总干闸胸墙裂缝危害性及处理措施分析

采用特有的裂缝单元模拟裂缝和特殊的杆单元模拟混凝土中的骑缝筋,对某枢纽工程总干闸胸墙裂缝危害性及处理措施进行了数值仿真分析。分析结果显示,此分析模型能较好模拟裂缝在外荷载下的变形及混凝土中钢筋的受力状态,对混凝土裂缝处理与加固设计提出了一条量化分析方法。     

Prestressing of the lining of a hydrotechnic tunnel in a watertight rock mass by grouting

SummaryPrestressing of the Lining of a Hydrotechnic Tunnel in a Watertight Rock Mass by Grouting The possibility and effect of prestressing of a tunnel lining by grouting of the rock mass, consisting of quartz sandstones and schists, were investigated on a full scale model in the test chamber of 5.0 m diameter and 33.0 m length.Grouting was carried out in two phases and with two different kinds of grouting mixtures. In the first phase the mixtures of coarse sand material of discontinuous grain sizes were grouted under low pressure and remained porous after grouting. In the second phase a cement mixture with added plasticizers was applied and grouted using grouting pressure up to 30.0 atm. The porous fill between the lining and the rock obtained by the first phase of grouting allowed a large radius of mixture activity in the second phase, with consequently greater effects.A group grouting system with a possibility of simultaneous grouting in 32 boreholes, was applied.Prestressing of the lining was achieved by grouting. The stresses decreased in the beginning, but later (after about 2 months) obtained their permanent values.Stresses and deformations in the lining were also measured during the hydrostatic loading of the lining with maximum pressures up to 13.0 atm.The tensile stresses found to be developed in the lining at total loadings were very low. This was a result of prestressing.

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ZusammenfassungVorspannung einer Druckstollenauskleidung in wasserdichtem Gebirge durch Verpressen Die Möglichkeit und der Effekt einer Vorspannung der Tunnelauskleidung durch unmittelbare Verpressung eines Gebirges von Quarzsandstein und tonig-serizitischen Schiefern wurden im Maßstab 1 : 1 in einer Probekammer von 5,0 m Durchmesser und 33,0 m Länge überprüft.Die Verpressung erfolgte in zwei Phasen und mit zwei verschiedenen Injektionsmischungen. In der ersten Phase wurden unter niedrigem Druck Mischungen mit grobkörnigen Sanden ungleichmäßiger Kornverteilung injiziert, welche nach dem Verpressen porös blieben; in der zweiten Phase wurde eine Zementmischung mit plastifizierenden Zusätzen verwendet, welche unter Drücken bis zu 30 atm eingepreßt wurde. Die poröse Verfüllung zwischen der Auskleidung und dem Fels, welche durch die erste Injektionsphase erhalten wurde, ermöglichte einen großen Wirkungsradius in der zweiten Phase, wodurch ein größerer Effekt erzielt wurde.Es wurde das System der Gruppeninjektion mit der Möglichkeit der gleichzeitigen Verpressung in 32 Bohrungen verwendet.Durch die Injektionen wurde eine Vorspannung der Auskleidung erreicht, welche zwar anfangs absank, später jedoch (nach zwei Monaten) dauernde Werte behielt.Die Messung der Spannungen und Verformungen in der Auskleidung erfolgte bei einer hydrostatischen Belastung mit maximalen Drücken bis 13 atm.Die Zugspannungen in der Auskleidung waren selbst bei Höchstlast sehr gering; dies war sicherlich auf die Wirkung der Vorspannung zurückzuführen.

