从同震和震后形变分析日本东北Mw9.0级大地震对近场地震活动性的影响

2011年日本东北大地震后,不断有报道认为日本南海海槽可能会发生强震,日本东北大地震对南海海槽断层活动有何影响?本文采用粘弹性半无限空间模型,利用反演得到的日本东北大地震的断层模型,计算了岛内部分断层的同震和震后形变以及库仑应力变化.结果表明:2011年日本东北大地震,使得平行于日本海沟的岛内逆冲断层应力释放明显,5km深度,库仑应力降低值都在50 kPa以上,按照该地区每年应力积累1～10 kPa计算,相当于释放了5～50年的应力积累;平行于南海海槽的岛内逆冲断层,同震库仑应力增加了1 kPa左右,相当于0.1～1年的正常构造运动应力积累;对于岛内的走滑断层,若其滑动方向与同震或震后形变方向一致,则库仑应力增加,反之则降低,如1948年福井地震发震断层库仑应力增加10 kPa左右,相当于1～10年的正常构造运动应力积累,地震危险性明显增加.同时,分析了不同软流圈粘滞性对震后形变和库仑应力的影响,发现对于不同的软流圈粘滞性系数,震后的形变和库仑应力相比同震都会有所增加.因此,对于平行南海海槽的岛内逆冲断层和岛内部分滑动方向与同震形变一致的走滑断层,震后地震危险性相比同震会进一步增强.     

潮汐应力与大震关系研究

选用1976—2009年全球震源深度小于70 km, M_W≥7.0的地震为研究对象, 利用震源机制解资料, 对每个地震的发震断层面进行了判断, 得到233个地震的发震断层面解。 据此, 本文讨论了发震时断层面上的地球固体潮汐剪应力方向与滑动方向的关系以及潮汐正应力在发震时所处的相位, 发震时断层面的库仑应力值。 结果表明, 当潮汐剪应力方向与滑动方向一致时触发作用最为明显, 逆断层地震与潮汐的关系最为密切; 而当潮汐剪应力方向与滑动方向相反时, 地震较少发生。     

唐山地震序列应力触发的粘弹性力学模型研究

根据前人对唐山地震破裂分布、地壳波速和粘性结构的研究,考虑局部应力场、孔隙流体压力和断层附近软介质的影响,计算了唐山地震产生的,投影到后续大余震断层面和滑动方向上的库仑破裂应力变化。结果表明,随后发生的滦县地震和宁河地震均发生在唐山地震产生的库仑破裂应力变化为正的区域。为研究唐山地震、滦县地震和宁河地震对后续小震的触发作用,根据前人对该地区构造应力场和地震破裂分布的研究,假定构造应力量值为10 MPa,求得了震源附近各处可能的小震震源机制。将上述3次地震产生的应力变化投影到可能的小震破裂面和滑动方向上,发现唐山地震、滦县地震和宁河地震产生的正库仑破裂应力变化的ldquo;蝴蝶rdquo;形分布与后续小震发生的空间分布具有较好的一致性,95%的余震发生在库仑破裂应力变化增加的区域,说明唐山地震序列中前面的大震对后续小震的发生起到了调制作用。该研究结果对大震后余震的危险性快速评估具有一定意义。如果大地震发生后能够快速确定详细的破裂分布和震源区域详细断层及滑动特性资料,本文方法可用来预测未来大余震的发震位置。      

九寨沟M_s7.0地震的InSAR观测及发震构造分析

2017年8月8日四川省九寨沟县发生M_s7.0地震.本文基于Sentinel-1 SAR影像,利用InSAR技术获取了此次地震的同震形变场,反演获得同震滑动分布,计算了同震位错对余震分布和周边断层的静态库仑应力变化,并对发震构造进行了分析讨论.结果表明:①InSAR同震形变场显示,九寨沟地震造成地表形变最大量级约为20 cm(雷达视线方向),同震形变存在非对称性分布特征.②同震位错以左旋走滑为主,主要发生在4~16 km深度,最大滑动量约为77 cm,位于9 km深处.反演得到的矩震级为Mw6.46.同震错动未破裂到地表.③大部分余震发生在库仑应力增加区.此次地震增加了震中周边地区一些断裂的库仑应力,如东昆仑断裂带东段、龙日坝断裂、虎牙断裂等.④东昆仑断裂东段的未来地震危险性值得关注.⑤九寨沟地震的发震断层为树正断裂,可能是虎牙断裂的北西延伸隐伏部分,此次地震是巴颜喀拉块体南东向运动受到华南块体的强烈阻挡过程中发生的一次典型构造事件.     

