肯基亚克油田石炭纪孤立碳酸盐台地边缘的储层特征及分类评价

碳酸盐岩台地是海相碳酸盐岩储层发育的主要环境之一.通过对滨里海盆地东缘肯基亚克油田石炭纪孤立碳酸盐台地储层的沉积和成岩特征分析以及储层预测研究,指出孤立碳酸盐岩台地边缘相带窄,相变快,储层质量明显受沉积和成岩作用共同控制;其中台地边缘礁滩相属浅水高能沉积,成岩作用过程中又经历了较强烈的白云岩化、溶蚀等有利成岩作用的改造...     

巴西桑托斯盆地盐下湖相碳酸盐岩储层特征

巴西盐下湖相碳酸盐岩是现今海外油气勘探的热点领域,但中国关于该类储层特征的研究相对薄弱。通过综合应用岩心、薄片、物性测试等资料,系统研究了储层岩石类型、储集空间类型、储层物性特征、成岩作用类型及其对物性的影响情况。研究表明微生物灰岩和生物碎屑灰岩是盆地的主要储层类型,其中微生物灰岩由叠层石和鲕粒灰岩互层组成,生物碎屑灰岩由贝壳灰岩组成。盐下微生物灰岩储层的孔隙类型以溶孔、晶间孔、粒间孔等次生孔隙和受过改造的原生孔隙为主;生物碎屑灰岩储层的孔隙类型以铸模孔、溶孔、溶洞及晶间孔为主。盐下湖相碳酸盐岩储层整体物性较好,具有中-高孔渗特征;白云岩化和溶蚀作用是改善盐下湖相碳酸盐岩储层的主要成岩作用类型,储层主要处于中成岩阶段,少量处于早成岩阶段。     

南盘江坳陷晚古生代碳酸盐岩储层特征及评价

南盘江坳陷的海相油气勘探潜力巨大,至今未取得实质性的突破的重要原因之一就是储集岩特征的认识不清。在储层沉积学各种研究的基础上,利用大量地面和井下资料,论述了南盘江地区海相碳酸盐岩储集岩特征及储集空间类型,探讨了本区储层发育的主要控制因素,如沉积相带及成岩作用等,研究区储集岩类型以礁滩灰岩和白云岩较好,有利储层发育的层位主要集中于中泥盆统、中上石炭统和二叠系,总体储集性能评价为Ⅱ—Ⅲ类储层,有利储层分布区主要位于研究区西北部的碳酸盐台地边缘一线,以及孤立台地周缘的礁滩环境。     

礁坪沉积的比较岩石学——论碳酸盐成岩作用中的几个问题

本文从现代生物礁礁坪相沉积经过早期成岩作用已形成中厚层状水平产出的、多孔砾屑灰岩出发,提出这些大孔洞被进一步充填的成岩环境、成岩阶段和成岩方式等问题.运用比较岩石学方法,论证了贵州中三叠统垄头组韵律层灰岩的沉积环境和相、成岩环境和成岩过程等.并提出碳酸盐成岩过程中钙和镁的来源问题:早期成岩阶段海水中的钙和镁是主要来源之一.     

碳酸盐岩储层的主要影响因素

我国的碳酸盐岩形成时间早,埋藏深,沉积环境多样,经历构造演化期次多,成岩演化复杂,非均质性强,而影响碳酸盐岩储层的因素各有不同。结合前人研究成果,我们认为影响碳酸盐岩储层的主要因素有4个:岩性、沉积环境、成岩作用和构造作用,其中成岩作用又分为建设性成岩作用、破坏性成岩作用和复合性成岩作用。建设性成岩作用主要指白云岩化、古岩溶、溶蚀、破裂;破坏性成岩作用主要指胶结、充填、压实(溶)、去白云化;复合性成岩作用主要指重结晶、交代、泥晶化等。碳酸盐岩储层是岩性、沉积环境、成岩作用和构造作用相互叠加的产物。     

北黄海浅表层沉积物微量元素的分布及其早期成岩作用探讨

探讨北黄海早期成岩过程中微量元素的分布特征及其对古环境判别指标的影响,结果显示,沉积物中微量元素分布主要受陆源碎屑控制,而早期成岩过程对这种受源岩控制的微量元素分布特征影响不大。早期成岩作用对Mn、Ni、V、Zn影响剧烈。U/Th、V/Cr比值表明古底层水环境为氧化环境,V/(V Ni)比值揭示底层水为厌氧环境,这与V、Ni受早期成岩作用影响较大有关,其不能真实地记录古底层水的氧化还原环境。     

