Assessing the impact of thermal feedback and recycling in open-loop groundwater heat pump (GWHP) systems: a complementary design tool

Thermal feedback and thermal recycling in open-loop groundwater heat pump (GWHP) systems occurs when a fraction of the injected water in a well doublet returns to the production well. They reflect two different mathematical representations of the same physical process. Thermal feedback assumes a constant injection temperature, while thermal recycling couples the injection and production temperatures by a constant temperature difference. It is shown that thermal feedback, commonly used in GWHP design, and recycling reflect two thermal end-members. This work addresses the coupled problem of thermal recycling, which is, so far, the missing link for complete GWHP assessment. An analytical solution is presented to determine the return-flow fraction in a well doublet and is combined with a heat-balance calculation to determine the steady-state well temperatures in response to thermal feedback and recycling. This is then extended to advective-dispersive systems using transfer functions, revealing that the well temperatures in response to thermal feedback and recycling are functions of the capture probability. Conjunctive interpretation of thermal feedback and recycling yields a novel design approach with which major difficulties in the assessment of the sustainability of GWHP systems can be addressed.     

热屏障井对地下水源热泵换热影响模拟

对于场地受限的地下水源热泵项目,随着系统运行时间的增加易引发热贯通现象进而降低机组运行效率。地下水源热泵设计中,在抽灌水井连线间布设热屏障井可改变地下水流场,降低热量在抽灌井间的运移速度,有利于延长热贯通发生时间并缓解热贯通程度。通过构建地下水换热模型,模拟计算夏季制冷工况条件下36组热泵运行场景,分析了热屏障井的位置,过滤管长度及回灌量对热贯通和含水层温度场的影响规律。结果表明：热屏障井回灌量的增加有利于提升热屏障效果,但提升幅度随回灌量的增加逐渐减弱;最大水位降深值随着热屏障井回灌量的增加呈线性增长;增加热屏障井滤管长度可提升热屏障效果,提升效果随屏障井回灌量的增加逐渐增强。通过模型多周期、长时间模拟计算发现,热屏障井的运行可促使回灌的冷热量集中在回灌井一侧,对于采用冬夏季抽灌井交换运行模式的热泵系统,可充分利用含水层储能,提升机组运行效率。     

地下水源热泵的水文地质设计

地下水源热泵是一种国内外正在迅速推广的新型节能环保型空调技术,但如果设计和运行管理不合理,会造成水资源的耗损和地质环境的破坏,因此需要加强其水文地质设计。地下水源热泵的水文地质设计包括水力学设计、热力学设计和地质环境保护设计。水力学设计的重点是维持地下水回灌能力,热力学设计的重点是防止回灌井导致的地下水过热和过冷,地质环境保护设计重点是防止水资源浪费和地下水污染。算例分析表明,抽灌井距的确定需要把水力学设计与热力学设计结合起来进行。     

浅议水源热泵系统中的地下水回灌

通过对水源热泵使用现状的调查,分析水源热泵的应用范围,同时对水源热泵系统中地下水回灌进行剖析,比较不同类型回灌的效果及所产生的影响,指出最优化的回灌思路,并针对其实际应用过程提出严格成井工艺,制定国内相关技术标准,加强对现有的项目的跟监控等几项推广建议。     

A time-series analysis framework for the flood-wave method to estimate groundwater model parameters

The flood-wave method is implemented within the framework of time-series analysis to estimate aquifer parameters for use in a groundwater model. The resulting extended flood-wave method is applicable to situations where groundwater fluctuations are affected significantly by time-varying precipitation and evaporation. Response functions for time-series analysis are generated with an analytic groundwater model describing stream–aquifer interaction. Analytical response functions play the same role as the well function in a pumping test, which is to translate observed head variations into groundwater model parameters by means of a parsimonious model equation. An important difference as compared to the traditional flood-wave method and pumping tests is that aquifer parameters are inferred from the combined effects of precipitation, evaporation, and stream stage fluctuations. Naturally occurring fluctuations are separated in contributions from different stresses. The proposed method is illustrated with data collected near a lowland river in the Netherlands. Special emphasis is put on the interpretation of the streambed resistance. The resistance of the streambed is the result of stream-line contraction instead of a semi-pervious streambed, which is concluded through comparison with the head loss calculated with an analytical two-dimensional cross-section model.     

