海南岛陆缘扩张带形成及新生代岩石圈动力学机制:来自幔源包体的地球化学证据

海南岛陆缘扩张带蓬莱地区新生代玄武岩中捕获大量尖晶石二辉橄榄岩和方辉橄榄岩幔源包体。激光剥蚀等离子体质谱(LA-ICP-MS)分析结果表明,蓬莱地幔橄榄岩含有三种不同地球化学特征的单斜辉石(Cpx):(1)a类单斜辉石Mg~#=92.3~93.4,来自富集Cpx的二辉橄榄岩,具有极低的LREE和不相容元素含量,HREE平坦,Th、U、La、Sr正异常,经历了7%~10%的尖晶石相部分熔融,仅受到极低程度强不相容元素(Th、U、La、Sr)初期富集交代作用;(2)b类单斜辉石Mg~#=89.9~90.3,来自较富集Cpx的二辉橄榄岩,具有中等的LREE和LILE含量,HREE平坦,微量元素蛛网图上显示Th、U正异常,Rb、Ba、Nb、Ta、Sr、Ti负异常,经历4%~5%的尖晶石相部分熔融,可能受到了含LREE和Th、U等不相容元素的硅酸盐熔体交代;(3)c类单斜辉石Mg~#=91.4~92.8,来自贫Cpx的二辉橄榄岩和方辉橄榄岩,具有富集的LREE和LILE含量,HREE弱分异,微量元素蛛网图上显示Th、U正异常及强烈的Nb、Ta、Ti负异常,经历了8%~20%的尖晶石相部分熔融,其交代熔体可能是来自源区有石榴子石残留的碳酸盐熔体。全岩主、微量元素及模拟计算结果表明,这些幔源包体的主量元素主要受部分熔融程度影响,并且方辉橄榄岩经历的部分熔融程度大于二辉橄榄岩。地幔橄榄岩的Sr-Nd同位素组成表明该区具有MORB-OIB型亏损地幔特征。此外,蓬莱部分地幔橄榄岩包体显示正斜率的HREE分异特征((Gd/Yb)_N=0.4~0.7),暗示该区地幔经历了源自石榴子石稳定区的变压熔融,总体熔融程度为18%以上,指示了较高的地幔潜能温度。综合前人对海南岛新生代玄武岩最新研究成果,我们认为海南地幔柱可能为该区软流圈地幔置换古老岩石圈地幔提供了热源,导致了区域岩石圈地幔的破坏,从而引起包括地幔柱本身、软流圈和富集岩石圈的熔融。岩石圈地幔性质的改变和不均一性可能是海南岛陆缘扩张带新生代岩石圈减薄的主要动力学机制。     

郯庐断裂带新生代的上地幔剪切作用与火山活动

沿郯庐断裂带新生代大规模的幔源玄武岩喷发是伴随着上地幔剪切作用而出现的。古近纪(老第三纪)伸展活动期,断裂带在上地幔的伸展剪切及同时的软流圈上涌、岩石圈拆沉是该阶段玄武岩浆活动的主要原因。断裂带内新近纪(新第三纪)至第四纪玄武岩中的幔源包体,不但指示了土地幔韧性剪切带的存在,也反映了断裂切割深度与详细的流变学特征。在新近纪以来的区域挤压背景下,郯庐断裂带压性或压扭性的上地幔剪切一地幔交代．_‘部分熔融是该期玄武岩喷发的主要机制。     

江苏六合方山幔源包体橄榄石的位错构造研究

本研究采用光学显微镜(氧化缀饰)法和透射电子显微镜法,首次查明江苏六合方山玄武岩的包体橄榄石中存在自由位错、位错壁、位错弓弯、位错环、亚晶粒和位错扭折条带等显微、超显微构造,它们是包体橄榄石在上地幔高温、高压条件下发生塑性蠕变的产物,不同位错形态反映主矿物塑性变形的不同状态。根据橄榄石中自由位错密度和包体中辉石的化学成分,估算江苏六合方山地区上地幔某些流变学参数为:温度(t)为1052℃,压力(P)为2060MPa;深度(Z)为66.6km;流动应力(σ_1—σ_3)为51.3MPa;流动速率(ε)为3.6×10~(-14)/s;粘稠应(η)为5.7×10~(21),这些参数值与中国东部其它地区上地幔的同类参数值相接近。     