西湖凹陷西部斜坡带储层成岩作用及孔隙演化

以大量岩心观察为基础,结合室内电镜扫描和物性特征分析,对西部斜坡带储层成岩序列与孔隙演化进行了研究,认为储层岩石类型主要为长石岩屑砂岩及岩屑长石砂岩,储集空间以粒间溶孔和粒内溶孔为主,属中孔中渗一低孔低渗型储层。成岩作用及孔隙演化对储层物性有重要影响,该区主要经历了压实、胶结、溶解以及交代等多种成岩作用,其中压实作用和交代作用对储层起破坏作用,溶解作用对储层改善起建设性作用。成岩阶段可划分为早成岩A期、B期和晚成岩A1期、A2期及B期,目前储层处于晚成岩A2期,原生孔隙大部分被破坏,次生孔隙发育,并在2900～3200m和3600。4000m处形成两个次生孔隙发育带。     

西沙石岛礁相白云岩稀土元素地球化学特征及成岩环境分析

西沙群岛是南海生物礁体系发育的典型地区,也是我国生物礁油气资源勘探与开发的重点区域。对采自西沙石岛"西科1井"岩心7层共107个白云岩样品进行了稀土元素(REE)含量测试分析,旨在通过分析白云岩层的REE地球化学特征,探讨西沙岛礁白云岩的成岩环境及其与古气候事件的相互关系。研究结果表明:西沙石岛礁相碳酸盐岩中7层白云岩具有相似的REE地球化学特征(含量、配分模式和元素异常等),表明其形成于相近的成岩环境;埋藏压实及其所导致的成岩作用未造成白云岩层中REE主要特征的显著变化,白云岩的REE地球化学特征基本反映了白云岩化作用的成岩环境及成岩流体的性质;多种地球化学指标(REE、Sr含量和碳、氧同位素特征)表明,西沙岛礁白云岩主要形成于高盐海水作用条件下的低温偏氧化环境,潟湖环境下高盐卤水的渗透回流作用是导致白云岩层形成的主要形式;白云岩的形成在时间上与中新世以来的古气候变冷事件相对应,气候变化导致的海平面升降控制了岛礁白云岩层的分布;由于气候变冷在岛礁周围形成礁滩潟湖,相对封闭的潟湖和蒸发量大于降水量的气候环境形成高盐度卤水,这种比重较大的高盐卤水沿孔隙下渗,交代蚀变早先形成的方解石类碳酸盐,从而形成了西沙岛礁中的白云岩层。     

冀中坳陷深县凹陷古近系碎屑岩储层成岩作用及成岩演化序列分析

通过运用岩心化验分析资料、薄片、扫描电镜资料及X射线衍射等资料,对深县凹陷古近系砂岩储层岩石特征、成岩作用类型、成岩阶段、成岩演化序列和孔隙演化进行了系统的分析。研究结果表明:深县凹陷古近系砂岩类型为长石岩屑砂岩或岩屑长石砂岩,岩石的结构成熟度和成分成熟度均较低;影响该区储层物性的成岩作用主要是压实作用、胶结作用、溶蚀作用和交代作用;在此基础上,通过成岩阶段划分与孔隙演化研究,深县凹陷古近系砂岩储层位于成岩阶段的早成岩B期至晚成岩B期。不同成岩阶段的成岩作用强度不同,因此,不同成岩阶段的储层物性变化较大。     

用地震地层学方法进行碳酸盐岩沉积相研究

用地震地层学进行沉积相的研究,是在解释妥大量地震剖面基础上进行的,主要根据反射层的接触关系、连续性、振幅、频率、外部形态等多种地震信息进行地震相分析,用已经钻井取心证实为碳酸盐岩井的地震剖面,已知推未知,相互验证,进行追踪闭合,圈出碳酸盐岩分布范围,结合古环境进行综合分析,由地震相转换为沉积相.通过研究,认为莺歌海盆地晚第三纪中中新世时期,发育的一套分布不均一的碳酸盐岩,属浅海陆棚环境非典型碳酸盐台地相.     

中国鱼类名录Ⅻ--鳚亚目、(鱼衔)亚目、喉盘鱼亚目、鰕虎鱼亚目、微体鱼亚目、刺尾鱼亚目、带鱼亚目、鲭亚目、鲳亚目、金枪鱼亚目、攀鲈亚目、刺鳅亚目

鳚亚目 4 科 33 属 95 种，鰕虎鱼亚目 5 科 98 属 259 种，刺尾鱼亚目 5 科 11 属 65 种，鲈形目 19亚目 104 科 535 属 1799 种。     

The distribution of Mn,Fe, Cu,Ni, Co,Ga, Cr,V, Ba,Sr, Sn,Zn, and Pb,in some soil-sized particulates from the lower troposphere over the world ocean

Soil-sized particulates have been collected on board ship by a mesh technique from the lower troposphere of the North, Equatorial and South Atlantic Ocean, northern and southern Indian Ocean, South and East China Sea and various coastal localities.Spectrographic analysis reveals that, on average, the particulates have concentrations of Mn, Ni, Co, Ga, Cr, V, Ba, and Sr which are of the same order of magnitude as those in average crustal material. In contrast, the average concentrations of Pb, Sn, and Zn are one order of magnitude higher than those in average crustal material.Within this “world-wide” average there are significant geographical variations in the distributions of Pb, Sn, and Zn which may be related to anthropogenic sources.On the basis of trace-element distributions lower tropospheric soil-sized marine particulates have been divided into four genetic components; local, zonal, inter-zonal, and global. The proportions of these components vary geographically, and each component may have both a natural and an anthropogenic fraction.     