长春市地下水水源热泵技术的应用与讨论

本文介绍了地下水水源热泵的工作原理,结合长春市地下水水文地质条件确定可利用地下水源热泵适宜区域。应用＂比例法＂对适宜地区地下水进行热储量计算,并得出长春市地下水水源热泵供暖潜力冬季可达1600万平方米。讨论目前长春市地下水水源热泵技术推广的现状,面临的问题,并提出如何推广建议。     

地下水地源热泵系统应用对地温场的影响

通过建立地下水地源热泵系统试验场,运行热泵系统,并进行地下水温度连续监测,分析应用地下水地源热泵系统对地温场的影响。抽水井与回灌井之间以及回灌井附近的地下水温度随系统运行明显变化。系统运行后,回灌水体将以不规则边缘的透镜体贮存于含水层中,以回灌井为中心向外围扩展,水温最低或最高点位于含水层中部。粘性土相对隔水层的温度变化幅度、影响范围均小于含水层。由于热量的累积效应,即使是冷热负荷均衡的热泵系统,运行一个采暖、制冷周期后也将在热源井附近的抽、灌水含水层以及相邻的隔水层中形成冷量或热量的小范围聚积。     

Neural network approach to prediction of temperatures around groundwater heat pump systems

A fundamental aspect in groundwater heat pump (GWHP) plant design is the correct evaluation of the thermally affected zone that develops around the injection well. This is particularly important to avoid interference with previously existing groundwater uses (wells) and underground structures. Temperature anomalies are detected through numerical methods. Computational fluid dynamic (CFD) models are widely used in this field because they offer the opportunity to calculate the time evolution of the thermal plume produced by a heat pump. The use of neural networks is proposed to determine the time evolution of the groundwater temperature downstream of an installation as a function of the possible utilization profiles of the heat pump. The main advantage of neural network modeling is the possibility of evaluating a large number of scenarios in a very short time, which is very useful for the preliminary analysis of future multiple installations. The neural network is trained using the results from a CFD model (FEFLOW) applied to the installation at Politecnico di Torino (Italy) under several operating conditions. The final results appeared to be reliable and the temperature anomalies around the injection well appeared to be well predicted.     

热泵耦合含水层储能技术应用研究

本文结合实际工程项目,对对井抽灌模式的热泵耦合地下含水层反季节储能效果进行研究。结果表明对井采灌热泵耦合储能系统能够实现冬灌夏用和夏灌冬用的反季节储能作用,能充分利用浅层地能资源,节约了常规能源。在冷热负荷不平衡的情况下,若系统长期运行可造成采井或者灌井周围一定区域内温度场的降低或者升高,因此在利用对井储能水源热泵空调系统时,要尽量使系统在冷热负荷均衡的工况下运行,以保护地下生态平衡。     

敦化市玄武岩地区地下水水源热泵浅层地热能适宜性研究

通过对敦化市玄武岩地区的含水层特征进行分析,结合本次抽水试验及回灌试验结果,对研究区浅层地热地下水换热方式适应性进行分析评价,计算得出地下水换热功率。     

地源热泵系统抽灌模式对地下水流场和温度场的影响

通过建立三维水热耦合数值模型,对地下水地源热泵系统井群平行抽灌(即抽水井与回灌井平行布置)以及交叉抽灌(即抽水井与回灌井交错布置)两种调度运行模式下,系统运行后的含水层地下水流场及温度场情况进行了模拟计算、分析。结果表明:平行抽灌模式对含水层地下水流场、温度场的影响范围、程度均大于交叉抽灌模式,从系统运行效率以及对地温场的影响方面考虑,交叉抽灌模式均优于平行抽灌模式。     

地下水水源热泵浅层地热能开发条件及存在问题

地下水水源热泵技术是浅层地热能开发的主要形式之一,并在国内得到广泛应用。然而并不是所有区域均适合利用地下水水源热泵技术进行浅层地热能开发和利用,不合理的开发不仅得不到理想的应用效果还可能产生严重的环境问题及地质灾害问题。地热能开发利用前应进行详细的调查,不仅应具有技术可行性,还要具有环境可行性及经济可行性。     