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RésuméPrécontrainte par injection du revêtement d'un tunnel hydroélectrique dans un massif rocheux imperméable On a étudié la possibilité et l'effet de la précontrainte par injection directe du revêtement d'un tunnel dans un massif de grès de quartz et schistes, sur un modèle en vraie grandeur dans une chambre d'essai de 5 m de diamètre et 33 m de longueur.L'injection a été effectuée en deux phases, avec deux sortes de coulis différents. Dans la première phase on injecte sous faible pression un sable grossier à granulométrie discontinue qui reste poreux après l'injection, et dans la deuxième phase on injecte un coulis de ciment additionné de plastifiant avec une pression atteignant 30 bars. Le remplissage poreux obtenu par la première phase entre le revêtement et le rocher assure un grand rayon d'action à la deuxième phase et donc une meilleure efficacité.On a employé un système d'injection par groupes de forages, pouvant aller jusqu'à 32 forages simultanés.Les contraintes développées dans le revêtement par cette opération diminuent d'abord et se stabilisent après deux mois environ.La mesure des contraintes et des déformations dans le revêtement a été faite pendant l'essai d'une charge hydrostatique de la chambre jusqu'à 13 bars. On a constaté de très faibles tractions dans le revêtement pour les charges résultantes, ce qui est certainement dû à la précontrainte du revêtement par injection et aussi à ce que le massif rocheux a supporté la pression hydrostatique.

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With 9 Figures     

带裂纹隧道二次衬砌承载能力的平面有限元计算分析

以平面有限元位移法分析了带裂纹隧道二次衬砌裂纹尖端的应力强度因子及衬砌承载安全系数,其中主要考虑了裂纹深度、宽度及条数的影响。从计算结果得知,随着裂纹深度、条数的增加,应力强度因子增大,衬砌承载安全系数减小,而裂纹宽度的影响不太明显。     

Influence of grouting on rehabilitation of an over-deformed operating shield tunnel lining in soft clay

Acta Geotechnica - A number of shield tunnels in soft clay often undergo large deformation during their service life especially when subjected to nearby engineering activities. The grouting on two...     

考虑地下水、注浆及衬砌影响的深埋隧洞弹塑性解

对于深埋隧洞,地下水-围岩-注浆圈-衬砌共同形成了一个水压平衡体系,传统的隧洞应力与塑性区计算方法均未同时考虑上述4个因素的共同作用。以深埋隧洞为研究对象,将围岩、注浆圈、衬砌视为均质各向同性连续弹塑性介质,基于地下水动力学、弹塑性力学及摩尔-库仑屈服准则,推导了4个因素共同作用下深埋隧洞轴对称问题的应力弹塑性解与塑性区计算公式;利用Matlab编制程序对某隧洞工程进行了计算,并与传统计算方法进行了对比,验证了公式的正确性,指出了传统计算方法的缺陷;讨论了注浆参数对塑性区的影响规律,提出了最优注浆圈厚度的确定方法。     

应变软化模拟与圆形隧道衬砌分析

在岩土工程中,有许多类岩体呈现应变软化特性。在应变软化过程中,如果多个材料强度参数分析发生变化,就很难给出软化问题的解析解。已有的文献研究表明,在经典的弹塑性理论框架下,模拟岩土介质的应变软化过程依然值得深入研究。利用应变软化材料强度参数随塑性应变增加而弱化的特点,提出了将应变软化过程简化为一系列的脆性应力跌落与塑性流动过程的思想,应变软化行为的模拟转化为一系列脆塑性过程的分析。将这种模拟应变软化过程的思想方法用于求解均匀初始应力场中应变软化介质内的圆形隧道开挖问题,研究了衬砌对减少岩土开挖扰动的作用以及考虑应变软化对衬砌内力的影响。数值结果表明,对于应变软化岩土材料,忽略其强度软化的行为是偏于危险的。     

基于连续介质模型的隧道衬砌结构可靠性研究

基于连续介质力学模型,提出了一种简单易行的可靠性分析方法,该方法能利用现行通用的有限元程序,能得到显式的功能函数,但又不同于响应面法。以公路隧道圆形隧洞的开挖支护为例,采用此方法将围岩参数c (黏聚力)、E,? 和二次衬砌厚度D作为随机变量,采用有限元程序得到单一变量变化下的衬砌轴应力值,进而拟合出衬砌轴应力关于单一随机变量的关系式,并通过多元线性或非线性回归得到衬砌轴应力关于所有随机变量的显示表达式,再对圆形隧洞的衬砌结构进行了敏感性和可靠性分析,得到了一些有意义的结论。     