广东麒麟幔源包体的微量元素特征及其地质意义

麒麟新生代玄武岩质角砾岩简中幔源包体的Ｒｂ、Ｕ、Ｐｂ、Ｓｒ等不相容元素含量受地表蚀变的影响较大,而其余元素则真实地反映了该区城石圈地幔的性质．二辉橄槛岩代表了未亏损地幔经不同程度熔融后的残余,此后这些残余又受到了富不相容元素流体的交代（交代机制为色层柱交代）。根据全岩微量元素的分配系数和溶体一岩石平衡计算,与辉石岩平衡的容体富体ＬＲＥＥ而强烈亏损ＨＦＳＥ,明显不同于华南地区已知３类幔源岩浆。这可能     

长白山新生代玄武岩中橄榄岩包体所揭示的岩石圈地幔特征

长白山地区位于华北克拉通东北部,广泛出露富含地幔橄榄岩包体的新生代玄武岩,为研究岩石圈地幔的性质和演化提供了优越条件。本文对长白山地区天池和龙岗新生代火山岩群中尖晶石相橄榄岩包体进行了岩石学、全岩主微量元素、矿物主量元素、单斜辉石微量元素和Sr-Nd-Hf同位素分析。研究结果表明,尖晶石相橄榄岩包体由二辉橄榄岩和少量的方辉橄榄岩组成,Mg#值为87.4~91.2,表现出新生饱满的特征,平衡温度为900~1100℃。橄榄石的Mg#值（% Fo）为85.6~91.3。单斜辉石包括四种类型：（1）轻稀土元素严重亏损型;（2）轻稀土元素亏损型;（3）向右微倾型和（4）\"勺型\"。单斜辉石表现出Sr同位素（87Sr/86Sr=0.702749~0.707276）整体亏损,部分样品富集的特征,单斜辉石的Nd-Hf同位素呈现出亏损特征（143Nd/144Nd=0.512886~0.51333、εHf=+17.7~+49.8）。长白山地区二辉和方辉橄榄岩分别经历了小于10%和略大于10%的部分熔融作用,并受到富水硅酸盐熔体的地幔交代作用。太平洋板块向西俯冲作用使得软流圈上涌并携带大量壳源物质进入地幔深部,与岩石圈地幔发生橄榄岩-熔体反应,形成了长白山地区不均一的岩石圈地幔,以新增生饱满地幔为主,夹有少量古老难熔岩石圈地幔碎片。     

滇东南马关地区新生代钾质玄武岩中幔源包体研究 : 深部物质组成与动力学过程探讨

滇东南马关地区新生代钾质玄武岩携带的幔源包体为研究该地区上地幔性质提供了物质基础。分析表明,全岩及单矿物中的玄武质组分与M gO含量之间均有很好的负相关性,与世界尖晶石二辉橄榄岩的变化趋势一致,表明橄榄岩包体代表了成分均一的上地幔经不同程度部分熔融后的残余;绝大多数包体亏损LREE及除U、Th以外的其他不相容元素,SrN-d同位素组成单一(87Sr8/6Sr=0.7022～0.7029,Nεd=9.5～12.3),显示了M ORB型地幔的成分特点。相对亏损橄榄岩(Fo>90)的平衡温度(928～959℃)低于饱满型橄榄岩F(o<90,956～1110℃)。这些特征表明,马关橄榄岩包体很可能代表了MORB型软流圈地幔底辟上涌、减压熔融后新增生的岩石圈地幔。     

中国东部早第三纪玄武岩中幔源包体的变形特征及其上地幔流变学意义

中国东部含幔源包体的早第三纪玄武岩已发现的有吉林双辽、河北阳原和山西繁峙。本文详细研究了这三个地点幔源包体的变形特征，结果表明，这些地点的幔源包体以尖晶石二辉橄榄岩为主，其结构主要为残斑结构。     

南海北部新生代构造演化序列

本文从构造地质学的基本理论出发,在综合分析板块作用、壳幔作用、岩浆热事件、构造变形、沉积作用等地质作用特点及其相互印证与制约关系的基础上,梳理了南海北部新生代主要构造事件和构造演化序列,提出受欧亚、印澳、太平洋3大板块的共同影响,南海北部新生代主要构造运动划分为礼乐运动、西卫运动一幕、西卫运动二幕、南海运动、南沙运动5次较为合适。其中礼乐运动使南海北部进入裂陷发展阶段,并产生NE走向小型断陷;西卫运动一幕使断陷进一步扩展;西卫运动二幕使南海北部由断陷向断坳转变,断陷走向向NEE向转变;南海运动使南海北部进入坳陷发展阶段;南沙运动使南海北部进入差异性区域沉降阶段,构造格局基本形成。南海北部这种构造演化序列造就了前古近系、古近系、新近系3层含油气结构层系及始新统湖相、渐新统湖相—湖沼相及海陆过渡相和中新统海相3套烃源岩,围绕3套烃源岩可形成"上生下储上盖"、"自生自储自盖"与"下生上储上盖"3类成藏组合和背斜、古潜山、地层-岩性等多种类型的油气藏及其复式油气聚集带。     

