淮南朱集井田二叠纪煤中稀土元素地球化学特征

采用电感耦合等离子体-光学发射光谱仪(ICP-OES),系统测定了淮南朱集井田二叠纪3个沉积组11个煤层371个煤样品的稀土元素含量。通过对煤中稀土元素地球化学参数分析,得出以下认识:朱集煤中稀土元素总量位于86×10-6～143×10-6范围内,平均值为112×10-6;稀土元素具有指相意义,靠近物源区的上、下石盒子组煤中稀土元素总量比远离物源区受陆表海影响的山西组煤分别高出38%和25%;上、下石盒子组及山西组煤中稀土元素分配模式总体属于轻稀土富集、重稀土亏损型,轻稀土曲线段呈"右倾"趋势,重稀土曲线段则较为"平坦";样品δEu变化范围为0.52～0.80,平均值为0.59,Eu中度负异常,指示成煤沼泽受陆源碎屑影响较大;样品δCe变化范围为0.93～1.04,平均值为0.99,Ce含量无异常,指示成煤沼泽受海水影响较小;煤中稀土元素总量与煤中灰分呈不太显著的正相关关系(R=0.59),说明成煤过程中陆源碎屑物质所携带的部分稀土元素可能吸附在煤的有机质中。原煤X射线衍射图谱(XRD)和光学煤岩薄片显示煤中矿物以石英和粘土矿物为主,高岭石可能是稀土元素的无机载体。另外,稀土元素与陆源碎屑元素(Si、Al、Ti、Ni、Sc和Se等)相关性较好,而与海相元素(B、Sr和Ca)相关性不明显。     

淮南朱集井田二叠纪煤中稀土元素地球化学特征及其地质解释

采用电感耦合等离子体-光学发射光谱仪(ICP-OES),系统测定了淮南朱集井田二叠纪3个沉积组11个煤层371个煤样品的稀土元素含量.通过对煤中稀土元素地球化学参数分析,得出以下认识:朱集煤中稀土元素总量位于86×10-6～143×10-6范围内,平均值为112×10-6;稀土元素具有指相意义,靠近物源区的上、下石盒子组煤中稀土元素总量比远离物源区受陆表海影响的山西组煤分别高出38％和25％;上、下石盒子组及山西组煤中稀土元素分配模式总体属于轻稀土富集、重稀土亏损型,轻稀土曲线段呈“右倾”趋势,重稀土曲线段则较为“平坦”;样品δEu变化范围为0.52～0.80,平均值为0.59,Eu中度负异常,指示成煤沼泽受陆源碎屑影响较大;样品δCe变化范围为0.93～1.04,平均值为0.99,Ce含量无异常,指示成煤沼泽受海水影响较小;煤中稀土元素总量与煤中灰分呈不太显著的正相关关系(R=0.59),说明成煤过程中陆源碎屑物质所携带的部分稀土元素可能吸附在煤的有机质中.原煤X射线衍射图谱(XRD)和光学煤岩薄片显示煤中矿物以石英和粘土矿物为主,高岭石可能是稀土元素的无机载体.另外,稀土元素与陆源碎屑元素(Si、A1、Ti、Ni、Sc和Se等)相关性较好,而与海相元素(B、Sr和Ca)相关性不明显.     

煤矿采空区四维地震特征分析及识别方法:以淮南煤田张集矿区为例

煤矿采空区塌陷是一个重要的地质问题,由于采空塌陷区地震、地质条件的复杂性,传统三维地震勘探探测方法难以准确查明采空区边界.本研究提出一种基于四维地震特征的煤矿采空区识别方法,并以淮南煤田张集煤矿为靶区开展采空区探测.该方法从模型驱动入手,通过建立煤层开采前、后地质模型及进行正演模拟,利用模型地震叠前时间偏移剖面回溯分析...     

