能量色散X射线荧光光谱法测定海洋碎屑沉积物中28种元素

采用粉末样品压片制样,利用Epsilon3能量色散X射线荧光光谱仪(EDXRF)对我国边缘海碎屑沉积物中28种主量元素和微量元素进行测定。使用33个海洋沉积物、深海沉积物、水系沉积物、三角洲沉积物和岩石标样等国内外标准物质建立标准曲线,采用仪器软件的数学模式校正基体效应和元素间的谱线重叠效应。经国家标准物质检验,分析结果与标样值吻合;元素的检出限为0.02~124.14μg·g-1;精密度(RSD)均小于9%。对我国边缘海碎屑沉积物样品进行分析,其测定值与重量法、电感耦合等离子体光谱法和电感耦合等离子体质谱法的测定值基本一致。鉴于Epsilon3 EDXRF具有体积小、多元素同时快速分析、准确度高和精密度好的优点,可考虑作为船载仪器,在科考现场测定海洋沉积物的元素含量,对于及时指导海上工作、撰写航次报告具有重要作用。     

用X射线分析显微镜对海藻元素的研究Ⅰ.海藻的X射线荧光光谱

X射线分析显微镜(XGT-2000V, Horiba Co.,Japan,1993年制造)是一种新颖、快速的元素分析仪器,可以用来分析海藻中元素的组成特点。本研究对1997年4,5月在山东省威海市采集的22种海藻进行了研究,测定了海藻的Ⅹ射线荧光光谱(XRF),并根据Ⅹ射线特性荧光的能量分析海藻的主要元素组成。然后采用基本参数法(FP法)对每种海藻的主要元素进行了半定量分析。研究结果表明,Ⅹ射线分析显微镜可以快速观测海藻中的主要元素如钾、硫、钙、铁、锌、溴、锶等,是研究元素组成与化学种态的有效的非破坏分析手段。从Ⅹ射线荧光光谱可以看出,绿藻的特征元素是钾、钙、硫,孔石莼(Ulva pertusa)含有较多的铁元素,而浒苔则含有较多的溴元素。褐藻的特征元素除钾、钙、硫之外,还含有较多的锶元素。另外,酸藻 (Desmarestia viridis)含有大量的硫及溴元素,鼠尾藻(Sargassum thunbergii)、单条髓藻(Myelophycus simplex)及酸藻 (Desmarestia viridis)中尚含有较多的铁元素。红藻的特征是多种红藻均含有较大量的溴元素,例如波登仙菜(Ceramium kondai)、松节藻(Rhodomela confervoides)、多管藻(Polysiphonia urceolata)、石花菜(Gelidium amansii)及亮管藻(Hyalosiphonia caespitosa)。另外,珊瑚藻(Corallina pilulifera)中含有大量的钙质。     

两种黄海潮间带海绵的元素与氨基酸成分分析

应用能量色散X射线荧光光谱(EDXRF)分析了黄海潮间带繁茂膜海绵(Hymeniacidon perleve)和肾指海绵(Reniochalina sp.)的无机元素,其中硅是两种海绵中最多的无机元素。繁茂膜海绵较肾指海绵的锌含量高,参照文献数据推测这可能是该属海绵的特性。测定了2种海绵的含水量,有机碳、氮、氢元素和氯基酸在海绵干质量中的比例。分析了繁茂膜海绵在2002年8月到11月中主要无机元素的变化,发现繁茂膜海绵中的硅含量在降低。繁茂膜海绵的氨基酸总量远高于肾指海绵,2种海绵中含量较高的氨基酸是甘氨酸、谷氨酸、天冬氨酸、亮氨酸、缬氨酸、赖氨酸等。元素与氨基酸分析将对海绵细胞培养基开发有帮助。     

