粘土质白云岩去除水中铜离子的效果及其机制

利用静态吸附实验研究了溶液pH值、反应时间、初始Cu2+浓度等因素对凹凸棒石粘土矿中粘土质白云岩去除Cu2+效 果的影响,将准一级、准二级、Elovich动力学方程与反应动力学进行拟合,再利用Langmuir、Freundlich等温方程对实验数 据进行等温式拟合,并与普通白云岩和凹凸棒石粘土进行了对比研究。结果表明,粘土质白云岩相对于其他两种材料受pH 影响较小,且在pH3~5范围内对Cu2+去除率均大于85%,最佳pH为5;对Cu2+的去除符合准二级动力学模型,粘土质白云 岩对铜的去除速率和去除率均最高;等温数据符合Freundlich模型,对Cu2+的最大去除量（pH=5,30℃）为186.2×10-3。粘 土质白云岩去除水中Cu2+的主要机制为矿物水化与溶解引起的表面沉淀及凹凸棒石与新生碱式碳酸铜[Cu2CO3(OH)2]胶体的静 电吸附。粘土质白云岩中纳米凹凸棒石与亚微米多孔白云石共生,具有较高的化学反应活性,除Cu2+效果明显优于普通白 云岩和凹凸棒石粘土,在处理含Cu2+废水方面具有潜在应用价值。     

溶出珊瑚砂中Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)的动力学实验研究及其影响因素

通过改变固液比、摇床转速、珊瑚砂粒径、温度、溶液pH值及溶液含盐量等参数,对珊瑚砂在水溶液中溶出Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)进行了实验,以探讨溶出过程中的动力学规律和影响因素。实验结果表明,珊瑚砂中Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)溶出量随反应时间逐渐增大;摇床转速越快、固液比越大、温度越高、溶液pH值越低,Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)溶出量越大;当珊瑚砂粒径为2.36~4.75 mm、溶液含盐量为100 mg/L时,Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)溶出量最大。统计分析表明,摇床转速、温度及溶液p H值均对珊瑚砂溶出有显著影响,但溶液p H值影响最大。珊瑚砂在水中的溶出过程符合收缩核内扩散模型,表明控制整个溶出过程反应速率的决定因素是内扩散速率;在15~40℃时,珊瑚砂在纯水中溶出Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)的活化能分别为78.07和74.91 k J/mol。     

黄铁矿净化水中低浓度磷

以产自安徽铜陵新桥矿的黄铁矿为典型样品,研究黄铁矿对磷的吸附作用。静态实验考察黄铁矿粒度、固液比、pH值、离子强度、温度、吸附时间等因素对黄铁矿去除磷效果的影响,XPS和FE-SEM研究吸附磷后黄铁矿颗粒表面形貌和成分特征。结果表明：黄铁矿粒径越小（50～180目）,去除磷效率越高（9.3%～90.7%）;提高固液比（0.2～2 g/L）,磷的去除率增加（6.5%～97.1%）;在pH值3～9.65范围内黄铁矿对磷都有很好的去除效率（95%以上）;NO3-对磷的去除效果表现为微弱的促进作用,Cl-有微弱的抑制作用,溶液中SO42-、HCO3-对黄铁矿吸附磷表现出较强的抑制作用。温度对黄铁矿吸附效率基本没有影响。黄铁矿对磷吸附动态实验表明除磷效率在16 h后接近最大值。除磷作用机理是黄铁矿表面缓慢氧化产生的三价铁对磷的化学吸附。成果表明黄铁矿用于净化污水中低浓度磷具有很大的潜力。     

黏土矿物界面吸附Fe(Ⅱ)耦合对邻硝基苯酚还原转化的增强机理研究

系统考查了Fe(Ⅱ)分别与高岭石、蒙脱石结合的界面结合系统对邻硝基苯酚(简称2-NP)的还原转化作用。研究表明,矿物表面结合态Fe(Ⅱ)能够有效提高2-NP的还原转化速率,2-NP的还原反应符合伪一级反应动力学方程,而且速率常数(k)随溶液p H值、亚铁离子初始浓度以及反应温度的升高而显著增大。当温度25℃,p H值6. 7,Fe(Ⅱ)和2-NP初始浓度分别为3. 0 mmol/L、0. 022 mmol/L,以及黏土的投加量为4. 0 g/L时,Fe(Ⅱ)/高岭石系统对2-NP的还原转化率在4. 0 h内可达到100%。同样,p H值从6. 0升高至7. 3时,Fe(Ⅱ)/蒙脱石系统对2-NP的还原转化也显著增强;但在较低p H值和较低初始Fe(Ⅱ)浓度时,蒙脱石对Fe(Ⅱ)的还原催化性能不如高岭石,可归因于蒙脱石具有较高的离子交换性能。因此,Fe(Ⅱ)在上述两种矿物上吸附形态的差异是导致该系统对2-NP还原转化出现不同效应的根本原因。     