Multivariate statistical analysis for assessment of groundwater quality in Talcher Coalfield area, Odisha

In order to assess the impact of coal mining on groundwater quality in Talcher Coalfield area, seventeen groundwater samples for pre and post monsoon seasons were collected from borewells/dugwells and analysed for major ions and trace elements. Water quality analysis of major ions and trace elements shows elevated concentration in few groundwater samples. The water quality data was analysed using multivariate statistical techniques viz., factor analysis and cluster analysis. The result clearly shows that the variation in the season is due to recharge of rain water during monsoon. The factor and cluster analysis brought out impact of intensity by mining activity on groundwater regime. Discharge of mining seepage effluents and its interaction with the groundwater contaminate the surrounding groundwater regime. Multivariate statistical techniques are potential tools and provide greater precision for identifying contaminant parameters linkages with mining environment.     

An application of InSAR time-series analysis for the assessment of mining-induced structural damage in Panji Mine,China

Natural Hazards - Underground coal mining activities are likely to cause changes in surface structure, resulting in damage to buildings, which seriously threaten the safety of life and property of...     

Radiocarbon speciation and distribution in an aquifer plume and groundwater discharge area,Chalk River,Ontario

The storage of low level radioactive waste in trenches overlying an unconfined groundwater flow system in sands has generated a contaminant plume (with chemical characteristics of dilute sanitary landfill leachate) containing ¹⁴C both as dissolved inorganic and organic C. In the groundwater, dissolved organic compounds account, on average, for 22% of the total C and 10% of the ¹⁴C. Approximately 300 m from the waste management site, the groundwater discharges to the surface in a wetland containing up to 3 m of peat and an extensive tree cover. Drainage from the wetland passes through a gauged stream. Radiocarbon input to the groundwater discharge area in 1991 was determined to be between 3.3 and 4.2 GBq, based on data from a line of sampling wells along the groundwater input boundary of the wetland, with control provided by water and tritium balance data. During the 1991 study year, only 1.5–2% of both the inorganic and organic ¹⁴C inputs left the wetland in surface water drainage. Vegetation growth in the wetland during the study year contained 8–10% of the released radiocarbon. If the rate of ¹⁴C accumulation in the peat has been constant, 7–9% of the annual radiocarbon input has been retained in the organic soil. Much of this soil accumulation can be attributed to litter from standing vegetation, making distribution coefficients an inappropriate model for ¹⁴C partitioning between groundwater and soil. The plant/soil ¹⁴C concentration ratio was 24 to 33, but application of a concentration ratio to describe the transfer of radiocarbon to plants is also believed to be inappropriate. This study indicates that over 80% of the groundwater radiocarbon is rapidly lost to the atmosphere when the groundwater comes to surface, and we infer that most of the ¹⁴C accumulation in vegetation occurs by CO₂ transfer from the air to the plant.     

地下水人工流场能效增强技术在浅层地热能开发中的应用

中新天津生态城地处天津市滨海地区,区内地下水位高,地下水流动性差,地层上部80~100 m深度内地下水均为咸水,地层天然的热传导能力差,在一个供能期内地埋管向土层中散出的冷量/热量难以在短时间消散,造成冷量/热量在地埋管附近处持续堆积,使地源热泵系统能效降低。地下水人工流场能效增强技术可通过地下水流动将地埋管周围堆积的冷量或热量较为均匀地转移到整个地埋管区域土壤中,使地埋管间的浅层地热能被充分利用,增大换热温差,提高地埋管的换热效率,从而提高地源热泵系统的能效。     

Multivariate statistical analysis for the assessment of groundwater quality under different hydrogeological regimes