GNSS约束的2022年泸定M6.8地震滑动分布及同震应力变化

2022年9月5日四川泸定县发生M6.8级强震,震中位于鲜水河断裂东南末端,野外地质调查初步结果显示本次地震并未发现明显的地表破裂迹象.本文基于震后科考GNSS流动观测和震中周边连续站观测资料,解算并提取震中90 km范围内31个测站的静态水平向同震位移.结果显示：GNSS同震形变场空间分布呈现明显的左旋走滑特征,观测到的最大水平向同震位移达23 cm,震中距50 km范围内同震位移量普遍大于1 cm.基于GNSS观测资料反演得到的同震滑动分布显示泸定地震地表破裂主要集中在磨西至田湾之间,主破裂深度2～8 km,最大滑动量～1.96 m,地震矩9.25×10¹⁸N·m,对应矩震级M_W6.6.静态库仑应力结果显示本次地震增强了震源破裂区周边活动断层的库仑应力,并触发了大量余震,余震主要发生在库仑应力增强区域.结合震间闭锁分布、历史地震及库仑应力变化,我们认为未来需要密切关注与磨西断裂交接的安宁河、大凉山断裂以及康定—磨西段的地震危险性.     

引潮力与潮汐应力对强震触发的研究

本文讨论了在构造应力水平达到岩石破裂临界值时引潮力、潮汐附加应力的动态变化与地震序列之间的关系,选用了中国大陆1970年以来7级以上地震序列资料,分析了引潮力水平分量动态变化与强震发震时间之间的关系,结果显示在一定时空范围内前震、主震及余震序列发震时刻的引潮力存在优势方向,多数地震发震时刻与选取时段引潮力水平分量的方位角相位比平均值仅为35%;对于构造复杂地区,结果显示引潮力水平分量的方位角不仅存在一个优势方向,还明显存在其他优势方向,可能与发震构造有关.根据1966～1976年中国九大地震震源机制解计算潮汐正应力和滑动方向的剪应力及其变化率,结果显示多数地震发震时刻潮汐剪应力接近最大值.     

基于InSAR地表形变约束的玛多MS7.4地震孕育发生机理数值模拟研究

2021年5月22日在青海玛多发生MS7.4 地震,此次地震造成了严重的地表破坏.本文通过合成孔径雷达干涉测量(InSAR)技术得到了 Sentinel-1 升、降轨同震地表形变、东西方向和垂直方向的同震形变场.并根据东西向地表的错动,勾画出了地震破裂面分段结构.以 InSAR地表形变观测为约束,构建了能反映玛多地震破裂特点的三维黏弹性有限元模型,模拟得到了玛多地震的三维同震形变及应力场变化和演化特征,讨论了玛多地震的成因及玛多地震的发生对周边断层的影响.结果显示:玛多地震为典型的左旋走滑型地震,其中东部错动量相对较大;玛多地震的余震都分布在库仑应力升高的影区,说明玛多地震序列使得断层上积累的应变得到了充分的释放,未来余震的发生会朝西南和东北方向发展.玛多地震的发生形成了多个应力强加载区,推测玛多地震的发生大大增加了部分临近断裂带滑动的可能.2010年玉树 7.3 级地震引起的库仑应力变化在玛多地震主破裂面上的投影为正数,推测玉树地震对玛多地震具有促进作用.研究结果可以为大震后的余震分布判断提供定量参考依据.     

