高温高压改色处理Ⅰa型褐色钻石的光谱鉴定特征

Ⅱa型钻石的高温高压改色及褪色研究已开展了大量工作,然而对Ⅰa型Cape系列褐色钻石在高温高压处理条件下的行为尚不明确。为解析实验室钻石鉴定工作中遇到的黄色钻石颜色成因问题,本文选取了Ⅰa型Cape系列褐色钻石作为研究对象,进行高温高压改色处理实验,并对处理前后的样品的紫外可见吸收光谱、红外吸收光谱以及光致发光光谱等谱学特征进行对比分析。结果表明:经高温高压改色处理后,钻石颜色由灰褐色变为褐黄色,钻石的紫外可见吸收光谱、红外吸收光谱和光致发光光谱也发生了很大改变。经处理的褐色钻石,其紫外可见吸收光谱中除原有的415nm和477nm吸收外,还产生503.2nm吸收,同时550nm至短波的吸收增强,钻石因此由原来的灰褐色变为褐黄色;红外吸收光谱中,1498、1520、1547cm~(-1)三个峰变为一个以1498cm~(-1)为中心的吸收宽峰;光致发光光谱中,产生了明显的H3(503.2nm)以及H2(986.2nm)缺陷。本研究获得的光谱变化特征为准确鉴定高温高压改色处理的Cape型钻石提供了依据,也为更好地理解晶格中氮、氢等相关的格子缺陷在高温高压条件下的变化机理提供了实验数据和分析。     

利用吸收和发光光谱技术分析高温高压天然富氢钻石的鉴定特征

对不同类型褐色钻石进行高温高压处理和结构特性研究是钻石研究中的难点和重点之一。前人对富氢钻石的研究主要集中于其特殊的生长结构以及其形成环境的探讨,而对富氢钻石经高温高压处理后的变化特征鲜有涉及。本文对经高温高压处理前后的富氢钻石的红外光谱、紫外可见吸收光谱以及光致发光光谱等谱学特征进行了对比,研究其鉴定特征。结果表明:高温高压处理前后的富氢钻石的光谱特征具有明显差异,特别是红外光谱,经处理后的钻石中与氮氢有关的吸收峰如3310 cm~(-1)、3232 cm~(-1)、3189 cm~(-1)等明显减弱甚至消失,并出现与孤氮有关的新的2688 cm~(-1)吸收峰;紫外可见光吸收光谱中,经处理的褐色钻石中的无选择性吸收(钻石呈褐色的原因)变为孤氮的典型吸收,即550 nm至短波的吸收以及N_3中心(415 nm)的吸收均明显增强,因此钻石也由原来的褐色变为黄色。钻石经处理前后的光致发光光谱中,与氮原子有关的缺陷类型、峰的强度以及缺陷组合也有变化。本文获得的光谱变化特征,为准确鉴定高温高压处理的黄色富氢钻石提供了依据,也为解释与氢和氮相关的晶格缺陷在高温条件下的变化机理提供了理论基础。     

高温高压处理钻石的谱学研究

对高温高压处理钻石进行了显微观察及红外光谱、低温紫外－可见－近红外吸收光谱和光致发光谱等谱学研究，认为钻石的去色是由于高温高压过程引起晶格结构的重组，从而得出天然褐色钻石的致色与位错附近的孤氮－空穴（N－V）的眯缺陷有关的结论。同时也提供了高温高压处理钻石的一些谱学特征，如红外光谱中较弱的3107cm^-1峰，紫外－可见吸收光谱中的325nm宽带，光致发光谱中的575nm与637nm峰。     

Ⅰa型褐色金刚石高温高压改色研究进展

Ⅰa型金刚石是世界上最重要的金刚石种类,约占金刚石总量的98%。利用大腔体压机通过优化温度、压力和时间等因素改善工业用途的Ⅰa型褐色金刚石的体色,是提高其经济价值并满足日益加剧的彩色金刚石市场需求的重要技术手段。但由于受金刚石原料的来源及实验技术条件的限制导致国内高温高压环境下对褐色金刚石的改色处理进展缓慢,并且改色后的金刚石很难达到宝石级别。本文对自20世纪60年代以来国内外对Ⅰa型金刚石高温高压(HTHP)改色处理的研究及所取得的成果进行了总结。已有的研究显示,在伴有塑性变形的基础上,不同结构的杂质氮是主要的致色元素。根据高温高压环境下Ⅰa型褐色金刚石内部杂质氮反应原理以及动力学机理,提出只要设计合理的样品组装方式以及恰当的改色处理所需的温压条件,我国普遍使用的六面顶压机同样具备对Ⅰa型褐色金刚石进行商业化改色处理的潜力。     