Distribution, abundance, and growth of larval tautog, Tautoga onitis, in Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts, USA

Tautog, Tautoga onitis, is an abundant species of fish in estuaries of the northeastern United States. Planktonic tautog larvae are abundant in summer in these estuaries, but there is little information on rates of growth of tautog larvae feeding on natural assemblages of food in the plankton. We examined abundance and growth of larval tautog and environmental factors during weekly sampling at three sites along a nearshore‐to‐offshore transect in Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts, USA during summer 1994. This is the first study of a robust sample size (336 larvae) to estimate growth rates of field‐caught planktonic tautog larvae feeding on natural diets, using the otolith daily‐growth‐increment method. The study was over the entire summer period when tautog larvae were in the plankton. The sampling sites contrasted in several environmental variables including temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), and chlorophyll a concentration. There was a temporal progression in the abundance of tautog larvae over the summer, in relation to location and temperature. Tautog larvae were first present nearshore, with a pronounced peak in abundance occurring at the nearshore sites during the last 2 weeks in June. Larvae were absent at this time further offshore. From late June through August, larval abundance progressively decreased nearshore, but increased offshore although never approaching the abundance levels observed at the nearshore sites. The distribution and abundance of tautog larvae appeared to be related to a nearshore‐to‐offshore seasonal warming trend and a nearshore decrease in DO. Otoliths from 336 larvae ranging from 2.3 to 7.7 mm standard length had otolith increment counts ranging from 0 to 19 increments. Growth of larval tautog was estimated at 0.23 mm·day^?1, and length of larvae prior to first increment formation was estimated at 2.8 mm indicating that first increment formation occurs 3–4 days after hatching at 2.2 mm. Despite spatial and temporal differences in environmental factors, there were no significant differences in growth rates at any of three given sites over time, or between sites. Because larval presence only occurred at a narrow range of temperature (17–23.5 °C) and DO (6.5–9.3 mg·l^?1), in situ differences in growth did not appear to be because of differences in larval distribution and abundance patterns relative to these parameters.     

Cadmium,cobalt, copper,iron, lead,nickel and zinc in Indian Ocean water

Results of trace-metal analyses of water samples obtained during a cruise with the Soviet R.V. “Akademik Kurchatov” in the Indian Ocean are presented. The determinations were performed on board with atomic absorption spectrophotometry after a two-stage dithiocarbamate—Freon extraction procedure. Trace-metal concentrations found are in the same range as those found recently for similar open-ocean areas by other workers. The values for lead and zinc are probably high due to contamination. Vertical profiles indicate biogenic processes as controlling factors for the increase of cadmium, copper and nickel concentrations with depth. Iron shows an irregular depth distribution as a result of large random variations in concentration.     

The behavior of Zn,Cd, Cu,Ni, Co,Fe, and Mn in anoxic baltic waters

In June 1981, dissolved Zn, Cd, Cu, Ni, Co, Fe, and Mn were determined from two detailed profiles in anoxic Baltic waters (with extra data for Fe and Mn from August 1979). Dramatic changes across the O₂H₂S interface occur in the abundances of Cu, Co, Fe, and Mn (by factors of ?100). The concentrations of Zn, Cd, and Ni at the redox front decrease by factors between 3 to 5.Equilibrium calculations are presented for varying concentrations of hydrogen sulfide and compared with the field data. The study strongly supports the assumption that the solubility of Zn, Cd, Cu, and Ni is greatly enhanced and controlled by the formation of bisulfide and(or) polysulfide complexes. Differences between predicted and measured concentrations of these elements are mainly evident at lower ΣH₂S concentrations.Cobalt proved to be very mobile in anoxic regions, and the results indicate that the concentrations are limited by CoS precipitation. The iron (Fe²⁺) and manganese (Mn²⁺) distribution in sulfide-containing waters is controlled by total flux from sediment-water interfaces rather than by equilibrium concentrations of their solid phases (FeS and MnCO₃). The concentrations of these metals are therefore expected to increase with prolonged stagnation periods in the basin.     