沉积物岩性及水化学性质对水土界面氟迁移行为的影响

水土界面氟的迁移对高氟地下水的形成具有重要影响。以大同盆地典型氟中毒区为例,分析了不同岩性沉积物中的氟质量分数和形态分布特征,并通过室内静态实验,探究了水溶液的pH值、Ca2+、HCO-3以及H2PO-4质量浓度对水土界面氟迁移的影响。研究结果表明,沉积物中不同形态氟按含量由高到低的顺序依次为:残余态氟铁锰氧化态氟水溶态氟有机束缚态氟离子交换态氟;各形态氟在不同岩性沉积物中含量大小均表现为:黏土粉质黏土粉砂;在沉积物中,黏土矿物和方解石是主要的固氟矿物成分。溶液的pH值、Ca2+、HCO-3以及H2PO-4质量浓度与氟在沉积物表面的吸附-解吸和沉淀-溶解平衡密切相关,沉积物对氟的吸附量随溶液pH值和HCO-3质量浓度增大而降低,随Ca2+和H2PO-4质量浓度增大而增大。     

不同反应条件对铜蓝晶体生长的影响

在环境温度下,水中Cu^2+与铁硫化物矿物交换反应形成的铜蓝的结晶度可以影响Cu^2+的回收效率及交换反应的完全程度。本文利用Cu Cl2和Na2S直接反应生成铜蓝,讨论了不同p H值、反应时间、反应温度、反应物浓度、反应物滴加速度、外加电解质浓度等条件对铜蓝晶体生长的影响,并采用XRD、TEM和EDX方法对铜蓝结晶度和形貌进行了表征,用Scherrer公式计算了晶体的平均粒径。结果表明,反应p H值越低,时间越长,温度越高,反应物滴加速度越慢,越有利于铜蓝晶体生长;铜蓝晶体结晶度随着反应物浓度的增加呈先增后减的趋势,而在不同外加电解质浓度条件下表现出不同的结晶度。     

阿拉尔河下游沉积物对铀的吸附及其影响因素

采用静态吸附实验,研究了阿拉尔河下游沉积物对水溶液中铀的吸附机制,分析了反应时间、pH值、粒径、固液比、铀初始浓度等因素对沉积物吸附铀的影响,并对其吸附动力学过程和热力学性质进行了探究。结果表明:阿拉尔河河流沉积物对铀的吸附在16 h左右趋于平衡;溶液pH值对沉积物吸附铀具有显著影响,当pH=6~7时,吸附率最大;在一定条件下,吸附率与固液比呈正相关,与粒径及铀初始浓度呈负相关;吸附量与固液比呈负相关,与铀初始浓度呈正相关;吸附动力学过程遵循准二级动力学模型,由两个以上步骤共同控制;吸附热力学符合Freundlich吸附等温模型,沉积物对铀的吸附以多分子层吸附为主,是自发、吸热的熵增过程。     

白云岩有机成因模式:机制、进展与意义

白云岩是一种常见的碳酸盐岩,它广泛分布在古代碳酸盐岩台地中,却很少见于全新世沉积物中,这构成了一个未解之谜。近20多年的研究成果表明,早期成岩过程中微生物参与的硫酸盐还原反应、甲烷生成和厌氧氧化反应以及有氧呼吸作用能够促进白云石的沉淀:细菌细胞和胞外聚合物(EPS)带有负电荷,能够聚集溶液中Mg2+和Ca2+;同时上述氧化还原反应产生HCO3-,提高了孔隙水中反应物的浓度;这样在细菌细胞周围形成一个对白云石超饱和的微环境,有利于白云石的沉淀。这是一种新的白云石成因模式,微生物活动和有机质是影响白云石形成最重要的因素,特殊的球状形态和碳同位素特征是鉴别有机成因白云石的重要标志。白云岩有机成因模式为认识地质历史时期大套白云岩的成因、探索"白云岩之谜"提供了新的思路。     

