Experimental study on cascading landslide dam failures by upstream flows

Landslide dams in mountainous areas are quite common. Typically, intense rainfalls can induce upstream flows along the sloping channel, which greatly affects the stability and failure modes of landslide dams. If a series of landslide dams are sequentially collapsed by an incoming mountain torrent (induced by intense rainfall), large debris flows can be formed in a short period of time. This also amplifies the magnitude of the debris flows along the flow direction. The catastrophic debris flows, which occurred in Zhouqu, China on August 8, 2010, were indeed caused by intense rainfall and the upstream cascading failure of landslide dams along the gullies. Experimental tests were conducted in a sloping channel to understand the dynamic process of cascading landslide dam failures and their effect on flow scale amplification. Similar to the Zhouqu conditions, the modeled landslide dams were distributed along a sloping channel and breached by different upstream flows. For each experiment, the front flows were sampled, the entrained grain sizes were analyzed, and the front discharge along the channel was measured. The results of these experiments show that landslide dams occurring along the channel can be destroyed by both high and low discharge flows, although the mechanisms are quite different for the two flow types. Regardless of flow type, the magnitude of the flows significantly increases after a cascading failure of landslide dams, resulting in an increase in both the diameter and the entrained coarse particles percentage.     

陡峻河谷高面板坝坝体与坝基接触效应

以新疆大石峡250 m级特高面板砂砾石坝为依托工程,采用大型接触面直剪试验确定了筑坝料与基岩的摩擦接触参数,建立了考虑坝体与坝基相互接触作用的面板坝三维数值模型,研究了摩擦接触效应对坝体、混凝土面板应力变形以及止水接缝三向变位的影响。结果表明：双曲线模型符合筑坝料与基岩之间剪应力与位移的非线性关系;若不考虑坝体与基岩的接触效应,坝体边界处变形梯度和主应力值计算值均偏小,导致判断该区域坝体开裂区范围偏小而拱效应被高估;蓄水期面板挠度和顺坡向应力受接触效应影响相对较小,而轴向位移和轴向应力受接触效应影响较大;周边缝变位受接触效应影响非常强烈,在高水头压力作用下,坝体局部可能出现相对基岩的滑移导致周边止水变形和坝肩竖缝张开量大幅增加。陡峻河谷筑坝若不考虑接触效应,计算结果是偏危险的。计算结果和Anchicaya 坝实测渗漏位置结果均表明,周边缝变位控制是陡峻河谷面板坝建设的关键。     

滑坡堵江坝溃决洪水及其演进的理论分析

崩滑堵江事件在世界范围内,尤其在山区广泛存在.溃坝后形成的洪水异常凶猛,洪峰高达几米至几十米,演进过程中常造成下游严重灾害.因此,崩滑堵江事件及其灾害链已严重影响人类的工程经济活动.本文对溃决洪水流量、洪峰及其演进过程进行了理论分析,建立了一套预测溃坝洪水特征的计算公式,并用实例验证,取得了较好的效果.     

滑坡堰塞坝堆积形态影响因素离散元分析

滑坡是形成堰塞坝的最主要原因,在地震、降雨、冰雪融水等作用下均可形成滑坡堰塞坝,而滑坡堰塞坝的堆积形态、范围等对评价堰塞坝的稳定性有着重要的影响.通过离散元方法(DEM),系统分析了三维条件下滑动距离、滑面出口宽度、滑面倾角、河床倾角、河谷形状对堰塞坝堆积形态的影响.研究结果表明:滑动距离和出口宽度对坝体高度影响最大;...     

Numerical simulation of landslide dam breaching due to overtopping

The breach of landslide dam often causes significant disaster in the inundated area; the prediction of breach hydrograph is in high demand for the dam breach risk evaluation. In this study, according to the model tests and Tangjiashan landslide dam breach case, the surface erosion accompanied by intermittent mass failure is known as the key breaching mechanism for landslide dam due to overtopping failure. The downstream slope angle would gradually decrease during the dam-breaching process, whereas a planar wedge failure occurs when the breach slopes at the dam crest and downstream breach channel fail. Based on the breach mechanism, a numerical model for landslide dam breach due to overtopping is developed to simulate the coupling process of water and soil. The model focuses on the breach morphology evolution during the breaching for the sake of the improvement of breach hydrograph prediction. Furthermore, the model can handle one- and two-sided breach, as well as incomplete and base erosion at the vertical direction. The case study of Tangjiashan landslide dam-breaching feedback analysis testifies the rationality of the present model with the relative errors less than 10% for peak discharge, final breach widths, and time to peak. The sensitivity analysis indicates that the final breach depth and soil erodibility affect the breach flow prediction of the landslide dam significantly, whereas the one- or two-sided breach mode is less sensitive.     