南海海域珊瑚礁元素分析试验

由于珊瑚礁属于生物矿物,其组成成分并不固定,因此珊瑚礁成分变化往往对当地生态和矿产有一定的指示作用,其元素分析对于珊瑚礁生态修复和海底探矿等具有重要作用。文中样品采自中国南海珊瑚岛礁,采用能量色散X射线荧光光谱分析了南海海域的珊瑚礁样品,确定其无机成分除Ca外也包括Al,Fe,Sr等元素,其钙质含量占绝大多数,为97%左右,其次Sr的含量占2.25%～2.75%左右,S占比0.31%～0.40%,Al占比0.04%～0.13%,Fe占比0.08%～0.23%,剩余为其他元素。同时,分析了不同区域所取样品的元素组成,发现其中一处所取样品存在Co元素。本次实验对于全面认识南海地区珊瑚礁的组成与南海海底矿藏指示具有实际意义。     

X射线荧光光谱法同曲线测定海洋沉积物和陆地地化样品中的29个主次痕量元素

本法采用粉末压片,使用Axios X射线荧光光谱仪同曲线测定海洋沉积物和陆地地球化学样品中钠、镁、铝、硅、磷、氯、钾、钙、钛、钒、铬、锰、铁、钴、镍、铜、锌、镓、砷、溴、钇、铌、锆、锶、铷、铅、钍、钡、铪共29个主次痕量元素。针对地质样品的多样性,通过多种校准样品拟合同曲线测量,降低了检出限,并有效解决了Cl、As等元素的测量范围局限性。用经验系数、理论alpha系数与经验系数相结合和康普顿散射线内标法校正元素间的基体效应。分析结果的精密度和准确度能满足《地质矿产实验室测试质量管理规范》中的相关要求。     

长江口沉积物中常量元素及有关形态物相定量分析研究

本文以熔融制样技术和数学校正分析方法的X射线荧光光谱实验手段,对长江口水域3个站位的10个常量元素进行定量分析.这10个常量元素分别是钠、镁、铝、硅、磷、钾、钙、钛、锰和铁,获得较好结果.分析的检出限达到10^-5左右;精密度用变差系数K表示,K<0.03826,因此具有较高精密度.最大分析相对误差是0.27%.此外本文还应用无标分析法的X射线衍射实验手段对同样3个站位样品进行形态物相定量分析.分析结果表明,长江口3个站位中沉积物主要成分是α-石英,其次是钠长石、高岭土、绿泥石、伊利石、方解石和蒙脱石等.分析结果与X射线荧光光谱元素定量分析结果基本一致,绝大部分物相定量分析误差小于15%.本文对于了解长江口存在的离子交换、吸附、解吸和絮凝等化学作用过程,均具有重要参考价值.     

X射线荧光光谱法测定海洋沉积物中的41种元素及氧化物

海洋沉积物样品具有盐分含量高、吸水性强、基体复杂、不同元素浓度差异悬殊等特点,其元素定量分析无论在样品前处理以及分析测试方法都有不少问题。特别是常微量元素很难用同一种方法进行测定,波长色散X射线荧光光谱可以很好的解决这一难题。因此,本文构建了粉末压片制样波长色散X射线荧光光谱法直接测定海洋沉积物样品中41种元素或其氧化物(Na_2O、MgO、Al_2O_3、SiO_2、P、S、Cl、K_2O、CaO、Fe_2O_3、Sc、Ti, V、Cr、Mn、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、Ga、As、Br、Rb、Sr、Y、Zr、Nb、Mo、Cd、Sn、Sb、Ba、La、Hf、W、Pb、Bi、Ce、Nd、Th、U)的方法。样品在30 t的压力下保压30 s,制备的样片坚固光滑、吸潮性小。针对海洋地质样品的多样性,通过多种校准标准品拟合曲线进行测量,降低了检出限,优化了测量条件。用经验系数、理论α系数与经验系数相结合和康普顿散射线内标法校正元素间的基体效应。对土壤成分标准物质GBW07408和海洋沉积物成分标准物质GBW07315进行精密度考察,大部分元素的方法精密度提高至0.16%~3.87%,绝大多数主次痕量元素的测量精密度(RSD)小于4%,方法检出限为0.8~220μg/g。对渤海湾三个站位沉积物样品41种元素或其氧化物测定,结果表明,测定方法的重复性好,经国家一级标准物质验证,表明方法准确可靠,能满足日常分析要求。该方法对水系沉积物、土壤等陆地地化样品同样适用。     