热处理褐铁矿去除水中的Mn2+

本文利用褐铁矿中针铁矿经热脱水相变获得以纳米晶赤铁矿为主要物相的纳米-微米多级孔结构材料,并用于模拟净化富Mn~(2+)地下水。同时考察了热处理温度、初始pH值、初始Mn~(2+)浓度、吸附反应时间等对材料去除溶液中Mn~(2+)的影响。XRD、TEM、BET表征结果表明,300℃热处理产物中赤铁矿孔径最小为2.7 nm,比表面积最大达到107.4 m~2/g。吸附实验结果表明,在pH值5~10的范围内,p H值对煅烧褐铁矿颗粒对Mn~(2+)去除效果影响较小;材料在贫氧条件下对水中低浓度Mn~(2+)的最大吸附量为6.45 mg/g;吸附动力学符合准二级动力学模型;褐铁矿热处理形成的纳米晶赤铁矿对Mn~(2+)具有吸附和催化氧化作用,其中的杂质锰氧化物对Mn~(2+)的吸附和催化氧化具有增强作用。     

川东—渝北地区黄龙组白云岩储层稀土元素地球化学特征

内容提要：石炭系黄龙组白云岩储层是川东-渝北地区天然气藏最重要的储集岩类型之一,依据岩石学特征和沉积相及地球化学特征,可将川东-渝北地区石炭系广泛发育的白云岩划分为准同生白云岩、成岩埋藏白云岩、古表生期淡水白云石和深埋藏热液异形白云石四种成因类型,其中具备储集意义的仅为交代成因的成岩期交代成因的埋藏白云岩和古表生期形成的岩溶岩,岩性主要为颗粒和晶粒白云岩及白云质岩溶角砾岩。白云岩稀土元素地球化学分析结果为：①弱溶蚀、强溶蚀准同生和成岩埋藏白云岩分别都具有相似的ΣREE值、ΣLREE/ΣHREE比、REE配分模式和δCe、δEu负异常,但弱溶蚀白云岩各参数值相对较低;②淡水白云石具有很低的ΣREE值、弱Ce负异常和中等-较强的Eu负异常;③热液异形白云石ΣREE、REE配分模式和δCe特征与淡水白云石相似,而δEu最高。上述特征进一步表明各成因类型白云岩的稀土元素各项参数和配分模式差异明显,与较晚期次流体的物理化学性质密切相关,特点为：准同生期和早-中成岩期埋藏白云岩受表生期岩溶作用影响较大,而深埋藏期热液异形白云石明显叠加有深部热液流体的影响。     

Adsorption of lead using a new green material obtained from Portulaca plant

In the present study the potential of a new green material obtained from Portulaca oleracea plant was investigated. The material was used without any chemical treatment to study the adsorption behavior of lead ions from aqueous solution. Various batch experiments were carried out using different experimental conditions such as pH, contact time, adsorbent concentration, and metal ion concentration to identify the optimum conditions. The influence of these parameters on the adsorption capacity was studied. Results showed the optimum initial pH for adsorption as 6. Adsorption equilibrium was reached in 120?min. The adsorption data were modeled using both the Langmuir and Freundlich classical adsorption isotherms. Results show ~78% removal of lead from aqueous solution. The kinetic data corresponded well with pseudo second-order equation. From the initial results, the green material obtained from the waste of Portulaca seems to be a potential low-cost adsorbent for removal of lead ions from water.     

Adsorption of lead, zinc and cadmium ions from contaminated water onto Peganum harmala seeds as biosorbent

Peganum harmala seeds were assessed as biosorbent for removing Pb²⁺, Zn²⁺and Cd²⁺ ions from aqueous solutions. The effects of various parameters such as the aqueous solution pH, the contact time, the initial metal concentration and the amount of adsorbent in the process were investigated. The adsorption efficiencies increased with pH. It was found that about 95 % of lead, 75 % of zinc and 90 % of cadmium ions could be removed from 45 ml of aqueous solution containing 20 mg l^?1 of each cation with 2 g of adsorbent at pH 4.5 after 15 min. The quantitative desorption of cadmium from adsorbent surface was achieved using 10 ml of a 0.5 M nitric acid solution. This condition was attained for lead and zinc ions with 10 ml of 1 M hydrochloric acid solution. Kinetic investigation of the process was performed by considering a pseudo-second-order model. This model predicts the chemisorption mechanism of the process. Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin and Dubinin–Radushkevich models were tested for describing the equilibrium data. It was found that the Freundlich model describes the experimental data resulting from the adsorption of lead ions. However for cadmium and zinc ions, the adsorption equilibria were interpreted with the Langmuir model.     

