南秦岭土地岭铌钽矿床火山岩地球化学、锆石U-Pb年代学特征及地质意义

南秦岭造山带北大巴山地区广泛出露早志留世碱性岩浆岩,这套碱性岩浆岩与铌钽稀土矿化关系密切,其成因对正确认识该区铌钽稀土矿成矿过程具有重要意义。对位于南秦岭的土地岭铌钽矿区火山岩分别进行了岩石学、岩石地球化学以及LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年代学的研究,从而探讨其岩石成因及地质意义,以期为南秦岭地区铌钽稀土矿成矿过程研究提供新的依据,为稀有矿产找矿工作提供新的思路。土地岭铌钽矿床赋存于一套碱性火山岩中,含矿岩系主要为粗面岩、粗面质岩屑晶屑凝灰岩、粗面质凝灰熔岩。土地岭铌钽矿床中火山岩的地球化学分析表明,该区火山岩全碱含量高,为碱性岩系列;强烈富集Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf等高场强元素,亏损Sr、Ti、P等元素;稀土元素总量高,明显富集轻稀土元素,具弱负Eu异常。结合微量元素构造环境判别,认为该区火山岩形成于大陆裂谷环境,是幔源玄武质岩浆演化的产物。锆石U-Pb年代学研究表明,该区火山岩形成于早志留世,主体结晶年龄为(443.2±4.5)～(441.6±4.0)Ma。土地岭铌钽矿床主要含铌钽矿物分布于早期矿物间隙内,铌钽的富集与岩浆演化晚期的气液活动关系密切。土地岭铌钽矿床为火山岩型稀有金属矿床,兼具岩浆热液型矿床特征。     

陕西镇坪双河口铌矿床地质地球化学特征与成因探讨

为了进一步深入认识陕西双河口铌矿床的赋矿特征与矿床成因,本文做了详细的岩石学、矿物学、矿床地球化学研究。结合区域上已有的研究成果,认为镇坪双河口铌矿床是以铌为主的大型矿床,该矿床赋矿地层为奥陶系-志留系斑鸠关组,控矿构造为北西向次级断裂带,赋矿岩石以黑云母粗面岩为主,热液蚀变发育,铌矿化与钠长石化、钠铁闪石化、黑云母化关系密切。矿区粗面质火山岩富碱质,具有Eu负异常,含矿粗面岩富钠、轻稀土元素。矿床成因类型为岩浆热液型,早期岩浆结晶分异初步富集铌-稀土元素,岩浆期后碱质交代作用进一步富集成矿。     

缅甸硬玉岩地球化学特征及其地质意义

缅甸硬玉岩是一种与超基性岩密切相关的岩石。通过硬玉岩主量成分、微量元素和稀土元素地球化学特征研究表明，缅甸硬玉岩属过碱性系列。稀土总量在(0.2～10.13)×10^-6之间，为贫稀土类型。LREE/HREE比值平均为3.5,轻稀土相对富集，稀土元素球粒陨石标准化模式图较缓向右倾斜。δCe无异常，δEu轻度正异常。富集不相容元素Cs、Ba、Th、U、Pb、Sr和高场强元素Zr、Hf,亏损Nb、Ta和Ti,岩浆来自富集地幔2 (EM₂)。Th/Ta=6.2(>1.6),Ta/Hf=0.056(<0.1),其大地构造环境为岛弧环境。缅甸硬玉岩是新特提斯演化过程中，幔源岩浆上侵，加入陆源物质后，经过复杂的岩浆结晶、交代作用形成的矿床，后期受一定程度的变质改造。     

东昆仑别里赛北铁矿床石英闪长岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年、地球化学及其地质意义

别里赛北铁矿床是近几年在东昆仑成矿带上新发现的一处小型矿床,在对矿区地质背景及矿床特征分析的基础上,对与成矿关系最密切的石英闪长岩进行了LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年,岩石地球化学研究。研究结果显示石英闪长岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄为(242.9±0.6)Ma,MSWD值为0.6,n=22;Si O2的含量在53.62%~63.83%,Al2O3含量在14.55%~17.57%,Na2O含量在2.95%~4.06%,K2O含量在1.60%~3.83%,为准铝质中-高钾钙碱性岩石系列;稀土元素总量中等,轻稀土元素富集,中等负铕异常;强不相容元素K、Rb、Th强烈富集,高场强元素Ta、Nb、Zr、Hf及轻稀土元素Ce、Sm中等富集,Ba、Sr富集不明显,贫P、Ti而Sm、Y、Yb元素含量高出球粒陨石值不多,反映了岩浆具有壳源为主的特点。     