质子激发X射线荧光分析及其在海洋科学中的应用

质子激发X射线荧光分析是一种多元素微量分析技术,具有高灵敏度、高空间分辨率和非破坏性等特点,近年来在地球科学诸多领域得到大量应用.本文简介了质子激发X荧光分析技术的基本原理、实验装置及特点,与其他地质学方法进行了比较,并着重介绍该技术在海洋科学领域的应用进展.     

大洋锰结核中主要金属元素的X荧光光谱船上现场分析

深海远洋矿产资源调查,需要有效的现场分析手段.X射线荧光光谱法(XRF)是一种现代化的非破坏性多元素快速分析方法[1],由于该法所需样品制备手续简单,一般不进行化学处理(因而对环境无污染),甚至取样可不用称量,因而更适合在调查船上使用.本法采用粉末样品直接压片制样[2],标准化测量,用经验系数法和散射内标法校正基体效应.在长时间的海上调查中,用一参比样品对测量进行监控并统计检验其测量精度.对所测元素,方法精度均小于1%.分析结果用化学方法检验并用美国锰结核标准样品对照,准确度可满足现场分析要求.     

长江、黄河入海沉积物中元素组成的对比

使用X射线荧光分析仪对取自长江大通站(包括部分南京段)和黄河利津站入海沉积物进行了分析,研究了25种元素的含量特征及它们在长江和黄河里的差异,并与前人研究成果作了比较.研究表明,长江、黄河中的沉积物存在较明显差异,黄河沉积物中明显富集Ca,Sr,Si等元素;长江沉积物中明显富集Al,Fe,Ti,Mn,Cu,Zn,Pb,Rb,P,V等元素.这与2条河流流域的地质背景、气候带特征、风化程度以及人为活动影响关系密切.与前人研究结果相比,2类沉积物中重金属元素的含量有明显增加的趋势,但是用Al标准化之后发现只有部分重金属元素含量有所增加.重金属的变化可能与近年来中国工业快速发展及两河流域污染物质的排放增加有关.     

The functional roles of marine sponges

Despite the wide range of functional roles performed by marine sponges they are still poorly represented in many research, monitoring and conservation programmes. The aim of this review is to examine recent developments in our understanding of sponge functional roles in tropical, temperate and polar ecosystems. Functions have been categorised into three areas: (a) impacts on substrate (including bioerosion, reef creation, and substrate stabilisation, consolidation and regeneration); (b) bentho-pelagic coupling (including carbon cycling, silicon cycling, oxygen depletion and nitrogen cycling); and (c) associations with other organisms (facilitating primary production, secondary production, provision of microhabitat, enhanced predation protection, survival success, range expansions and camouflage though association with sponges, sponges as a settlement substrate, disrupting near-boundary and reef level flow regimes, sponges as agents of biological disturbance, sponges as releasers of chemicals and sponges as tools for other organisms). The importance of sponges on substrate, sponge bentho-pelagic coupling, and sponge interactions and associations is described. Although the scientific evidence strongly supports the significance and widespread nature of these functional roles sponges still remain underappreciated in marine systems.     