试论疏排水在红层地区滑坡治理中的重要作用

红层岩土工程地质特性已为工程界所重视。由于其具有遇水软化及低强度的特性，水活动对边坡变形破坏具有重要的促进作用。论文通过对红层岩土工程地质特征和物理力学性质的分析研究，介绍了红层边坡变形破坏特征，论述了地表渗水和地下水活动对红层边坡变形破坏及稳定性的影响。并且通过工程实例分析了疏排水在红层边坡、滑坡治理中的重要作用，提出进行有效的疏排水是对红层边坡、滑坡治理加固的重要手段。     

Formation and failure of the Tsatichhu landslide dam, Bhutan

At 00:30 (local time) on the 10th September 2003 a joint and foliation defined wedge of material with an estimated volume of 7–12×10⁶ m³ slid into the narrow Tsatichhu River Valley, in Jarrey Geog, Lhuentse, eastern Bhutan. The Tsatichhu River, a north–easterly flowing tributary of the Kurichuu River, was completely blocked by the landslide. During its movement, the landslide transitioned into a rock avalanche that travelled 580 m across the valley before colliding with the opposite valley wall. The flow then moved down valley, travelling a total distance of some 700 m. The rock avalanche was accompanied by an intense wind blast that caused substantial damage to the heavily forested valley slopes. The resulting geomorphologically-typical rock-avalanche dam deposit created a dam that impounded a water volume of 4–7×10⁶ m³ at lake full level. This lake was released by catastrophic collapse of the landslide, which occurred at 16:20 (local time) on 10th July 2004, after reported smaller failures of the saturated downstream face. The dam failure released a flood wave that had a peak discharge of 5900 m³ s⁻¹ at the Kurichhu Hydropower Plant 35 km downstream.     

草岭山崩机制及后续地表作用估算(英文)

<正>The Tsaoling rock-and-soil avalanche is the largest landslides triggered by the Chi-Chi earthquake(Taiwan,1999).In addition,because of the periodic reoccurrence of gigantic slides since 19 century,instruments installed and aerial photo scans regularly around the Tsaoling area.Besides of massive field observations,several periods of Digital Terrain Models(DTMs) generated by aerial photos sets have also been deployed to investigate and calculate the coseismic and post-seismic morphological changes.     

基于滑坡风险评价的卡拉水电站坝址比选研究

以雅砻江卡拉水电站为例,针对滑坡群风险在水电工程坝址比选时的量化评价问题,在考虑滑坡体危险性分析和易损性分析的基础上,引入滑坡体工程影响系数、重要性系数、距离模数、滑坡体状况系数4个指标参数,综合考虑滑坡体客观情况与人类活动的影响,建立以年期望损失为指标的水电工程滑坡风险评价体系。在以坝址安全风险指标、堵江引起发电量损失指标与清淤损失指标和涌浪破坏损失指标为标准的综合评价方法中,运用安全与经济相平衡原则,得出基于滑坡风险评价的坝址比选结果。经实例计算,采用改进后的评价方法可得同一量纲下的计算分析比常规方法更具可比性,综合考虑可为坝址比选提供依据。     

Numerical simulation of wave generated by landslide incidents in dam reservoirs

In this work, a two-dimensional fourth-order Boussinesq-type numerical model is applied to estimate the impact of landslide-generated waves in dam reservoirs. This numerical model has recently been extended for simulating subaerial landslides. The extended model is validated using available three-dimensional experimental data, and a good agreement is obtained. The numerical model is then employed to investigate the impact of landslide-generated waves in two real cases, the Maku and Shafa-Roud dam reservoirs in the northwestern and the north of Iran, respectively. Generated wave heights, wave run-up, maximum wave height above dam crest, and dam overtopping volume have been estimated for each case. The amplitude of generated waves about 18 and 31 m and the volume of dam overtopping up to 80,000 m³ emphasize the importance of the estimation of the landslide-generated waves in dam sites.     