俄罗斯高温高压处理钻石特征

采用显微观察、红外光谱、可见吸收光谱和低温光致发光谱等分析方法,对9颗俄罗斯高温高压处理钻石样品进行了研究。结果表明,该类钻石样品的内部多见石墨化现象,尤以彩色钻石样品更明显;金黄色、紫红色、黄绿色样品为ⅠaAB型,浅黄色样品为ⅠaB型,近无色样品为Ⅱa型;样品的可见吸收光谱因颜色不同而差异显著,其中金黄色样品可见475 nm处的吸收宽带,紫红色样品可见638,614,595 nm处的吸收峰,黄绿色和浅黄色样品可见415,475,503 nm处的吸收峰,近无色样品则为较光滑的平直曲线。此外,该类样品在低温光致发光谱中可见575 nm与637 nm处强发光峰。这些特征为探讨该类钻石的晶格缺陷与呈色机理提供了一定的科学依据。     

高温高压合成黄色钻石颜色成因及改色机理探讨

为了从动态过程中更直观地研究黄色高温高压合成钻石的颜色成因和改色机理,本文对5颗黄色高温高压合成钻石进行高温高压改色实验,并对样品改色前后的红外光谱、光致发光光谱、DiamondViewTM图像进行了分析,发现受合成方法限制,高温高压法合成钻石所含缺陷较多,除应力缺陷外,还含有较多空穴和杂质元素,如N、Ni等,对合成钻石的品质和颜色有较大影响。同时,通过红外光谱和光致发光光谱测试得到,改色前、后合成钻石样品内的色心包括(N_V)-、(N_V)、H3、C心、(Ni_V)-、Ni_N复合体和Ni-。实验所提供的7 GPa高压及1 480℃高温条件有助于钻石晶体内部氮的聚集,从而改变合成钻石的类型,即由Ⅰb型(含少量A集合体)转变为Ⅰb+ⅠaA混合型,同时对合成钻石的颜色也产生了影响。     

CVD合成钻石的红外拉曼光谱分析

用11颗高温高压合成钻石种晶在不同CH4/H2比例、温度和压强下进行CVD生长实验。对生长后样品进行了红外光谱定量分析、拉曼光谱分析及表面微形貌观察。结果表明,合成的CVD钻石有一定的内应力,晶体质量与高温高压种晶质量相似。过高的CH4/H2比例对CVD钻石的生长无明显促进作用,会增加C-H缺陷,抑制钻石的快速生长。同时,温度对CVD钻石的生长速度和生长模式起着重要的作用,适当提高合成温度有助于钻石生长台阶的形成以及生长速率的提高。     

HPHT合成钻石在首饰中的鉴别特征

国家黄金钻石制品质量监督检验中心收到待检的百余件群镶钻石首饰中发现混有大量HPHT合成黄色钻石.采用宝石显微镜、红外光谱仪、X射线荧光光谱仪、紫外可见光分光光谱仪、紫外荧光灯、DiamondView^TM等对HPHT合成钻石样品做了详细地测试与分析.结果表明,这些HPHT合成钻石样品具有较为统一的黄色,放大检查可见合成钻石内部含有大量棒状、柱状、细小微粒状的铁镍合金包裹体,且几乎都有磁性,有些磁性甚至较强;样品的红外反射光谱非常特征,均具有明显的1 131 cm^-1处的吸收峰,为Ⅰb型钻石,而Ⅰb型钻石在天然钻石中极少见到;X射线荧光光谱测试显示有强烈的铁峰和镍峰,且在短波紫外线下多数具有绿黄色荧光.HPHT合成钻石在DiamondView^TM下具有不同程度的黄绿色荧光,部分具有黑十字现象.     

