基于体系结构的定位导航授时系统鲁棒性设计研究

介绍和分析了美国基于国家定位导航授时体系结构的"多现象学"和"导航与通信的协作"支撑要素,集多种导航手段与资源,包括应对空间环境造成的自然干扰的监测预报预警系统实现定位导航授时系统更好的可用性和鲁棒性,为我国未来定位导航授时系统设计提供参考。     

美国PNT信息源建设进展及启示

对美国定位、导航和授时(positioning, navigation and timing, PNT)领域的相关政策和整体目标进行了梳理，重点对GPS现代化改造、GPS与低轨通信卫星融合、建设eLoran系统和自主导航项目等重要PNT信息源的建设进展、服务能力和融合应用做了具体分析和总结，表明美国已经理清了PNT体系发展脉络，相关建设已进入实质阶段，同时对我国PNT信息源未来的发展、融合和建设提出了具体建议.     

陆基远程和超远程无线电导航系统发展现状与趋势

高频电磁环境日益复杂,为了提高定位导航授时(PNT)系统的可靠性,需要研发不依赖于卫星导航的陆基无线电导航系统.陆基无线电导航系统具有工作频率低、发射功率大等特点,可靠性高,不易被干扰,可以作为卫星导航系统的备份,因此,发展建设陆基无线电导航系统对于构建稳健可靠的国家PNT体系、保障国家安全和国民经济的发展具有重要意义.文中就国内外陆基远程及超远程无线电导航系统的发展现状及趋势进行了分析.     

综合PNT应用服务体系：概念框架、技术路线与应用展望

综合定位、导航与授时(positioning, navigation and timing, PNT)体系是我国数字化经济社会运行发展的重要支撑，以北斗三号(BeiDou-3 Navigation Satellite System,BDS-3)为核心的综合PNT应用服务是我国未来时空信息领域技术与产业的发展重点.本文首先定义了“按需弹性可伸缩综合PNT应用服务体系”概念，提出了“一体白盒(软件定义节点)+统一网络(弹性可伸缩系统)+网信场图(智能运管服务)+智能博弈(复杂任务决策)”的应用服务框架，设计了“固基、强网、增效”的综合PNT应用服务技术路线，给出了“公网+专网+机动网”的综合PNT应用服务模式，并对应用前景进行了展望.未来以“北斗+低轨+5G+伪卫星+位置大数据”为核心的综合时空应用服务体系将为多层次、多领域用户提供北斗室内外泛在空间云端协同的精准位置服务，助力全社会数字化转型.     

开启新时空信息服务时代

正国家新时空体系建设,即综合PNT (定位、导航、授时)体系的建设已经展开,以北斗卫星导航系统为核心,构建一个更广泛的融合深空、地面、海洋、室内的全覆盖多种技术手段的国家定位导航授时体系,要能无缝覆盖、精准统一、安全可信、高效便捷,要与云计算、互联网、大数据、新一代通信技术深度融合,要形成万物互联、万物智能的新时空服务体系。     

综合PNT场景增强系统研究进展及发展趋势

定位导航授时（positioning navigation and timing,PNT）是国家重要战略基础设施,目前中国已经建立了完善的北斗天基增强系统、地基增强系统、低轨增强系统,室内外定位技术蓬勃发展,但声光电磁等多种定位技术手段在全球导航卫星系统（global navigation satellite system,GNSS）拒止环境受到诸多限制,在深空、深地、深海三深空间综合PNT依然面临许多困难。近年来,数字孪生、实景三维等战略逐渐落地,三维场景为提高综合PNT的完好性、连续性、可用性提供了新的机遇。对综合PNT场景增强国内外技术现状进行了系统梳理,总结了综合PNT场景增强系统面临的挑战,阐述了综合PNT场景增强系统建设主体、服务层次、系统架构等基本框架,展望未来中国的综合PNT体系是以北斗PNT为核心,天基增强、地基增强、低轨增强、场景增强多源信息集成的服务于全空间的综合PNT智能服务体系。     

微PNT与综合PNT

综合定位导航授时是后GNSS(全球卫星导航系统)发展的必然趋势。本文侧重梳理微PNT发展需求和发展现状,分析与之关联的核心关键技术,论述综合PNT与微PNT的关系。强调综合PNT需要大量基础设施投入与建设,而微PNT侧重高技术传感器的集成应用。与现有文献思路不同的是,我们认为,为了实现各类传感器PNT输出结果的坐标基准统一和时间尺度一致,微PNT应包含多模GNSS和芯片级惯性导航和芯片级原子钟等定位定时组件,微PNT强调小型化、个性化、组合化服务终端;微PNT除各PNT组件的小型化外,还包括各组件的深度集成,各类数据的自适应融合和各组件的自主标校;当然,微PNT也强调各传感器信息的时空基准的统一。     

PNT智能服务

定位导航定时(PNT)发展的重要方向是智能PNT服务.智能PNT服务必须首先感知用户PNT服务需求,以及用户所处的相关环境,进而实现多源PNT信息智能集成、观测模型智能优化及多源PNT信息智能融合,最终实现PNT信息的智能推送.本文从PNT智能感知、智能模型、智能数据融合到智能服务各个环节论述"智能PNT"的关键技术,并分析其内涵;提出PNT信息智能集成的"可用性准则",PNT观测函数模型智能优化的"可靠性准则",PNT多源观测随机模型优化依据的"不确定性准则",多源PNT信息融合的"精确性准则",PNT服务的"高效性准则"及高动态用户的"连续性准则".分析认为,综合PNT是弹性PNT的基础,弹性PNT是智能PNT的基础,智能PNT是PNT服务的重点发展方向.     