淮南煤田深部A组煤中有害微量元素地球化学特征

以淮南煤田深部A 组煤为研究对象,全层刻槽采集了煤、夹矸和顶底板岩石样品,采用电感耦合等离子质谱仪 （ICP-MS） 测试分析了样品中13 种有害微量元素的含量,对比研究了其分布特征,结合Tessier 五步形态提取法和相关性分 析探讨了煤中有害微量元素的赋存形态。结果表明：（1） 与中国上陆壳中各种微量元素含量均值相比,淮南深部A 组煤中 B,As,Se,Mo,Cd,Pb,Hg 的富集系数均大于1,在A 组煤中表现为富集;A 组煤中B,As,Se,Cd 的含量均高于淮南煤 田上部B 组煤、华北煤以及中国煤中的含量均值;（2） 相关性分析和逐级提取实验结果表明,A 组煤中微量元素主要以残 渣态和铁锰氧化物结合态存在,两者质量分数之和达到55%~98%,其中Ni,Mo,Cd,Hg,Cu,Pb 和Zn 主要赋存于硫化物 矿物中,Mn 主要赋存于碳酸盐矿物中,V,Cr,Se,B 和As 主要赋存于硅铝酸盐等黏土矿物中。（3） B 元素示踪物源及沉 积环境结果显示,淮南煤田深部A 组煤成煤环境为海相咸水沉积环境,稳定的咸水沉积环境以及受海水影响等因素导致A 组煤中微量元素出现不同程度的富集。     

Mineralogy and geochemistry of boehmite-rich coals: New insights from the Haerwusu Surface Mine, Jungar Coalfield, Inner Mongolia, China

Boehmite-rich coal of Pennsylvanian age was discovered earlier at the Heidaigou Surface Mine, Jungar Coalfield, Inner Mongolia, China. This paper reports new results on 29 bench samples of the no. 6 coal from a drill core from the adjacent Haerwusu Surface Mine, and provides new insights into the origin of the minerals and elements present. The results show that the proportion of inertinite in the no. 6 coal is higher than in other Late Paleozoic coals in northern China. Based on mineral proportions (boehmite to kaolinite ratio) and major element concentrations in the coal benches of the drill core, the no. 6 coal may be divided into five sections (I to V). Major minerals in Sections I and V are kaolinite. Sections II and IV are mainly kaolinite with a trace of boehmite, and Section III is high in boehmite. The boehmite is derived from bauxite in the weathered surface (Benxi Formation) in the sediment-source region. The no. 6 coal is rich in Al₂O₃ (8.89%), TiO₂ (0.47%), Li (116 μg/g), F (286 μg/g), Ga (18 μg/g), Se (6.1 μg/g), Sr (350 μg/g), Zr (268 μg/g), REEs (172 μg/g), Pb (30 μg/g), and Th (17 μg/g). The elements are classified into five associations by cluster analysis, i.e. Groups A, B, C, D, and E. Group A (ash–SiO₂–Al₂O₃–Na₂O–Li) and Group B (REE–Sc–In–Y–K₂O–Rb–Zr–Hf–Cs–U–P₂O₅–Sr–Ba–Ge) are strongly correlated with ash yield and mainly have an inorganic affinity. The elements that are negatively or less strongly correlated with ash yield (with exceptions of Fe₂O₃, Be, V, and Ni) are grouped in the remaining three associations: Group C, Se–Pb–Hg–Th–TiO₂–Bi–Nb–Ta–Cd–Sn; Group D, Co–Mo–Tl–Be–Ni–Sb–MgO–Re–Ga–W–Zn–V–Cr–F–Cu; and Group E, S–As–CaO–MnO–Fe₂O₃. Aluminum is mainly distributed in boehmite, followed by kaolinite. The high correlation coefficients of the Li–ash, Li–Al₂O₃, and Li–SiO₂ pairs indicate that Li is related to the aluminosilicates in the coal. The boehmite-rich coal is high in gallium and F, which occur in boehmite and the organic matter. Selenium and Pb are mainly in epigenetic clausthalite fillings in fractures. The abundant rare earth elements in the coal benches were supplied from two sources: the bauxite on the weathered surface of the Benxi Formation and from adjacent partings by groundwater leaching during diagenesis. The light rare earth elements (LREEs) are more easily leached from the partings and incorporated into the organic matter than the heavy REEs, leading to a higher ratio of LREEs to HREEs in the coal benches than in the overlying partings.     