高速滑坡岩体碰撞效应的试验研究

应用力学原理从理论上分析了大型高速滑坡岩体与阻挡山体的碰撞过程,得出了碰撞后滑坡岩体的平均运动速度和运动方向的关系式;通过碰撞试验研究了滑坡岩体碰撞解体后的加速运动效应,得出了不同速度段岩体体积的分布规律,为进一步研究远程活动阶段碎屑流的形成奠定了基础,对防灾减灾具有重要意义。     

Some considerations about the simulation of breach channel erosion on landslide dams

The analysis of the flood hazard related to the areas downstream of landslide dams is one of the most interesting aspects of studying the formation and the failure of natural dams. The BREACH code [14], simulating the collapse of earthen dams, both man-made and naturally formed by a landslide, was chosen in order to analyse the case of the Valderchia landslide (central Italy). The bed-load transport formula used in BREACH (Meyer-Peter and Muller, modified by Smart [27]) is based on flume experiments with well-sorted sediments. Such a methodology probably makes this equation not very suitable for describing the sediment transport peculiar to a landslide body presenting a very poor material sorting. The Schoklitsch [26] formula was implemented into the programme as an alternative to the Smart equation. However, because the landslide deposits may often have a strongly bimodal grain–size frequency curve, the percentile D ₅₀ (the typical granulometric parameter requested by bed-load sediment transport formulas) can sometimes correspond to one of the grain-size classes which are really present to a lesser degree. To consider this phenomenon, the BREACH programme (version 7/88-1) was implemented with a new procedure that calculates two granulometric curves, one for each mode of the original distribution, and evaluates transport of the landslide material separately. Results of the analysis show that the model is very sensitive to the bed-load equation and that the procedure implemented to consider the eventual bimodal distribution of the dam material simulates the armouring phenomenon (which can stop the erosion of the dam during the overtopping phase).     

云南某病险水库主坝滑坡原因分析及处理

云南某病险水库主坝在除险加固期间发生滑坡,分别从设计、施工和运行管理等方面对具体原因进行了深入分析,并介绍了针对性的处理措施,提出了一些有意义的结论,可供类似工程借鉴。     

泥石流V型排导槽防治理论及应用研究

泥石流是造成云南省直接经济损失最高的地质灾害。云南省在防治泥石流方面总结出一套“稳、拦、排、截”等工程和植物措施相结合的综合治理办法,V型槽属排导措施中的一种。在云南31条泥石流防治工程实验与实践中,突破泥石流排导最小纵坡和槽型最小曲线半径的理论限制,创造了在部分沟段排导槽最小纵坡3‰、最小曲线半径仅为槽宽的3倍仍能顺畅排导泥石流的效果,改善了纵坡连接代数差的范围,认识到平面曲线段(弯道拐点)和纵坡变坡点不能叠加的问题,发展了复式V型槽。     

重建莫拉克台风引致台湾小林村堰塞湖坝体几何形状

<正>2009年8月莫拉克台风造成于台湾小林村献肚山大山崩,于旗山溪形成堰塞湖后在很短时间内发生溢顶破坏。该研究由航照图、灾前与溃坝后DTM、土壤物性试验与野外调查,根据崩塌与坝体堆积平衡,结合堰塞湖溢流时间,重建小林村天然坝地形与水文参数,并进行坝体稳定性分析。结果显示小林村堰塞湖天然坝主要由透水性低、易冲蚀的细颗粒组分组成,坝体积为15.34×10~6m~3,溢流点坝高及最大坝高分别为44m及60m,坝长与坝     

Logistic regression model for predicting the failure probability of a landslide dam

Landslides may obstruct river flow and result in landslide dams; they occur in many regions of the world. The formation and disappearance of natural lakes involve a complex earth–surface process. According to the lessons learned from many historical cases, landslide dams usually break down rapidly soon after the formation of the lake. Regarding hazard mitigation, prompt evaluation of the stability of the landslide dam is crucial. Based on a Japanese dataset, this study utilized the logistic regression method and the jack-knife technique to identify the important geomorphic variables, including peak flow (or catchment area), dam height, width and length in sequence, affecting the stability of landslide dams. The resulting high overall prediction power demonstrates the robustness of the proposed logistic regression models. Accordingly, the failure probability of a landslide dam can also be evaluated based on this approach. Ten landslide dams (formed after the 1999 Chi-Chi Earthquake, the 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake and 2009 Typhoon Morakot) with complete dam geometry records were adopted as examples of evaluating the failure probability. The stable Tsao-Ling landslide dam, which was induced by the Chi-Chi earthquake, has a failure probability of 27.68% using a model incorporating the catchment area and dam geometry. On the contrary, the Tangjiashan landslide dam, which was artificially breached soon after its formation during the Wenchuan earthquake, has a failure probability as high as 99.54%. Typhoon Morakot induced the Siaolin landslide dam, which was breached within one hour after its formation and has a failure probability of 71.09%. Notably, the failure probability of the earthquake induced cases is reduced if the catchment area in the prediction model is replaced by the peak flow of the dammed stream for these cases. In contrast, the predicted failure probability of the heavy rainfall-induced case increases if the high flow rate of the dammed stream is incorporated into the prediction model. Consequently, it is suggested that the prediction model using the peak flow as causative factor should be used to evaluate the stability of a landslide dam if the peak flow is available. Together with an estimation of the impact of an outburst flood from a landslide-dammed lake, the failure probability of the landslide dam predicted by the proposed logistic regression model could be useful for evaluating the related risk.     