Roles of Melting and Metasomatism in the Formation of the Lithospheric Mantle beneath the Leizhou Peninsula, South China

This study characterizes the nature of fluid interaction andmelting processes in the lithospheric mantle beneath the Yingfenglingand Tianyang volcanoes, Leizhou Peninsula, South China, usingin situ trace-element analyses of clinopyroxene, amphibole andgarnet from a suite of mantle-derived xenoliths. Clinopyroxenesfrom discrete spinel lherzolites exhibit large compositionalvariations ranging from extremely light rare earth element (LREE)-depletedto LREE-enriched. Trace-element modelling for depleted samplesindicates that the Leizhou lherzolites are the residues of amantle peridotite source after extraction of 1–11% meltgenerated by incremental melting in the spinel lherzolite fieldwith the degree of melting increasing upwards from about 60km to 30 km. This process is consistent with gradational meltingat different depths in an upwelling asthenospheric column thatsubsequently cooled to form the current lithospheric mantlein this region. The calculated melt production rate of thiscolumn could generate mafic crust 5–6 km thick, whichwould account for most of the present-day lower crust. The formationof the lithospheric column is inferred to be related to Mesozoiclithosphere thinning. Al-augite pyroxenites occur in compositexenoliths; these are geochemically similar to HIMU-type oceanisland basalt. These pyroxenites postdate the lithospheric columnformation and belong to two episodes of magmatism. Early magmatism(forming metapyroxenites) is inferred to have occurred duringthe opening of the South China Sea Basin (32–15 Ma), whereasthe most recent magmatic episode (producing pyroxenites withigneous microstructures) occurred shortly before the eruptionof the host magmas (6–0·3 Ma). Trace-element traversesfrom the contacts of the Al-augite pyroxenite with the spinelperidotite wall-rock in composite xenoliths record gradientsin the strength and nature of metasomatic effects away fromthe contact, showing that equilibrium was not attained. Significantenrichment in highly incompatible elements close to the contacts,with only slight enrichment in Sr, LREE and Nb away from thecontact, is inferred to reflect the different diffusion ratesof specific trace elements. The observed geochemical gradientsin metasomatic zones show that Sr, La, Ce and Nb have the highestdiffusion rates, other REE are intermediate, and Zr, Hf andTi have the lowest diffusion rates. Lower diffusion rates observedfor Nb, Zr, Hf and Ti compared with REE may cause high fieldstrength element (HFSE) negative anomalies in metasomatizedperidotites. Therefore, metasomatized lherzolites with HFSEnegative anomalies do not necessarily require a carbonatiticmetasomatizing agent. KEY WORDS: China; lithosphere; mantle xenoliths; clinopyroxene trace elements; mantle partial melting; mantle metasomatism; trace-element diffusion rates     

南海及周缘地区地幔组成和动力学的岩石地球化学制约

南海及其周边(包括雷州半岛、海南岛、印支半岛)广泛分布新生代以来形成的板内玄武岩(弥散火成岩省),本文搜集了该区已发表的新生代玄武岩的地球化学数据并据此进行了总结分析。结果显示,该区板内火山岩主要分为拉斑玄武岩和碱性玄武岩两个系列,其微量元素组成为典型的洋岛玄武岩(OIB)特征。Sr-Nd-Pb-Hf同位素结果指示其源区为亏损地幔端元(DMM)与富集端元(EM2)二端元混合。总体上,相对橄榄岩源区形成的熔体而言,这些玄武岩具有低的CaO、较高的Fe/Mn、Zn/Mn及Zn/Fe值;同时,南海海盆玄武岩、海南岛和印支半岛玄武岩中的橄榄石斑晶相对典型地幔橄榄岩部分熔融形成的玄武岩橄榄石斑晶具有低的Ca和Mn含量,以及高的Ni含量和Fe/Mn值,显示其源区辉石岩组分含量较高。南海停止扩张后出现碳酸盐化火山岩并在地球化学上表现为向碱性玄武岩连续转化,同时海南岛和印支半岛的新生代玄武岩整体具有低于亏损橄榄岩地幔的Mg同位素组成,这些都表明南海及周缘地区的地幔源区中有俯冲板块带入的沉积碳酸盐混入。综上认为,该弥散火成岩省在地幔源区组成上均体现有"俯冲-再循环"组分的加入,该再循环地幔组分可能与该地区长期俯冲滞留板块的重熔有关。     

