnetic data shows that such an interpretation is ambiguous. An alternative interpretation places Laurentia in low latitudes and confirms the Laurentia–Siberia fit of Hoffman (1991 ) and Pelechaty (1996 ). However, the lack of Late Vendian palaeomagnetic data for Siberia still allows the possibility that it could have occupied high latitudes during that time.     

温度和光照对3种雀麦属(Bromus)植物种子萌发的影响

旱雀麦(Bromus tectorum)原产于欧亚大陆,18世纪传入北美,并成为该地区的入侵植物。然而,同为雀麦属的扁穗雀麦(Bromus catharticus)和无芒雀麦(Bromus inermis)并不具有旱雀麦的入侵性。本研究设置高温、低温和黑暗等处理,探讨温度和光照对3种植物种子萌发的影响,旨在从种子萌发的角度揭示旱雀麦的入侵性。结果表明：温度和光照对旱雀麦和扁穗雀麦种子的发芽率均无明显影响(p>0.05);高温和黑暗处理显著提高了无芒雀麦种子的发芽率(p<0.05),对旱雀麦、扁穗雀麦和无芒雀麦种子的发芽势、发芽指数、日均发芽率、发芽系数、发芽峰值和发芽值有一定的促进作用,而低温处理则表现出相反的效应;高温和黑暗处理对3种植物种子的平均发芽天数和萌发持续时间有一定降低的作用,而低温处理则表现出相反的效应。同一处理下旱雀麦种子萌发各项指标均优于另两种植物,这可能是旱雀麦具有较强入侵性的重要原因。     

欧亚大气环流对中国北方春季沙尘天气的影响

根据1960-2010年全国701个地面站沙尘观测资料分析了中国春季沙尘天气的空间分布和年际变化,发现南疆和内蒙古两个沙尘源区的沙尘指数51年来都呈现出减小的趋势,其中内蒙古沙尘指数总体较小、年际变化较大,而南疆沙尘指数的波动较小。通过分析南疆和内蒙古沙尘指数典型高、低值年春季环流场发现,控制两个沙尘源区的环流场存在明显差异:南疆沙尘指数低值年时,西路入侵的冷空气减少,受此影响蒙古气旋和南疆热低压减弱,导致南疆地区近地面西风减弱,最终导致南疆沙尘天气减少;内蒙古沙尘指数低值年时,西北路和北路冷空气入侵次数减少,地面场上西伯利亚冷高压和蒙古高压减弱,并且蒙古气旋的发生发展受到限制,导致内蒙古西部近地面西北风和偏西风减小,最终导致内蒙古地区沙尘天气减少。