Removal of bisphenol A from aqueous solution by hydrophobic sorption of hemimicelles

In this work, the hydrophobic sorption of hemimicelles was proposed as an innovative method for removing bisphenol A from aqueous solution with esterified carboxyl cotton as sorbent and cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide as cationic surfactant. In order to optimize the sorption process, the effect of sorbent dose, initial pH, surfactant dose, sorbate concentration, contact time and temperature was investigated in batch system. The maximum value of bisphenol A removal appeared in the pH range 4–10. The bisphenol A removal ratio came up to the maximum value beyond 12 time of surfactant/bisphenol A. The isothermal data of bisphenol A sorption conformed well to the Langmuir model and the maximum sorption capacity (Q_m) of esterified carboxyl cotton for bisphenol A was 87.72 mg/g. The bisphenol A removal equilibrium was reached within about 4 h and the removal process could be described by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The thermodynamic study indicated that the bisphenol A sorption process was spontaneous and exothermic.     

Insight into adsorption equilibrium,kinetics and thermodynamics of lead onto alluvial soil

In the present study, adsorption of lead (II) ions from aqueous solution by alluvial soil of Bhagirathi River was investigated under batch mode. The influence of solution pH, sorbent dose, initial lead (II) concentration, contact time, stirring rate and temperature on the removal process were investigated. The lead adsorption was favored with maximum adsorption at pH 6.0. Sorption equilibrium time was observed in 60 min. The equilibrium adsorption data were analyzed by the Freundlich, Langmuir, Dubinin–Radushkevich and Temkin adsorption isotherm models. The kinetics of lead (II) ion was discussed by pseudo first-order, pseudo second-order, intra-particle diffusion, and surface mass transfer models. It was shown that the adsorption of lead ions could be described by the pseudo second-order kinetic model. The activation energy of the adsorption process (E _a) was found to be ?38.33 kJ mol^?1 using the Arrhenius equation, indicating exothermic nature of lead adsorption onto alluvial soil. Thermodynamic parameters, such as Gibbs free energy (?G ⁰), the enthalpy (?H ⁰), and the entropy change of sorption (?S ⁰) have also been evaluated and it has been found that the adsorption process was spontaneous, feasible, and exothermic in nature. The results indicated that alluvial soil of Bhagirathi River can be used as an effective and low cost adsorbent to remove lead ions from aqueous solutions.     

Relevant approach to assess the performance of sawdust as adsorbent of chromium (VI) ions from aqueous solutions

The biosorption of chromium (VI) ions from aqueous solutions by two adsorbents viz. mango and neem sawdust was studied under a batch mode. An initial pH of 2.0 was most favorable for chromium (VI) removal by both the adsorbents. The results obtained for the final concentration of chromium (VI) and chromium (DI) at a pH range of 2–8 indicated that a combined effect of biosorption and reduction was involved in the chromium (VI) removal specially when the pH value is lower than 3. The maximum loading capacity was calculated from adsorption isotherms by applying the Langmuir model and found to be higher for neem sawdust (58.82 mg/g). Evaluation of experimental data in terms of biosorption kinetics showed that the biosorption of chromium (VI) by neem sawdust followed pseudo second-order kinetics. Therefore, the rate limiting step may be chemical sorption or chemisorption. The efficiency of this process was examined in using tannery wastewater contaminated with chromium (VI) ions in column mode.     

Saraca indica leaf powder for decontamination of Pb: removal, recovery, adsorbent characterization and equilibrium modeling

The present study explores the effectiveness of Saraca indica leaf powder, a surplus low value agricultural waste, in removing Pb ions from aqueous solution. The influence of pH, biomass dosage, contact time, particle size and metal concentration on the removal process were investigated. Batch studies indicated that maximum biosorption capacity for Pb was 95.37% at the pH 6.5. The sorption process followed the first order rate kinetics. The adsorption equilibrium data fitted best to both Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. Morphological changes observed in scanning electron micrographs of untreated and metal treated biomass confirmed the phenomenon of biosorption. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy of native and exhausted leaf powder confirmed lead biomass interactions responsible for sorption. Acid regeneration was tried for several cycles with a view to recover the sorbed metal ion and also to restore the sorbent to its original state. The findings showed that Saraca indica leaf powder can easily be envisaged as a new, vibrant, low cost biosorbent for metal clean up operations.     