龙岗火山区早更新世玄武质熔岩成因及其构造意义——来自Rb-Sr同位素定年、元素地球化学及Pb同位素证据

龙岗火山区位于吉林省东部辉南县与靖宇县境内,是我国东北部陆缘第四纪陆相火山岩区的重要组成部分。为了深入探讨研究区玄武质熔岩成因及其构造意义,在野外地质调查基础上,开展了岩体的Rb-Sr同位素测年、元素地球化学和全岩Pb同位素测定。结果表明：1)粗面玄武质熔岩中7件全岩、斜长石和角闪石Rb-Sr等时线年龄为(1.81±0.34)Ma(MSWD=0.17,n=7);2)粗面玄武质熔岩中w(Na₂O+K₂O)值范围为6.44%～6.65%,具有偏高的A/CNK(1.24～1.27)和Mg^#(39.09～39.81)值,与原始地幔相比,明显富集Li、Cs、Be、Rb、Ba、Sr等大离子亲石元素(LILE),富集轻稀土元素(LREE),弱富集Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf、U、Th等高场强元素(HFSE),亏损重稀土元素(HREE),具有弱的Eu异常(δEu=0.95～1.07)和弱Pb元素富集,与长白山玄武质岩石具有相似的元素地球化学特征;3)岩石中的(⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr)_i     

滇西腾冲地区龙川江河谷上新世火山岩SHRIMP锆石U-Pb年龄及其地球化学特征

报道了应用SHRIMP技术测定云南腾冲地区龙川江河谷附近上新世粗面安山岩和粗面岩的年龄结果。该区粗面安山岩与粗面岩的喷发时代接近,形成时代为2.81Ma±0.11Ma,属上新世。该区火山岩具高钾钙碱性的特点,富集大离子亲石元素、稀土元素和高场强元素（如Zr、Th、Hf）的特征明显不同于典型的岛弧钙碱性火山岩,而与遭受地壳混染的软流圈源大陆玄武岩相类似,是在板内拉张环境下地幔岩浆混染了大量下地壳物质的产物。     

滇西腾冲地区龙川江河谷上新世火山岩SHRIMP 锆石U-Pb年龄及其地球化学特征

报道了应用SHRIMP技术测定云南腾冲地区龙川江河谷附近上新世粗面安山岩和粗面岩的年龄结果。该区粗面安山岩与粗面岩的喷发时代接近,形成时代为2.81Ma±0.11Ma,属上新世。该区火山岩具高钾钙碱性的特点,富集大离子亲石元素、稀土元素和高场强元素（如Zr、Th、Hf）的特征明显不同于典型的岛弧钙碱性火山岩,而与遭受地壳混染的软流圈源大陆玄武岩相类似,是在板内拉张环境下地幔岩浆混染了大量下地壳物质的产物。     

赣杭构造带新路火山盆地粗面斑岩的年代学、岩石成因及其地质意义

在赣杭构造带上新路盆地中发现有晚期侵入到黄尖组凝灰岩中的粗面斑岩岩脉。本文运用激光等离子质谱(LAICP-MS)对该粗面斑岩中的锆石进行了U-Pb年龄测定,获得了131±1Ma的形成年龄。新路粗面斑岩具有高碱、高钾、高K2O/Na2O,在Si O2-K2O图解中落入橄榄安粗岩(shoshonite)系列岩石的范围之内。新路粗面斑岩还具有贫铁、钛、钙、磷以及富集轻稀土和大离子亲石元素等特征,具有较高含量的高场强元素,亏损Nb、Ta、Sr、P、Ti,以及中等铕负异常(Eu/Eu*=0.32~0.46)和铈负异常(Ce/Ce*=0.64~0.73)的特点。粗面斑岩的全岩εNd(t)值为-5.01~-4.77,锆石的εHf(t)值为-8.3~-3.8(集中在-6~-4之间),两阶段Hf模式年龄集中在1.4~1.6Ga之间。这些地球化学特征表明新路粗面斑岩是幔源岩浆和壳源岩浆混合形成的产物,为赣杭构造带早白垩世幔源岩浆活动提供了重要证据。     

北淮阳东段杨家湾岩体地球化学特征、锆石U-Pb定年及地质意义

北淮阳东段杨家湾岩体为石英闪长岩,SiO_2、Al_2O_3和碱质含量中等,Mg#小,具准铝质高钾钙碱性系列岩石特征。该岩体的稀土元素含量较低,(La/Yb)N和LREE/HREE比值均较高,具较弱的Ce负异常,轻稀土分馏明显,重稀土较平坦,属轻稀土富集型;富集大离子亲石元素(LILE)Rb、Ba、K及高场强元素(HFSE)Zr、Hf、YNb、Ta、Ti、P、U呈低谷负异常,亏损HFSE,富集LILE。通过LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年,首次获得杨家湾岩体年龄为139.6±2.2Ma,属燕山中期,是早白垩世早期岩浆活动的产物,代表杨家湾岩体的成岩年龄。     