Chameleon钻石与其相似黄色钻石光谱学特征的对比分析及颜色成因

Chameleon钻石（俗称“变色龙钻石”）是一种具有光致变色和热致变色现象的彩色钻石,在受热后或长时间在暗室中会由黄绿色变为黄色,在实际工作中发现与Chameleon钻石颜色相似的黄色钻石并不具有此类“变色”现象。为了研究Chameleon钻石与相似黄色钻石的差异,并进一步探究产生光致变色和热致变色现象的原因,本文选取Chameleon钻石和与其颜色相似的黄色钻石作为研究对象,进行加热实验,观察加热前后钻石颜色、紫外可见光吸收光谱的变化情况,探寻导致热致变色的原因,并对样品的红外吸收光谱及光致发光光谱特征进行详细分析与比较。结果表明：Chameleon钻石受热后由黄绿色变为黄色,在超短波紫外线下显示绿色荧光和磷光,相似黄色钻石样品无磷光及变色现象;所有样品均有从紫外光至510nm逐渐减弱的连续吸收和480nm吸收宽带,Chameleon钻石具650～800nm吸收宽带,相似黄色钻石无该吸收带,加热后吸收带消失是其产生热致变色的主要原因;进一步对样品的缺陷类型进行对比分析,Chameleon钻石红外光谱可见孤氮特征及与片晶无关的1430cm-1宽吸收带,该峰未在相似黄色钻石中出现,但产...     

基于红外光谱-拉曼光谱研究山东郯城砂矿的金刚石及包裹体类型

对山东郯城砂矿中的金刚石开展了傅里叶红外光谱和显微激光拉曼光谱的测试,结果显示,红外光谱均可见C—C的本征峰;绝大多数可见氮的吸收峰:双氮的吸收峰、聚合氮的吸收峰和氮片晶的吸收峰;部分可见氢的吸收峰:C—H的吸收峰、C—N的吸收峰和H2O的吸收峰.郯城金刚石以Ⅰa型金刚石为主,有ⅠaA、ⅠaB、ⅠaAB型,而Ⅱa型仅1粒;氮类型包括双氮(A心)、聚合氮(B心)及氮片晶(B'心),说明金刚石中的孤氮(C心)已经转化为双原子氮,但部分双原子氮未完成进一步的聚形.金刚石拉曼峰值集中在1131 cm–1,拉曼位移漂移程度较小,说明金刚石内部应力发生小幅的变化.在郯城金刚石中首次发现柯石英包裹体,出现139 cm–1、152 cm–1、212 cm–1、272 cm–1、328 cm–1、356 cm–1、428 cm–1和529 cm–1左右的拉曼峰值.在1粒金刚石中柯石英包裹体数量多达十余个,直径几μm至几十μm,呈针状、哑铃状、浑圆状和短柱状等多种形态.郯城金刚石中柯石英包裹体的出现,可作为郯城地区存在榴辉岩型金刚石的可靠标志,也佐证了该地部分金刚石的来源可能和洋壳循环或者俯冲过程有关.镁橄榄石包裹体上覆分散的黑色石墨斑点,与山东蒙阴、辽宁和湖南金刚石中的镁橄榄石等不同种类包裹体具有相似特征,推测这些石墨斑点是晶体包裹体形成后,由于外部环境温压条件的变化产生.     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

塘口水电站坝基岩体透水性和渗漏问题分析

塘口水电站大坝基础座落在断层和裂隙较发育的龟裂纹灰岩上,岩体完整性差、透水性强,多年运行后,大坝灌浆廊道和排水廊道出现多处集中性漏水,为确保大坝安全和电站正常发电,根据渗漏性质和成因,采用对灌浆廊道补充帷幕灌浆,对排水廊道进行固结+帷幕+回填灌浆。通过灌浆处理后,效果良好,表明灌浆工程有效的将导致坝基渗漏的上下游的裂隙通道封闭,并顺利的经受了随后的汛期洪水考验,大坝安全得到保障。     

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Calculation of the Inverse of the Covariance

In reservoir characterization, the covariance is often used to describe the spatial correlation and variation in rock properties or the uncertainty in rock properties. The inverse of the covariance, on the other hand, is seldom discussed in geostatistics. In this paper, I show that the inverse is required for simulation and estimation of Gaussian random fields, and that it can be identified with the differential operator in regularized inverse theory. Unfortunately, because the covariance matrix for parameters in reservoir models can be extremely large, calculation of the inverse can be a problem. In this paper, I discuss four methods of calculating the inverse of the covariance, two of which are analytical, and two of which are purely numerical. By taking advantage of the assumed stationarity of the covariance, none of the methods require inversion of the full covariance matrix.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

The Tendencies of the Development of the Mineral-Resources Sector at the Turn of the Century

Important tendencies in development of the world mineral-resources sector at the beginning of the 21st century were an increase in production and consumption of mineral materials differentiated by types of metals and nonmetallic mineral raw materials, by countries and regions, as well as the concentration of the production of mineral raw materials in a small number of countries, and a reduction in industrial reserves of minerals in the world economy, even at the current stage of their extraction. These tendencies should be taken into account in working out a strategy for development of the Russian mineral raw-material base.