Removal of Arsenic(V) from Aqueous Solutions by Lanthanum-loaded Zeolite

A new adsorption process for the removal of As（V） ion from aqueous solutions is studied in this paper using lanthanum-loaded zeolite. The removal efficiency of different adsorbents, activated alumina and activated carbon are obtained in the study for comparison. The results show that lanthanum-loaded zeolite is an effective adsorbent for the removal of As（V） from aqueous solutions. Then, the pH effect and regeneration of modified zeolite on the As（V） removing efficiency are also assessed. It functions with a wide range of pH （2-8）. After adsorption, zeolite adsorbed with As（V） ions can be regenerated successfully with 1 M NaOH. Based on the data obtained, an adsorption mechanism and the possible complex structure are tentatively presented. Compare to other adsorbents, easy availability of this adsorbent, excellent adsorption capacity, wide optimum pH range, and regeneration are expected to be utilized in practical operations.     

Removal of chromium (VI) from aqueous solutions using Lewatit FO36 nano ion exchange resin

The removal of the chromium (VI) ion from aqueous solutions with the Lewatit FO36 ion-exchange resin is described at different conditions. The effects of adsorbent dose, initial metal concentration, contact time and pH on the removal of chromium (VI) were investigated. The batch ion exchange process was relatively fast and it reached equilibrium after about 90 min of contact. The ion exchange process, which is pH dependent showed maximum removal of chromium (VI) in the pH range 5.0–8.0 for an initial chromium (VI) concentration of 0.5 mg/dm³. The equilibrium related to Lewatit FO36 ion- exchange capacity and the amounts of the ion exchange were obtained using the plots of the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. It was observed that the maximum ion exchange capacity of 0.29 mmol of chromium (VLVg for Lewatit FO36 was achieved at optimum pH value of 6.0. The ion exchange of chromium (VI) on this cation-exchange resin followed first-order reversible kinetics.     

Removal of cadmium and humic acid from aqueous solutions using surface modified nanozeolite A

The sorption of cadmium and humic acids from aqueous solutions using surface-modified nanozeolite A has been investigated under various examination conditions. The morphology of untreated and treated nanozeolite was studied under scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope. Isotherms of cadmium adsorption onto surface-modified nanozeolite A were studied at different pH, solid to liquid ratio, adsorbate concentration and interaction time. Kinetic and equilibrium studies were conducted and the equilibrium data have been analyzed using Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. The study revealed that experimental results were in agreement with the Freundlich model. The Langmuir monolayer adsorption capacity was found to be 1666.67 g cadmium and 6.75 g humic acid per gram of modified nanozeolite A, which is higher than that of reported value for other zeolites. The sorption ability was enhanced by surface modification and reduction in size and enabled the zeolite to adsorb cadmium. The adsorption of cadmium and humic acid on nanozeolite was found to be the highest at pH 6 and 3, respectively. Results showed that solid to liquid ratio and pH are the most important factors for cadmium and humic acid removal, respectively. Effect of competitive ions was studied and results showed that there is no competition between cadmium and humic acid sorption and presence of these ions.     

花岗岩母质红壤吸附水中砷(Ⅴ)的影响因素试验

为探讨花岗岩母质红壤吸附水中砷(Ⅴ)的效果和机理, 采用静态吸附实验, 研究溶液砷初始浓度、反应时间、温度、pH值等因素对红壤吸附水中砷的影响.当溶液砷初始浓度小于5.0 mg/L时, 红壤对砷的去除率均大于97%;随着砷初始浓度增大, 去除率逐渐降低; 反应初期(0~120 min), 红壤对砷的去除率迅速增大至95.0%左右.此后, 去除率缓慢增大, 直到720 min后, 去除率达到97.0%左右, 并趋于稳定; 在砷初始浓度一定时, 红壤对砷的吸附量随着温度的升高逐渐增加, 但增加幅度较小; 红壤对砷的去除率随着体系pH值的增大呈减小趋势; 正交试验表明, 在砷初始浓度为5.0 mg·L-1、反应时间为120 min、pH为5.0及反应温度为40℃的组合下, 红壤对砷的去除率最大.