南海新生代碱性玄武岩中钛闪石的地球化学特征

南海新生代碱性玄武岩中发育有角闪石捕虏晶。本文以南海新生代碱性玄武岩中的钛闪石为研究对象,对钛闪石的地球化学特征以及形成条件进行了研究,并探讨其地质意义。研究表明钛闪石是岩浆早期高压结晶的产物,其高Ti富Al,Mg#平均为0.68,形成于幔源岩浆中,成分相对于寄主岩为捕虏晶,其主微量元素的成分范围以及微量元素的配分形式与碱性玄武岩中的巨晶角闪石以及捕虏体中的脉状角闪石一致。根据其主量元素的含量,我们计算出了钛闪石形成的温压条件以及结晶深度。按结晶深度钛闪石可分为两期,一期结晶深度较大(35.09~43.74 km),位于岩石圈底部,形成压力在1019~1305 MPa,温度在1049~1066℃;另一期结晶深度相对较小(27.20~27.29 km),位于岩石圈中下部,形成压力在759~771MPa,温度在1031~1078℃。钛闪石是岩浆形成早期在不同深度发生分离结晶的结果,可能记录了导致南海新生代玄武岩由拉斑玄武岩向碱性玄武岩转变的岩石圈变厚的趋势。     

南海新生代构造演化及岩石圈三维结构特征

地震层析资料表明，南海地区，自红河口向南经南海、苏禄海到苏拉威西海，岩石圈速度低，底部横波速度仅4．4km／s，岩石圈厚度在60～80km之间，为薄岩石圈地区。软流层的速度也较低，在4．2-4．4km／s之间，但厚度较大，大于200km。从红河-莺歌海断裂带经南海到苏禄海，存在一条北西向宽约200km的上地幔北西向低速带，面波速度在4．05～4．25km／s之间。由上述资料可见，东亚大陆边缘及边缘海的上地幔存在一巨型低速带，在南海地区低速带的走向为北西向，在东海地区为北北西向。这种走向与地表的区域构造走向基本一致，反映这里新生代构造活动可能与地幔低速带分布有关，即上地幔低速带反映了岩石圈的区域流动。这类岩石圈区域流动引起岩石圈表层的张性构造，形成裂谷及稍后的海底扩张，在亚洲东部边缘形成一系列边缘海盆。     

The tectonic evolution of the Qiongdongnan Basin in the northern margin of the South China Sea

Qiongdongnan Basin is a Cenozoic rift basin located on the northern passive continental margin of the South China Sea. Due to a lack of geologic observations, its evolution was not clear in the past. However, recently acquired 2-D seismic reflection data provide an opportunity to investigate its tectonic evolution. It shows that the Qiongdongnan Basin comprises a main rift zone which is 50–100 km wide and more than 400 km long. The main rift zone is arcuate in map view and its orientation changes from ENE–WSW in the west to nearly E–W in the east. It can be divided into three major segments. The generally linear fault trace shown by many border faults in map view implies that the eastern and middle segments were controlled by faults reactivated from NE to ENE trending and nearly E–W trending pre-existing fabrics, respectively. The western segment was controlled by a left-lateral strike-slip fault. The fault patterns shown by the central and eastern segments indicate that the extension direction for the opening of the rift basin was dominantly NW–SE. A semi-quantitative analysis of the fault cut-offs identifies three stages of rifting evolution: (1) 40.4–33.9 Ma, sparsely distributed NE-trending faults formed mainly in the western and the central part of the study area; (2) 33.9–28.4 Ma, the main rift zone formed and the area influenced by faulting was extended into the eastern part of the study area and (3) 28.4–20.4 Ma, the subsidence area was further enlarged but mainly extended into the flanking area of the main rift zone. In addition, Estimates of extensional strain along NW–SE-trending seismic profiles, which cross the main rift zone, vary between 15 and 39 km, which are generally comparable to the sinistral displacement on the Red River Fault Zone offshore, implying that this fault zone, in terms of sinistral motion, terminated at a location near the southern end of the Yinggehai Basin. Finally, these observations let us to favour a hybrid model for the opening of the South China Sea and probably the Qiongdongnan Basin.     