西藏羌塘地区戈木错渐新世钾质火山岩的地球化学特征及其构造意义

羌塘戈木错出露一套30Ma的钾质火山岩,岩石类型包括橄榄碱玄岩、橄榄粗面玄武岩、霓辉粗面岩和舍白榴石响岩.火山岩的SiO2含量变化于46%～60%之间,Al2O3含量在13%～21%之间,Mg#介于0.14和0.63之间,K2O/Na2O＞1.岩石强烈富集轻稀土元素(LREE),亏损相容元素(Cr、Ni)和高场强元素(Nb、Ta、Ti),全岩εHf(t)值变化于-1.28～-6.20之间.研究表明,戈木错火山岩母岩浆起源于软流圈流体交代的古俯冲地幔楔的低程度熔融.同源岩浆经历了AFC作用.戈木错火山岩和区域上的鱼鳞山、火车头山钾质一超钾质火山岩共同组成了羌塘渐新世钾质一超钾质火山岩带.综合南羌塘新生代火山岩岩浆性质的演化,认为岩浆的产生可能与35Ma左右羌塘陆内俯冲板片断离导致的软流圈上涌一岩石圈减薄作用有关.     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率

在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。     

Mercury,arsenic, antimony,and selenium contents of sediment from the Kuskokwim River,Bethel, Alaska,USA

The Kuskokwim River at Bethel, Alaska, drains a major mercury-antimony metallogenic province in its upper reaches and tributaries. Bethel (population 4000) is situated on the Kuskokwim floodplain and also draws its water supply from wells located in river-deposited sediment. A boring through overbank and floodplain sediment has provided material to establish a baseline datum for sediment-hosted heavy metals. Mercury (total), arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents were determined; aluminum was also determined and used as normalizing factor. The contents of the heavy metals were relatively constant with depth and do not reflect any potential enrichment from upstream contaminant sources.     

滇东南花岗岩与锡、银、铜、铅、锌多金属矿床的成因关系

滇东南锡、银、铅、锌多金属矿床主要分布在个旧、白牛厂、都龙3个矿区,而滇东南较大的3个花岗岩体又分别出露在3个矿区或附近.花岗岩体均形成于燕山晚期,岩石化学、矿物成分相似,富含锡、银、铅、锌、钨、铜等成矿元素.矿床主金属元素组合与岩体之间的距离由远而近出现由锡、钨、(铍、铌、钽)→锡、钨、(铁)、铜、铟→锡、铅、锌、银、铟、(锑)有规律的变化.花岗岩浆是成矿物质来源和成矿热源.岩浆侵入初期使上覆地层隆起产生背斜(凹陷部位成向斜);同时使地层产生一系列裂隙、压性断层或层间断裂;岩浆侵入晚期,这些断层再次活动,表现为张性,岩浆产生的含矿热液沿由其活动所造成的断裂迁移、充填、交代、沉淀而形成矿床.     

Bellechester,Minnesota, USA,lagoon collapses

Bellechester, Minnesota, is a small community of approximately 155 residents located on the county line between Goodhue and Wabasha counties in southeast Minnesota's karst region. Bellechester is served by a 21-year-old wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) consisting of three waste-stabilization ponds. On 28 April 1992 six sinkholes were discovered to have drained cell 2 of the WWTF resulting in the loss of approximately 8.7×10⁶ 1 of partially treated effluent and about 600 m³ of soil into previously undetected subsurface voids of unknown dimensions. In the week following the collapse, approximately 200 water wells located within a 5-km radius of the WWTF were sampled in an after-the-fact, emergency sampling program. Twelve samples with elevated fecal coliform levels, 18 samples with nitrate-nitrogen greater than the 10 mg/1 standard, and no samples with elevated chlorides were found. However, the elevated levels could not be unambiguously attributed to the WWTF collapse. This is the third WWTF to fail by sinkhole collapse in southeast Minnesota since 1974. All three collapsed lagoons have been located in similar geomorphic and stratigraphic settings. However, at least two lagoons have collapsed in the adjacent area in northeast Iowa, and these lagoons are located at different stratigraphic positions. Twenty-two WWTFs constructed in southeast Minnesota's karst region in the last 25 years have been identified as subject to potential sinkhole collapse. An unknown but significant number of manure storage lagoons, flood control structures, etc., have also been constructed in the karst region and are at risk. Public agencies are beginning to develop plans to deal with the risk associated with existing and future waste lagoons in this environment. The critical hydrogeologic parameters that can be used to prioritize the risk of collapse at existing facilities include: (1) the lithology of the first bedrock beneath each lagoon, (2) the thickness of surficial materials between the lagoon and the bedrock surface, (3) the presence and construction of liners (seepage rate), and (4) the proximity to existing sinkholes.