地下排水对滑坡稳定性影响动态研究

提出了考虑孔隙水压力的滑坡稳定性计算方法,对工程中常用的不平衡推力法进行改进。以某个水电工程滑坡为例,采用FLAC3D进行三维数值分析,对滑坡在地下隧洞排水过程中的孔隙水压、水位及流量等变化进行了模拟。利用FLAC3D计算结果,并使用FISH语言编程,得到改进后的不平衡推力法的所需数据,对滑坡的稳定性变化进行了动态研究。计算结果表明,上述方法很好地反映了地下排水过程中稳定性增长过程,同时表明常规的计算方法低估了地下排水在提高滑坡稳定性和降低剩余下滑力方面的作用。     

青石梁近坝滑坡基本特征与稳定性分析

通过工程地质测绘、钻探、平硐及岩土测试等勘察工作,查明青石梁滑坡体积约81万m~3,为中型岩质顺层滑坡,现状整体处于基本稳定性状态。水库运行后或建坝前后叠加暴雨久雨滑体饱水等多种工况下,滑坡整体基本上处于欠稳定—不稳定状态,为此滑坡需要采取工程治理措施。经比较,建议结合大坝二期围堰建设对滑体中部、后缘予以削方减载(用作围堰填筑土料),使滑坡稳定达到安全标准。     

万塘滑坡治理效果预测评价

万塘滑坡是湖北省秭归县香溪河右岸受库水位变动影响的土质滑坡,拟采用抗滑桩进行治理,迫切需要对治理效果进行预测评价。以万塘滑坡地质结构特征、形成机制为基础,采用极限平衡法、FLAC3D显式有限差分法、ABAQUS有限元法相结合,分别从滑坡治理前后稳定性系数变化、剩余推力大小、应力应变分布特征、塑性区变化、抗滑桩桩身结构受力条件5个方面对滑坡治理效果进行评价。研究结果显示,滑坡经治理后不但局部稳定性得到改善,整体稳定性也能满足规范要求。计算结果不但为自然条件下滑坡稳定性分析提供了参考,还为滑坡治理工程效果评价提供了依据,并对施工后布置监测工作有指导意义。     

基于地质力学模型试验的锦屏拱坝坝肩加固效果研究

锦屏一级高拱坝最大坝高305 m,是目前在建的世界最高拱坝,其坝址区地质条件复杂,存在断层、蚀变岩脉、层间挤压带、节理裂隙及深部裂缝等各类软弱结构面,坝与地基的整体稳定问题突出。为使坝体达到良好的受力状态,满足拱座的抗滑稳定与变形稳定等要求,工程上采取了大量的加固措施,主要有左坝肩垫座、左右坝肩混凝土网格洞塞置换、刻槽置换、传力洞等。加固处理后,坝肩的整体稳定性以及坝肩坝基的加固效果如何是工程上关心的重要问题。采用两个三维地质力学模型,分别开展了锦屏一级高拱坝在地基未加固和加固两个方案下的坝肩稳定综合法破坏试验研究,对比分析了两个方案下坝与地基的变形分布特性、坝肩坝基失稳的破坏机制和整体稳定安全度。结果表明：坝肩坝基加固处理后,坝体及左、右两岸坝肩变位的对称性得到明显改善,变位量值减小;在相同的超载倍数下,加固方案下两坝肩开裂破坏的范围减小,破坏程度减轻,坝肩破坏失稳的超载系数增大,超载能力得到提高;未加固方案拱坝整体稳定综合法试验安全系数为4.7 ~ 5.0,加固方案下安全系数为5.2 ~ 6.0,安全度得到明显提高。综合分析认为,锦屏拱坝采用以坝肩垫座、混凝土网格置换洞塞、刻槽置换、传力洞等为主的加固方案对坝肩坝基起到了良好的加固效果。