山西沁水煤田首阳山矿15#煤的稀土元素分布规律、赋存状态及其对成煤环境的指示

文章以沁水煤田长治首阳山矿15号煤为研究对象,运用电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)和X射线荧光光谱(XRF)等方法对煤中的稀土元素进行测试和分析。探讨了15号煤中稀土元素的富集机理、配分模式、赋存状态以及成煤环境等地球化学特征。结果表明:(1)研究区煤层中的稀土元素含量均值为49.28μg/g,整体含量较低;(2) 15~#煤(除SYS15-2外)和夹矸中稀土元素均为轻稀土富集型(LREY),并且夹矸中轻稀土富集更加明显;(3)稀土元素主要赋存在黏土矿物中;(4)成煤环境整体上以弱还原环境为主,稀土元素物质来源主要为陆源碎屑。     

Geochemistry of environmentally sensitive trace elements in Permian coals from the Huainan coalfield, Anhui, China

To study the geochemical characteristics of 11 environmentally sensitive trace elements in the coals of the Permian Period from the Huainan coalfield, Anhui province, China, borehole samples of 336 coals, two partings, and four roof and floor mudstones were collected from mineable coal seams. Major elements and selected trace elements were determined by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), and hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry (HAAS). The depositional environment, abundances, distribution, and modes of occurrence of trace elements were investigated. Results show that clay and carbonate minerals are the principal inorganic constituents in the coals. A lower deltaic plain, where fluvial channel systems developed successively, was the likely depositional environment of the Permian coals in the Huainan coalfield. All major elements have wider variation ranges than those of Chinese coals except for Mg and Fe. The contents of Cr, Co, Ni, and Se are higher than their averages for Chinese coals and world coals. Vertical variations of trace elements in different formations are not significant except for B and Ba. Certain roof and partings are distinctly higher in trace elements than underlying coal bench samples. The modes of occurrence of trace elements vary in different coal seams as a result of different coal-forming environments. Vanadium, Cr, and Th are associated with aluminosilicate minerals, Ba with carbonate minerals, and Cu, Zn, As, Se, and Pb mainly with sulfide minerals.     

太原西山矿区杜儿坪井田夹矸地球化学特征及其地质意义

为探明太原西山矿区杜儿坪井田夹矸的地球化学特征及其地质成因,用X射线衍射分析(XRD)、电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)、电感耦合等离子体发射光谱(ICP-OES)、氢化物-原子荧光光谱(HG-AFS)、发射光谱法(ES)等方法对杜儿坪井田2号、3号和8号煤层夹矸进行了矿物学和地球化学特征研究。结果发现2号、3号和8号煤层夹矸中矿物以高岭石、石英为主;与华北上地壳相比,杜儿坪夹矸中富集有害微量元素Cd、Se、Mo、Pb、Be、Cu、Th和U,山西组夹矸中有害元素含量大于太原组(除Mo、Pb和U);所有夹矸样品中Li、Ga的含量超过了工业品位,其工业利用价值值得关注;山西组夹矸稀土元素总含量高于太原组夹矸,所有夹矸稀土元素分配模式反映其与陆源碎屑关系密切;通过分析得到该区夹矸形成期间的陆源碎屑主要来自北部的花岗岩;太原组夹矸形成过程受海水影响;稀土元素与Al和Si等造岩矿物的聚类分析表明,夹矸中稀土元素主要赋存于高岭石等黏土矿物中。     

Petrological,geochemical, and mineralogical compositions of the low-Ge coals from the Shengli Coalfield,China: A comparative study with Ge-rich coals and a formation model for coal-hosted Ge ore deposit