Xenolith evidence for polybaric melting and stratification of the upper mantle beneath South China

Mantle xenoliths from Hainan and Qilin, South China have been studied to constrain the nature of the upper mantle and mantle processes beneath a continental margin. The extremely low Ti (160–245 ppm) contents in clinopyroxenes from some spinel lherzolites, indicative of high degrees of partial melting are inconsistent with the relatively high clinopyroxene modes (7.4–13%) in these samples. This inconsistency could be due to polybaric melting that started in the garnet stability field, then, after the breakdown of garnet to pyroxene and spinel, continued in the spinel stability field. Polybaric melting, due to adiabatic decompression of upwelling mantle, would leave a residual mantle in which the degree of depletion decreases with depth. The predicted stratified lithospheric mantle is evidenced by the negative correlation between the forsterite content in olivine and the equilibration temperature, proportional to the depth in the lithosphere from which the xenolith was derived. The lower part of the lithospheric mantle beneath South China consists predominantly of fertile and moderately depleted peridotites, which are either devoid of LREE enrichment, or show the trace element signature of incipient metasomatism, and plot within the Phanerozoic mantle domain. In contrast, the upper part of the mantle contains harzburgite and cpx-poor lherzolite, which are strongly affected by metasomatism of melt/fluid of highly variable composition. The anomalously high orthopyroxene mode (up to 47%) makes some of these refractory samples compositionally similar to the Proterozoic/Archean mantle. Their low equilibrium temperature (800–900 °C) points to the presence of old lithospheric relicts in the uppermost mantle beneath South China. Such lithosphere architecture may have resulted from partial replacement of Archean–Proterozoic lithosphere by asthenosphere that rose adiabatically subsequent to lithospheric thinning during the Cenozoic.     

南海北部古构造格局对中、新生界发育的影响

南海北部中生界是南海海域进一步油气勘探的新领域和新层系。对于中生界的形成演化背景与分布特征一直广受关注,南海北部的地质地球物理调查研究成果揭示, 该区与华南东部陆区分块明确,其边界是珠外-台湾海峡断裂带和丽水-海丰-琼东南断裂带。由此划分的南海北缘-台湾地块与南华活动区有亲缘关系,即可视为南华活动区的组成部分,其形成演化过程与华南加里东构造旋回密切相关。南海北部陆缘区与华南东部陆区在加里东造山期所遗留的古缝合带和地壳分块性仍不同程度影响区内中、新生界的发育特征,南海东北部出现大套海相海陆交互相上三叠统-下侏罗统、上侏罗统-下白垩统和上白垩统-始新统见证了这一现象。     

南海大陆边缘盆地构造演化差异性及其与南海扩张耦合关系

南海大陆边缘盆地由于边界条件的差异,不仅形成了不同类型的陆缘盆地,如离散型、走滑伸展型和伸展挠曲复合型,而且这些盆地构造演化存在明显的非同步性。这些陆缘破裂过程与南海扩张作用过程呈现明显不一致性。研究表明,南海扩张时期南海南、北大陆边缘均形成了一系列裂陷盆地,然而,南海南部、北部大陆边缘盆地裂陷作用结束时间不同,北部大陆边缘盆地裂陷作用结束于23 Ma或21 Ma,而南部大陆边缘盆地裂陷作用结束于15.5 Ma,显然北部大陆边缘盆地裂陷结束时间明显早于南部大陆边缘盆地。南海扩张停止后,南海南、北部陆缘仍表现出明显差异,北部陆缘仍以伸展作用为主,晚中新世以来出现快速沉降幕,而南海南部陆缘则以挤压作用为主,且其挤压时间及强度呈现南早北晚的特点,即南部曾母盆地明显早于南薇西盆地和北康盆地。南海南、北大陆边缘盆地形成演化的差异性,特别是构造转型差异变化,为新生代南海扩张的迁移性提供了有力的佐证,可以推断南海不同期次海盆扩张可能存在向南的突然跃迁。因此,本次研究梳理出的南海不同陆缘盆地张裂伸展的非同步性可为南海洋盆扩张演化过程解释提供新的证据。     

南海围区中生代构造古地理演化

对南海围区中生代岩相、构造以及古地理进行了系统总结与研究,编制了南海围区6 个时期 ( 包括T3--K2 ) 构造古地理简图,阐述了南海围区主要的缝合带形成时间和中生代活动及其对南海围区中生代的古地理的控制与影响。经研究,南海围区盆地类型、中生界地层以及古地理环境受特提斯的闭合以及环太平洋俯冲带的影响控制。虽然南海的存在使F6 系列断裂有了现在的格局,但是古太平洋构造带一直控制着中生代加里曼丹、巴拉望、潮汕凹陷以及台湾等地的盆地的形成。讨论了南海及其围区中生代构造古地理的演化,南海围区地层从早侏罗世到晚侏罗世沉积相显示是由海相到陆相的转变,晚三叠世到晚白垩世每个时期都呈现北陆南海的古地理格局。