均匀弹性分层介质模型中的同震位移、应变以及应力

地震发生时产生的同震位移、应变以及应力变化,特别是同震应力的变化,在地震触发等问题的研究中有着重要的意义.本文进一步发展了基于均匀弹性水平层状介质,利用广义反射透射系数矩阵和离散波数计算同震位移的方法,使之可以计算相应的应变、应力以及同震库仑应力变化.可适用于多种情况,接收点可以位于地表以及地表以下,震源类型可以是剪切位错源以及拉张位错源.通过与半无限介质的解析解相比较,结果一致,验证了方法的可靠性以及计算精度,可以用于计算地震之后库仑应力变化,为判断余震分布提供参考.在计算同震位移时,使用了梯形积分与Filon积分相结合的积分方式,即提高了同震位移计算的速度,又保证了计算精度,有利于反演问题研究.     

从应力演化角度讨论龙门山区域7级强震序列对芦山地震的影响

计算包括同震静态库仑破裂应力变化以及震后黏滞松弛引起的应力变化等,可以更好地解释余震分布、地震序列等地震观测结果。在芦山地震之前,从1900年以来龙门山区域发生了4次7级以上地震,分析这几次地震的同震应力变化以及震后黏弹性松弛对芦山地震的产生的影响,芦山地震以后区域断裂带上的应力伴随强震如何演化,芦山地震与汶川地震的破裂空段呈现何种应力状态,探讨这些问题可能会为了解芦山地震震源处震前的应力状态及该区域未来地震风险评估提供一定的依据。文中采用有限元数值模拟方法,根据地质构造、速度、密度结构深部反演结果以及GPS及应力观测资料等,建立龙门山地区三维黏弹性有限元模型进行研究。模拟结果显示:龙门山断裂带南段及鲜水河断裂带的库仑应力年变化速率在研究区域中相对更高,这与研究区域的地震活动性一致。芦山地震的前4次地震,除叠溪地震外,康定、松潘、汶川等3次地震在芦山地震震中位置产生的同震库仑破裂应力变化大于0,表明这3次地震可能促进了芦山地震的发生,汶川地震的同震库仑破裂应力超过了0.01MPa,同震触发效应十分显著。震间的黏弹性松弛对芦山震源处起加载作用,从1900年以来这种持续的加载作用也超过0.01MPa,因此在模拟应力演化的时候,介质的黏弹性松弛效应不能被忽略。从库仑破裂应力的角度计算龙门山区域断层的应力演化,可以发现龙门山断裂带上汶川地震和芦山地震破裂的空段,在芦山地震之后仍然属于相对应力水平较高的区域。     

鲜水河断裂带库仑应力演化与强震间关系

以鲜水河断裂带为研究区,首先验证了该断裂带上1893年以来M6.7以上地震的相互触发作用,然后采用更符合实际的分层黏弹介质模型研究强震震后黏滞松弛引起的库仑应力变化对后续地震的影响,并基于负位错理论计算鲜水河断裂带10个断层段的震间长期构造加载作用引起的断层上的应力积累.在此基础上,讨论同震、震后、震间效应引起的累积库仑应力变化与区域强震活动的关系,给出断层上库仑应力随时间的演化.结果表明,鲜水河断裂带上1893年以来发生的7次强震均在其前面一系列强震及构造应力加载的驱使下发生,同震、震后、震间三方面效应均引起了鲜水河断裂带不可忽略的库仑应力变化.对断层上的库仑应力状态的研究,可进一步为揭示地震的发生规律、找寻危险断层段提供线索.     

On the synchronism in the events within the core and on the surface of the earth: the changes in the organic world and in the polarity of the geomagnetic field in the phanerozoic

The data on geomagnetic reversals are compared with the changes in the organic world and with the lower-mantle plumes. The times of the formation of plumes and the times of their appearance on the Earth’s surface relate to the intervals characterized by the different frequencies of geomagnetic reversals, i.e., there is no interrelation between the formation of plumes and the frequency of the changes in the geomagnetic field polarity. At the same time, a certain synchronism is observed between the frequency of the geomagnetic reversals and the boundaries of the biostratigraphic ages, i.e., the changes in the organic world in the long-period range. A hypothesis is proposed, which explains the change in the sign of the geomagnetic field by the combined effect of the irregular rotation of the internal core relative to the mantle and the changes in the slope angle of the axis of the Earth’s rotation, which, in turn, results in synchronous events on the Earth’s surface: the rates of changes in the organic world.     