To better understand the formation mechanism of coal-hosted Ge ore deposits, this paper reports on the petrological, mineralogical, and geochemical compositions of the low-Ge coals in the Shengli Coalfield (Inner Mongolia, China), using optical microscopy, field emission-scanning electron microscopy, X-ray fluorescence, X-ray diffraction, and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The samples in the present study closely neighbor the previously-reported Wulantuga coal-hosted Ge ore deposit (both No. 6 Coal). In comparison with the Wulantuga Ge-rich coals, the low-Ge coals of the Shengli field display higher moisture (27.59% on average) and lower pyritic sulfur contents (0.53%). Both the low-Ge and Ge-rich coals are generally high in inertinite, and have varying but relatively low huminite contents. Preservation of fecal pellets as macrinite is notable in both the low-Ge and Ge-rich coals, and the position of the fecal pellets appears to be within tunnels or chambers within the wood. Quartz, kaolinite, pyrite, and gypsum are the major crystalline phases identified in most of the Ge-rich and low-Ge coals, but the low-Ge coals contain significantly less pyrite and are more abundant in non-mineral Ca and Mg. Ca-oxalate of authigenic origin is observed, generally occurring as cell-fillings in the low-Ge coals. Otherwise mineral-free organic matter in the low-Ge coals would be expected to have an inherent ash yield of around 6%, derived from the inorganic elements (mainly non-mineral Ca and Mg) that occur either in the organic matter or as dissolved ions in the pore water and form the sulfate species in low-temperature (oxygen-plasma) ash residues. The highly-elevated trace elements, including Be, Ge, As, Sb, W, Hg, and Tl, that occur in the Ge-rich coals of the Wulantuga deposit, are significantly depleted in the low-Ge coals. Lateral migration of Ge–W- and As–Hg–Sb–Tl-rich solutions through the original peat swamp for the Wulantuga Ge ore deposit has led to significant enrichment of Ge on the margin of the coal basin but decreasing Ge concentrations toward to the inner part of the basin. Such a migration direction is different to those in the previously-reported for the hydrothermal solutions in the Lincang (Yunnan of China) and Spetzugli (Russian Far East) Ge ore deposits, where the solutions migrated vertically from granite to peat along faults and led to a dome-shaped Ge distribution in the relevant coal seam.     

Three step-drawdown dewatering test in unsteady flow condition: a case study of the Siwan coal mine in North China Coalfield

A dewatering test is a common tool to estimate the physical properties of water-bearing layers in coal mines. The three step-drawdown dewatering test of unsteady flow, which combines both steady and unsteady flows, is designed in this study. The test design involves the identification of hydrogeological conditions, calculation of hydrogeological parameters, and prediction of mine water yields, particularly those of the Siwan coal mine in the coal mining district of Hebi. The results show that the water storage and the abundance of the second limestone aquifer in Taiyuan formation (L₂) is limited and easy to drain, while the Ordovician system aquifer (O₂) lateral recharges the L₂ by the F₈ fault. The correlation curve method, the cone balance method, and the analytical method are conducted in this study. Results show that the average water yield was 1436.1 m³/h when the water level of L₂ decreased from +?127 m to +?17 m. The three step-drawdown dewatering test not only provides ways to enrich the experimental data and reveal hydrogeological conditions, but it can also be adopted in several approaches to predict mine water yields.     

华北安鹤煤田煤储层特征与煤层气有利区分布

通过对安鹤煤田采集煤样的煤质、显微组分、煤相、显微裂隙分析,等温吸附、低温氮比表面及孔隙结构和压汞孔隙结构测试,研究了该区煤层气赋存的地质条件、煤层气生气地质特征和煤储层物性特征。并采用基于G IS的多层次模糊数学评价方法计算了该区的煤层气资源量,预测了煤层气有利区分布。研究结果表明,该区煤层气总资源量为1 115.73×108m3,煤层气资源丰度平均为1.18×108m3/km2,具有很好的煤层气资源开发潜力。在煤田中部的四矿到八矿之间的地区以及北部的水冶镇附近地区,煤层累计有效厚度大、煤层气资源丰度高、煤层埋深适中、煤储层孔裂隙系统发育、渗透性高,是该区煤层气勘探开发的最有利目标区。     