海绵和海鞘中可培养放线菌的分离与多样性比较

在相同的分离培养条件下,为比较地域差别较大的福建海域海绵动物(山海绵Mycale sp.和网架海绵Stylissa sp.)和海南海域海鞘动物(皱瘤海鞘Styela plicata和乳突皮海鞘Molgula manhattensis)之间可培养放线菌多样性的差异,作者采用5种放线菌分离培养基和1种细菌通用培养基,对海绵和海鞘中的放线菌进行分离培养。采用16S rRNA 基因限制性片段长度多态性(Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism, RFLP)分析和序列分析,揭示其多样性。共获得可培养放线菌198株,其中从海绵中分离到87株放线菌,从海鞘中分离到111株放线菌。RFLP分析表现为38种不同的图谱类型。16S rRNA基因序列分析表明,从海绵中分离到的放线菌包括6个放线菌属,其中有2株菌的16S rRNA基因序列与最相近的菌株相似性低于97%,可能是潜在的新菌株;从海鞘中分离到的放线菌包括7个放线菌属,有8株可能是潜在的新菌株。比较海绵和海鞘中可培养放线菌的多样性发现,从海绵中分离到的放线菌,除节细菌(Arthrobacter)以外,均包括在海鞘分离的放线菌属中。海鞘相关放线菌多样性水平不容忽视,是除海绵之外另一获得新型放线菌资源以及药用天然活性产物的重要来源。     

Using LA-ICP-MS to analysis elemental composition of statoliths of Scyphozoan jellyfish

Scyphozoan jellyfish outbreak events are drawing increasing attentions during the past decade. Elemental compositions of statoliths are helpful to understand jellyfish life history and blooming mechanisms, but very rare endeavor has been focused on the Scyphozoan class. In this work, we explored the feasibility of element analysis of Aurelia aurita (a representative Scyphozoan jellyfish outbreak species in China) which may be used as proxies of environment parameters during jellyfish living and moving. Statolith crystals of Aurelia aurita were found to be a gathering of hexahedron type trigonal needle with size of 10?50 μm long, and 5?10 μm in diameter. By using laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) downhole profiling method, elements such as Ca, Sr, Mg, Na and P were found to be above the limit of detection and limit of quantification. The epidermis of statocyst could significantly impact the element analyses, so the real statolith element signal section needs to be selected based on elements and Ca profiles together with care. By laser ablated a signal spot repeatedly, the analytical uncertainty was about 3%?4% for Sr/Ca content ratio and Mg/Ca content ratio, but above 10% for other element/Ca content ratios (n=3). Based on the analysis of statolith from temperature-control cultured jellyfish, Sr/Ca content ratios among different statoliths of the same jellyfish were about 6% (n=14), demonstrating biological processes/vital effects causing small variations compared with analytical uncertainties. Therefore, Sr/Ca content ratios may be used as a potential proxy to reveal the living environment variations the Scyphozoan jellyfish has experienced, such as temperature history, which is helpful to understand jellyfish bloom mechanisms.     

三株海洋酵母的生化营养成分分析

海洋酵母是一种重要的水产生物饵料.实验对3株海洋酵母菌德巴利酵母Debaryomyces sp.、克鲁维酵母Kluyveromyces sp. 和虫道酵母Ambrosiozyma sp.的基础营养成分进行了研究和分析.3株海洋酵母菌的粗蛋白含量分别为56.87%、46.75%、51.80%;脂肪分别为4.67%、6.35%、6.35%;碳水化合物分别为31.28%、41.55%、35.96%;灰分分别为7.18%、5.35%、6.37%.3株海洋酵母菌具有较高的蛋白含量水平以及优良的氨基酸和脂肪酸组成,表明该3株海洋酵母菌具有用作水产饵料生物的营养价值.但是,3株海洋酵母菌均缺乏多不饱和脂肪酸EPA和DHA,用其作为水产饲料源料,需要在配合饲料中添加多不饱和脂肪酸或与富含多不饱和脂肪酸的藻类一起使用.     