综合PNT体系及其关键技术

综合定位、导航与授时(PNT)的核心是不过分依赖GNNS,采用一切可以应用的PNT信息源实施全空域目标定位、导航与授时服务。本文分析了综合PNT需求,论述了综合PNT的基本定义和基本概念,分析了综合PNT所涉及的信息源,论述了综合PNT关联的核心技术,包括多源PNT传感器集成技术、多源PNT的数据融合技术。强调指出,综合PNT体系的信息源必须是"基于不同物理原理的多源信息";综合PNT的运控系统应该基于云平台,实现用户志愿者共同测控;用户终端或传感器必须"深度集成、低功耗";PNT服务信息必须是"智能融合或自适应融合"。综合PNT系统应该在统一时空基准下,满足服务的可用性、精确性、可靠性、连续性和稳健性。     

BDS精密定轨关键技术研究

正2012年12月27日,中国北斗二代卫星导航系统(BDS)正式为亚太区域用户提供定位导航授时(PNT)以及短报文通信服务,预计到2020年BDS将实现全球组网并提供全球PNT服务。导航卫星的轨道产品是保障导航系统可用性的核心要素之一,卫星轨道精度将直接影响用户的导航定位性能,因此,如何获取高精度的导航卫星轨道是BDS目前关注的重点研究问题。     

UGANDA,LAND AND SURVEY DEPARTMENT,ANNUAL REPORT, 1938

Abstract

Among colonial dependencies Uganda is but a small territory; but it is comparatively prosperous and is compact. In such circumstances the integration under one departmental organization of survey and registration and of the administration of the State's responsibilities for lands and mines proves to be a convenient and economical arrangement, which works, in the balance, to the advantage of the survey branch. The Annual Report for 1938 deals with all the activities of a diversely occupied department, which controlled revenue collections of over £56,000, and mineral exports valued at £225,000.     

GIS, expert systems, and interoperability

Integrating a GIS has been a common way to combine the functionality of two or more systems for some time. A three-dimensional model of integration is described which shows the range of linkages that can be achieved. Extremely flexible and dynamic linkages between systems can now be created through the recent advances of client/server and object-oriented technology. An expert system shell is coupled with a GIS to create a generic spatial rule-based toolbox called SES (spatial expert shell). An expert system developer using this toolbox can transparently access spatial data and relationships from a GIS by linking application objects to spatial classes. These spatial classes include methods that format and send requests to the GIS server. Thus the linkage is determined at run-time allowing a flexible interwoven interaction between the expert system and the GIS.     

Qibla,and Related,Map Projections

The qibla problem—determination of the direction to Mecca—has given rise to retro-azimuthal map projections, an interesting, albeit unusual and little known, class of map projections. Principal contributors to this subject were Craig and Hammer, both writing in 1910. A property of retro-azimuthal projections is that the parallels are bent downwards towards the equator. The resulting maps, when extended to the entire world, thus must overlap themselves. An unusual recent discovery from Iran suggests that Muslims might have been prior inventors of a similar projection, by at least several centuries. A later corollary by Schoy leads to a new "cylindrical" azimuthal map projection with parallels bending away from the equator, here illustrated for the first time.     

Categorical maps, comparisons, and confidence

The comparison of categorical maps is a common problem in several different contexts. Differences between categorical maps can be characterized and measured in a variety of ways. In 2004 we invited individuals from remote sensing, geographical information analysis, spatial modelling, and landscape ecology to participate in a virtual workshop in order to compare strategies for comparison. This revealed that the key dimensions of comparison relate to (1) the map characteristics considered, (2) the nature of the comparison, (3) the handling of geographical space, (4) the units of computed measures, and (5) the tests of significance.Ferko Csillag deceased     

“4D”技术及其应用

介绍“４Ｄ”（即数字地面模型、数字正射影像、数字栅格地图和数字线划地图）系列产品的生产流程、关键技术、及其在耕地保护、防灾减灾救灾和城市规划等方面的应用方法。     

Entropy,complexity, and spatial information

We pose the central problem of defining a measure of complexity, specifically for spatial systems in general, city systems in particular. The measures we adopt are based on Shannon’s (in Bell Syst Tech J 27:379–423, 623–656, 1948) definition of information. We introduce this measure and argue that increasing information is equivalent to increasing complexity, and we show that for spatial distributions, this involves a trade-off between the density of the distribution and the number of events that characterize it; as cities get bigger and are characterized by more events—more places or locations, information increases, all other things being equal. But sometimes the distribution changes at a faster rate than the number of events and thus information can decrease even if a city grows. We develop these ideas using various information measures. We first demonstrate their applicability to various distributions of population in London over the last 100 years, then to a wider region of London which is divided into bands of zones at increasing distances from the core, and finally to the evolution of the street system that characterizes the built-up area of London from 1786 to the present day. We conclude by arguing that we need to relate these measures to other measures of complexity, to choose a wider array of examples, and to extend the analysis to two-dimensional spatial systems.