无纺布对海底隧道衬砌防水作用的试验研究

采用无纺布作为防水层中的垫层,是国内外隧道工程中结构外层防水常用的措施,但对于无纺布如何改善隧道衬砌背后水压力分布及结构应力分布却一直缺乏相应研究。依托厦门翔安海底隧道,对不同防排水方式（即全封堵、堵排结合及排放方式）的隧道衬砌无纺布作用进行研究,采用相似模型试验方法,模型试验的比例尺为1:38.88,试验台架可同时施加土压力和水压力。通过模型试验得出结论：无论在全封堵条件还是限排条件下,无纺布均起到很好的集水、附水的作用,加强了水在衬砌四周的流动性、相互补给性,使衬砌周围的水压分布更为均匀,并且改善了衬砌结构周边的应力环境。     

Elastic analysis of ground movements around a tunnel considering a buoyant lining moving upwards

A complex variable solution is derived for the ground movements around a tunnel considering the lining at different positions in the drilled hole in a linear elastic half-plane. The soil displacements for three different convergence patterns are presented and compared. It is shown that the surface settlement trough will become flatter and wider when the lining moves upwards; the horizontal displacements are more concentrated in the region below the lining; and the region influenced by displacements is wider. Most calculated settlement troughs can be well represented by Gaussian curves with simple parameters, but the obtained width parameters are larger than the traditional empirical values. The rigorous solution can be used as a simple tool to understand the fundamental mechanism of the lining buoyancy problem and as a benchmark for numerical procedures based on more sophisticated models. The importance of buoyancy effect on the displacement field should be taken into account.     

Radar spectral analysis and evaluation of the effect of grouting treatment in karst caves and soil caves

This paper studies karst cave and soil cavity development in the process of karst collapse as a means of disaster prevention and control. Using the karst area of the Shandong section of the Beijing–Shanghai high-speed railway as a test area, a numerical simulation method is presented as well as the model test to study the characteristics of typical radar images of different types of karst caves and soil cavities. By combining theoretical analysis with field test results, the method and characteristic standards for nondestructive testing using ground-penetrating radar to determine the grouting effect on a karst roadbed are given. The radar spectrum characteristics are analyzed for a cave, water-filled cave, clay-filled cave, karst cave with dense grouting and karst cave with grouting that is not dense. Comprehensive analysis of the results of indoor model testing and numerical analysis, combined with the engineering practice of evaluating the effect of grouting treatment in the selected section of the Beijing–Shanghai high-speed railway, clarifies the basic characteristics of map recognition of radar detection of karst grouting. The morphological characteristics of the karst caves in the geological radar images are usually composed of many hyperbolic strong reflection waves. Multiple-reflection wave groups of high amplitude, low frequency, and equal distance indicate the side wall of the cave. The bottom interface of the cave is not obvious, although when the bottom part of the cave is filled with water or clay, silt, sand and gravel material. The bottom of the reflection wave will be enhanced. When the cave is filled with material, the electromagnetic wave energy decays rapidly, the high-frequency part is absorbed, and the reflection is mostly low frequency wave. The characteristics of radar images of the slurry distribution area are obvious in the grouting zone. A horizontal direction results in arc-shaped distribution, and a vertical direction has more regular distribution. The results of the study are helpful in the exploration of karst caves and soil caves, and the evaluation of the effect of grouting treatment in mitigating karst collapse.     

隧道衬砌随机分析的区间有限元法

隧道衬砌结构内力计算中,围岩的力学参数和结构的参数具有不确定性,同时,其不确定性是有界的。对于这些参数的不确定性,在工程上可以用一个合理的区间数值来估计。对于单个随机变量,可以采用有限元方程来求解结构内力;而对于多个随机变量的情况,考虑到计算模型的不确定性和数学求解的复杂性,利用有限元程序来导出各变量对结构内力的作用效应,进而得到不同参数组合的区间值,最终确定隧道衬砌的结构内力区间值,为隧道衬砌结构内力的计算和工程应用提供一种新方法。