Multivariate statistical analysis has been widely used for hydrogeochemical characterization of groundwater quality. In this study, hydrochemical data from three hydrological basins were used and two methods (factor and cluster analyses) were applied. The first area is the coastal area of Eastern Thermaikos Gulf where groundwater is influenced by seawater intrusion and geothermal fluids. The other two areas are the inland basins of Gallikos and Perdikas in which agricultural and industrial activities constitute the main anthropogenic pollution sources of groundwater. Initially, the aforementioned methods were applied for each area separately and resulted in a different number of significant factors and clusters, while the natural and anthropogenic influences were spatially determined in each area. Additionally, factor and cluster analyses were applied coupling data from all areas. Therefore, five clusters and three major factors were determined distinguishing the hydrochemical processes and impacts from anthropogenic activities in more detail. It is worth mentioning that the application of cluster analysis in the coupled groundwater samples of all studied areas resulted beneficially in the most hydrochemically complex area. Salinization dominates in the coastal area, while in Gallikos and Perdikas basins high concentrations of NO₃ occur mainly due to agricultural activities and small livestock units. The numerous hydrochemical samples are identified as the main issue for the higher discretization and reliability of the second approach. Nevertheless, this study is associated with a number of limitations of multivariable statistical analysis regarding extreme concentrations of Cl and Na. This issue stimulates further research in overcoming and understanding these drawbacks.     

安阳市地下水源热泵系统建设水资源管理区划研究

为从赋存条件和水资源管理两个层面进行地下水源热泵系统建设的区划研究,实施技术与管理的结合,通过分析水文地质条件、水动力条件和水化学条件,结合水资源管理分区,建立了安阳市地下水源热泵系统水资源管理区划评价体系。采用云模型改进的层次分析法进行了一级评价,在此基础上结合水资源管理分区利用GIS空间分析功能完成二级评价,将研究区地下水源热泵系统划分了3个等级。结果表明：研究区范围内地下水源热泵系统适宜发展区面积为117.45 km2,主要分布在安阳河冲洪积扇扇体中心强富水区,部分分布在扇缘的外围区域;限制发展区面积为459.26 km2,分布在扇缘的西南和北部丘陵弱富水区以及扇体中心的地下水降落漏斗区;禁止发展区面积为24.02 km2,分布在水源地和南水北调保护区以及铁路和高速公路两旁,在研究区交错分布。在适宜性分区的基础上结合水资源管理的区划研究更全面合理,可为地下水源热泵系统科学布局及合理的开发利用提供参考。     

First attempts towards an integrative concept for the ecological assessment of groundwater ecosystems

Healthy aquifers deliver important ecosystem services, e.g. the purification of infiltrating water and the storage of high-quality water over decades in significant quantities. The functioning of terrestrial and surface aquatic ecosystems directly depends on groundwater and vice versa. Nowadays, legislation has started to consider groundwater not only as a resource but as a living ecosystem. The assessment of ecosystems requires consideration of ecological criteria, which, so far, are not available for groundwater systems. In the framework of a project supported by the German Federal Environment Agency (UBA), a first concept for the ecological assessment of groundwater ecosystems is developed. Steps to be taken are introduced, with a strong focus on microbes as potential bioindicators. These include (1) the typology of groundwater ecosystems, (2) the derivation of natural background values, (3) the identification of potential bioindicators, and (4) the development of an assessment model. First successes and difficulties associated with these challenges, e.g. the lack of simple correlations between abiotic and biotic variables, are discussed on the basis of a data set from a local and regional aquifer in NE Germany. The need for collaboration between ecologists, hydrogeologists and geochemists, as well as the application of modern approaches such as multivariate statistics, is emphasized.     

某地源热泵场地浅层土壤分层热物性响应实验

浅层土壤导热系数的确定一直是地源热泵系统设计研究中的一个重点。为了获得更精确的土壤热物性,引入分布式光纤测温系统,并在原有柱热源测试模型方法的基础上提出分层热物性测试法并对测试数据进行分析。测试数据包括竖直方向上浅层土壤初始温度分布,稳定功率加热过程中竖直方向地埋管内流体温度随时间变化分布。结果表明:通过分层土壤热物性测试可以更直观地观察地下土壤温度分布,了解土壤中地下水分布情况。并得出竖直方向上不同深度土壤的导热系数、土壤密度与比热容乘积以及回填料热阻分布情况。