Gas ejection accident analysis in bed splitting under igneous sills and the associated control technologies: a case study in the Yangliu Mine,Huaibei Coalfield,China

In the Yangliu Mine in Huaibei Coalfield, violent magma intrusion produced two layers of the igneous cover sills and the annular dike and caused the ejection of gas and water in the bed splitting from the surface well that destroyed the gas extraction system on the surface. The source, flow characteristics and hazard of the gas in bed splitting under igneous sills were researched via laboratory experiments, theoretical analyses and numerical simulations. The experimental results indicate that the shorter the distance from the igneous sill and the larger the thickness of the igneous sill, the greater will be the amount of the thermal evolution, the pyrolysis stoma, the coal adsorption and desorption ability and the risk of outburst, six coal samples collected at different distances from the igneous sill. The first breaking length of the igneous sill, the volume of the bed splitting, the gas pressure and flow rate in the bed splitting and the accumulative volume of the gas ejected from the surface well #2 were theoretically calculated. The laws of the bed splitting development under the igneous sills were simulated, consistent with the theoretical calculation results. The regional control and prevention technologies for coal seam gas under igneous sills were proposed and applied. Then the safety of the first-mining seam production and the gas extraction in the adjacent seam and bed splitting via the surface well was ensured, and no accidental gas and water ejection occurred.     

准格尔煤田串草圪旦煤矿5号煤元素地球化学特征

为研究准格尔串草圪旦5号煤微量元素地球化学特征,采用光学显微镜、扫面电子显微镜和X射线衍射（XRD）方法观测煤中矿物组成及形态特征,应用电感耦合等离子质谱（ICP MS）方法测定煤中多种微量元素含量,运用数理统计方法研究微量元素在煤中的赋存特征。结果表明：5号煤中Li、Be、F、U、Hg 5种元素相对富集,含量高于研究区6号煤及中国煤中含量水平。5号煤中Li、F、Ga、Se无机亲和性强,Be、As、U为亲有机元素;Hg与硫含量显著正相关。各元素在煤中主要以有机结合态、无机结合态和硫化物结合态赋存。     

中元古代晚期浅海高能沉积环境中的海绿石:以天津蓟县剖面铁岭组为例

海绿石是一种富钾、富铁的含水层状铝硅酸盐矿物,在沉积学领域常被作为一种普遍的指相矿物。多年研究的结果表明,现代海绿石主要形成在慢速、弱还原的较深水环境中,而且还可以作为"凝缩段"的识别标志之一。天津蓟县剖面中元古界铁岭组第二段灰岩中的海绿石,产在高能叠层石岩礁之中,主要以胶体形式富集在叠层石和均一石的边界上,代表较为典型的原地海绿石;较高的氧化钾含量(大于8%)而显示出高成熟海绿石的特点。很明显,铁岭组二段灰岩中的原地高成熟海绿石,不但不能作为"凝缩段"的识别标志,而且也不是长时间地层间断的产物。由于形成在正常高能浅海环境,而且处于中元古代末期,与现代沉积中的海绿石存在较大的差异,可能代表了中元古代末期的正常浅海还处于含氧量不够充分的弱还原状态,最终使铁岭组灰岩中的海绿石成为前寒武纪海绿石产出的一个典型代表,也间接的表明了在漫长的地质历史演变过程中海绿石产出的多样性特点。     

Investigation of gas content of organic-rich shale:A case study from Lower Permian shale in southern North China Basin,central China