Assessment of the effectiveness of natural coral fragmentation as a dispersal mechanism for coral reef‐boring sponges

Eastern Pacific reefs are mostly made up of interlocking coral branches of Pocillopora, which are easily broken by physical forces associated with heavy swells and winds. In this study we investigated the potential of these coral fragments to enable propagation of boring sponges. For this, we quantified the frequency of occurrence and diversity of boring sponges in fragments of corals recently trapped among the branches of live colonies, and later tested the hypothesis that these sponges colonize new branches of corals. Nearly 80% of the coral colonies investigated had coral fragments among their branches, and 69% of these coral fragments contained boring sponges (11 species), some of these sponges in reproduction (23% of them carried oocytes). To test whether sponges inhabiting coral fragments could colonize new branching corals we transplanted them to healthy branches, and to branches whose living tissue was mechanically eliminated to simulate damage produced by grazing and death after bleaching and other causes of coral tissue mortality. All the transplanted coral fragments cemented to each new colony by means of calcification, and of the three sponge species tested (Cliona vermifera, Cliona tropicalis and Thoosa mismalolli) only C. vermifera was able to colonize both new living branches (26.9%) and cleaned branches (65.5%). The apparent capability of C. vermifera to colonize by direct contact may be another key ability of this species to maintain high frequency of occurrence in Pacific coral reefs. However, although C. tropicalis and T. mismalolli were not able to colonize new coral substrata by direct contact, coral fragments have the potential to contribute to local persistence of these sponges and to their dispersal, both by asexual (fragments) and sexual means (transport of sexual products). The present findings may partly explain the current increase of excavating sponges on deteriorating reefs with a large availability of dead branching corals.     

渔山列岛潮间带底栖海藻生态的初步研究

本文根据１９８７年１１月至１９８９年５月渔山列岛（２８°５３′Ｎ，１２２°１６′Ｅ）潮间带底栖海藻调查资料，分析了该海区潮间带的海藻种类、垂直分布及生物量的季节变化规律，并将本区海藻生态特点与临近海区作了比较。     

Using kernel density estimation to explore habitat use by seabirds at a marine renewable wave energy test facility

If Scottish Government targets are met, the equivalent of 100% of Scotland's electricity demand will be generated from renewable sources by 2020. There are several possible risks posed to seabirds from marine renewable energy installations (MREIs) and many knowledge gaps still exist around the extent to which seabird habitats can overlap with MREIs. In this study, underlying seasonal and interannual variation in seabird distributions was investigated using kernel density estimation (KDE) to identify areas of core habitat use. This allowed the potential interactions between seabirds and a wave energy converter (WEC) to be assessed. The distributions of four seabird species were compared between seasons, years, and in the presence and absence of WECs. Although substantial interannual variation existed in baseline years prior to WEC deployment, the KDEs for all four species analysed were closer to the mooring points in the presence of a WEC in at least one season. The KDEs for all four species also increased in area in at least one season in the presence of a WEC. The KDEs of the northern fulmar and great skua overlapped the mooring points during spring in the presence of a device. The density of observations close to the mooring points increased for great skua, northern gannet, and northern fulmar during summer in the presence of a device. These results suggest that none of the four species analysed have shown avoidance or an extreme change in distribution as a result of the presence of a WEC. The continued monitoring of seabirds during WEC deployments is necessary to provide further data on how distributions may change in response to the presence of WECs.     

深圳市潮间带动物体内的重金属含量

2005年12月和2006年5月调查了深圳海岸潮间带动物体内的重金属含量.结果表明,动物体内重金属Cr、Mn、Fe、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Se、Mo、Pb、Cd、Sn、Sb、Ba和Hg的平均含量分别为0.63、9.24、137.22、0.13、1.46、97.36、283.77、1.96、0.49、0.27、0.68、0.62、0.28、0.01、1.23和0.01mg·kg-1(湿重).采用中国海岸带污染综合调查技术组推荐使用的海洋生物污染评价标准以及贾晓平等提出的污染评价标准参考值,结果表明深圳潮间带软体动物体内的Cu、Zn超标较为严重,其中牡蛎的Cu、Zn超幅分别达到5.27和9.05倍.所有样品中的Cr、Ni、Pb和Hg都没有超标,而As则全部超过人类食用限量标准,部分样品如疣荔枝螺Thais clavigera的超幅达5.63倍.分析表明,深圳市潮间带软体动物Cu含量超标源自珠江口、深圳湾及大鹏湾海水中的Cu超标,而所调查动物中Zn和As的超标原因有待进一步研究.