Arsenic,barium, germanium,tin, dimethylsulfide and nutrient biogeochemistry in Charlotte Harbor,Florida, a phosphorus-enriched estuary

Concentrations of dissolved nutrients (NO₃, PO₄, Si), germanium species, arsenic species, tin, barium, dimethylsulfide and related parameters were measured along the salinity gradient in Charlotte Harbor. Phosphate enrichment from the phosphate industry on the Peace River promotes a productive diatom bloom near the river mouth where NO₃ and Si are completely consumed. Inorganic germanium is completely depleted in this bloom by uptake into biogenic opal. The $\text{Ge}\text{Si}$ ratio taken up by diatoms is about 0·7 × 10^?6, the same as that provided by the river flux, confirming that siliceous organisms incorporate germanium as an accidental trace replacement for silica. Monomethylgermanium and dimethylgermanium concentrations are undetectable in the Peace River, and increase linearly with increasing salinity to the seawater end of the bay, suggesting that these organogermanium species behave conservatively in estuaries, and are neither produced nor consumed during estuarine biogenic opal formation or dissolution. Inorganic arsenic displays slight removal in the bloom. Monomethylarsenic is produced both in the bloom and in mid-estuary, while dimethylarsenic is conservative in the bloom but produced in mid-estuary. The total production of methylarsenicals within the bay approximately balances the removal of inorganic arsenic, suggesting that most biological arsenic uptake in the estuary is biomethylated and released to the water column. Dimethylsulfide increases with increasing salinity in the estuary and shows evidence of removal, probably both by degassing and by microbial consumption. An input of DMS is observed in the central estuary. The behavior of total dissolvable tin shows no biological activity in the bloom or in mid-estuary, but does display a low-salinity input signal that parallels dissolved organic material, perhaps suggesting an association between tin and DOM. Barium displays dramatic input behavior at mid-salinities, probably due to slow release from clays deposited in the harbor after catastrophic phosphate slime spills into the Peace River.     

Northstar-Geology,Exploration History,and Development Status,Beaufort Sea,Alaska

Exploration for oil at Northstar has been long and costly. Northstar leases were first acquired in 1979 at a joint state and federal sale by Shell Oil, Amerada Hess, and Texas Eastern. The Northstar Unit is 6 mi offshore and about 4 mi northeast of the Point McIntyre Field. Oil was first discovered in Shell's Seal Island 1 in 1983. Five additional appraisal wells were drilled (1983-1986) from two man-made gravel islands in 40 ft of water. Early engineering estimates put the cost of development at $ 1.6 billion. In February 1995, BP Exploration (Alaska) acquired a 98 % interest in the Northstar Unit from Amerada Hess and Shell Oil. When developed by BP, Northstar will be the first oil produced from federal leases in Alaska. To date, the oil industry has invested in excess of $ 140 million in exploration and appraisal operations. An additional $ 90 million was spent on lease bonus bids. The giant Prudhoe Bay and Kuparuk Fields lie along the Barrow Arch. This arch is bounded to the north by a rift margin that deepens into the present-day offshore region. Northstar is located among a series of down-stepping faults off this northern rift margin of the Prudhoe Kuparuk high. The structure is a gently south-dipping northwest-trending faulted anticline. The crest of the structure is located near 10,850 ft subsea. The primary reservoir is the Ivishak Formation (325 ft thick) of the Sadlerochit Group. This is the same primary reservoir at Prudhoe Bay, approximately 12 mi to the south. At Northstar the Ivishak is a high-energy, coarse-grained conglomeratic facies of the Ivishak Formation. The primary lithology is a pebbly chert to quartz conglomerate with occasional sandstone. This very high net to gross reservoir appears to contain no regionally continuous permeability barriers. Cementation has reduced primary porosity to less than 15 %. Accurate porosity estimates are difficult to make due to the coarse-grained nature of the lithology and the presence of kaolinite and microporous chert. Permeability is highly variable, but averages 10 to 100 mDarcies. Oil is a very light and volatile 42 API crude with approximately 2,100 ft3 of gas per stock tank barrel of oil. This oil is very different from the heavier oils (26) found to the south in Prudhoe Bay. Estimated recoverable oil reserves range from 100 to 160 million barrels. A free-standing drilling rig is required at Northstar because the reserves are beyond extended-reach drilling techniques from shore-based facilities. The current development plan is to expand the existing Seal Island to about 5 acres. This is significantly less than Endicott's 40-acre island. The proposed drilling and produc tion island will be accessed by summer barges and winter ice roads. Oil, gas, and water will be processed at a stand-alone facility and then sent to shore via a subsurface pipeline. Northstar will have the first Arctic subsea pipeline in Alaska to transport oil to shore facilities (TAPS). Preliminary tests in Spring 1996 were very successful in demonstrating the technology to successfully bury a subsea pipeline safely in the Arctic.