Measuring gas content is an essential step in estimating the commerciality of gas reserves. In this study,eight shale core samples from the Mouye-1 well were measured using a homemade patented gas desorption apparatus to determine their gas contents. Due to the air contamination that is introduced into the desorption canister, a mathematical method was devised to correct the gas quantity and quality.Compared to the chemical compositions of desorbed gas, the chemical compositions of residual gas are somewhat different. In residual gas, carbon dioxide and nitrogen record a slight increase, and propane is first observed. This phenomenon may be related to the exposure time during the transportation of shale samples from the drilling site to the laboratory, as well as the differences in the mass, size and adsorptivity of different gas molecules. In addition to a series of conventional methods, including the USBM direct method and the Amoco Curve Fit(ACF) method, which were used here for lost gas content estimation, a Modified Curve Fit(MCF) method, based on the 'bidisperse' diffusion model, was established to estimate lost gas content. By fitting the ACF and MCF models to gas desorption data, we determined that the MCF method could reasonably describe the gas desorption data over the entire time period, whereas the ACF method failed. The failure of the ACF method to describe the gas desorption process may be related to its restrictive assumption of a single pore size within shale samples. In comparison to the indirect method, this study demonstrates that none of the three methods studied in this investigation(USBM, ACF and MCF) could individually estimate the lost gas contents of all shale samples and that the proportion of free gas relative to total gas has a significant effect on the estimation accuracy of the selected method. When the ratio of free gas to total gas is lower than 45%, the USBM method is the best for estimating the lost gas content, whereas when the ratio ranges from 45% to 75% or is more than 75%, the ACF and MCF methods, are the best options respectively.     

深部岩体地应力分布及测试技术研究进展

为满足煤矿安全生产的需求,针对煤层顶板高地应力区域易诱发煤矿冲击地压等动力灾害问题,利用微震台站实时传输数据,采用快速三维层析反演算法对煤岩层波速进行反演,从而实现对高地应力区域的实时监测和快速预警。层析反演结果的精度直接决定了高地应力区域的判断,因此,通过建立三维地质模型,分析微震事件空间分布的不同以及高地应力区域与煤层顶板的间距对层析反演结果的影响,并将该方法在某矿区进行了试验。试验结果表明：(1) 由于地震波在煤层和围岩中的传播规律不同,微震事件在煤岩层空间分布不同会降低探测高地应力区域的精确度;(2) 煤层顶板与高地应力区域间距过小时,高波速区域附近所产生的波速梯度会影响低速区域,导致反演结果中煤层位置不清晰;(3) 通过筛选微震事件使其均匀分布以及合理的布置微震地面观测系统可以有效的提高数据完整度和反演精度。研究结果为基于微震的快速三维层析反演技术探测煤层顶板高地应力区域提供理论依据。

     

山西河东煤田保德矿区太原组砂体特征及与煤聚集的关系

本文对我国河东煤田府谷－保德矿区太原组（C2）下段的骨架砂体（桥头砂岩）的几何形态、垂直层序类型、岩石学和矿物学特点、概率曲线特征、沉积构造类型及其组合特点、古水流特征进行了细致的观察与分析，结合该骨架砂体对下伏m13厚煤层的冲刷样式，对其沉积环境和发育期的盆地独特的同沉积期的古构造背景进行了判断。识别了该砂体与上覆的m11煤层之间存在的空间展布关系，指出了该砂体对m11煤层聚集的独特控制方式。研究结果表明，该套砂体属于一种特殊过渡类型的河流环境的产物。     

Carbon storage in desertified lands: A case study from North China

Based on the organic and carbonate carbon levels of the top 1 m of soil from desertified soils of Northern People's Republic of China, climatic and vegetative cover zones have been derived for some 334000 km² of desertification-prone lands. Regional accumulations of pedogenic carbonates were examined relative to precipitation, altitude, and temperature. The largest accumulations of pedogenic carbonates were found in Calcic soils in warm, arid areas. Accumulated organic carbon predominated in soils under Betula platyphylla. In the naturally desertified lands of China, for example, the top 1.0-m soil layer contains some 7.84 Pg of organic carbon and 14.9 Pg of carbonate carbon. Total stored carbon, including carbonate carbon, is 1.8-fold more than organic carbon alone. The carbon released through land desertification in China may be an important factor affecting changes in concentrations of greenhouse gases worldwide.