On the gravimetric undulations of the geoid and the deflections of the vertical

Summary The author mentions the aims of the World-wide gravity project he established in the Ohio State University in Columbus, in 1950. He outlines the practical procedure of the gravimetric computations of the undulationsN and the vertical deflection components and and emphasizes that only by the global international cooperation and additional gravity observations at sea carried out during the last decade it has been possible to gather to Columbus the needed gravity material. Since there exist still large gravimetrically unsurveyed areas it is of vital significance to study what gravity anomalies are best to be used for these regions. The given figures concerning the accuracy of theN, and , estimated theoretically and obtained in practice, indicate that in the gravimetrically well surveyed parts of the world like in Europe and the United States we can get gravimetrically on basis of existing gravity material theN-values with accuracy of about 5–10 meters, and and with the accuracy of about 1. The geoid undulationsN are already computed in Columbus for more than 6000 points of the northern hemisphere. The sample maps show the interesting geoid of Europe and vicinity between the latitudes 60° and 30° and longitude 5° W and 30° E, drafted on basis of more than 1000N-values computed at the corners of 1°×1° squares. It is interesting to realize that the geoid undulations in all this area are positive, the extreme values being between 40 and 50 meters. The geophysical significance of the geoid maps of this kind is pointed out.     

On the maintenance of the axisymmetric part of the flow in the atmosphere

Summary The maintenance of the axisymmetric component of the flow in the atmosphere is investigated by means of a steady-state, quasi-geostrophic formulation of the meteorological equations. It is shown that the meridional variations in the time-averaged axisymmetric variables can be expressed as the sum of three contributions, one being due to the eddy heat transport, another to the eddy momentum transport, and a third to the convective-radiative equilibrium temperature which enters the problem through the specification of a Newtonian form of diabatic heating. The contributions by the large scale eddies are evaluated through the use of observed values for the eddy heat and momentum transports.The contributions from each of the three forcing mechanisms to the temperature and zonal wind fields are invstigated individually and found to be of about equal importance. The sum of the three contributions are also presented for the temperature, the zonal wind, the stream function associated with the mean meridional circulation and the corresponding vertical motion. Although the results fail to reproduce the main observed features of the lower stratosphere, they are found to be in good agreement with observations in the middle latitude troposphere. At any pressure level, for example, the computed mean zonal wind has a jet-like profile and the axis of the jet is found to slope to the south with height, as observed in the atmosphere.Based in part on a thesis submitted by the first author as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Ph.D. degree at the University of Michigan. — Publication No. 194 from the Department of Meteorology and Oceanography, The University of Michigan.     

太平洋中部地磁台11年周期变化的研究

综合APIA、HONOLULU、PAMATAI 3个地磁台三分量的11年周期变化的形态后,可定性地提出该变化源于内场。如内源为核幔边界的电涡流,则其中心点应位于3台之间。     

Comparison Between the Nutations of the Planet Mars and the Nutations of the Earth

The nutations of the planets Mars andEarth are investigated and compared. Alarge number of interior structureparameters are involved in the nutationcomputations. The comparison between the observations and the computationsprovides several constraints on these parmeters andtherefore allows a better understanding of the physics of the interior of theplanet. For the Earth, the high precision of the observations of the nutationshas led to a very good determination of interior properties of the planet. ForMars, observations of nutations are not yet available, and we review how theamplitude of the Martian nutations depends on the hypotheses consideredfor its interior. Although Mars is very similar to the Earth, its interior is not well known;for example, we don't knowif its core is liquid or solid. Only if the core is liquid,the Free Core Nutation (FCN) normal mode exists and can alter the nutationswhich are close to the resonance. From the observed geoids, it is known thatboth planets are not in hydrostatic equilibrium. The departure is larger forMars than for the Earth, and consequently, the implication of considering a convective mantle instead of a mantle in hydrostatic equilibrium described byClairaut's equation for the initial equilibrium state of the planet is largeron the Martian nutations than on the Earth nutations. The consequences of theuncertainty in the core dimensions are also examined and shown to be of a veryhigh influence for Mars if the core is liquid, due to the potential changes inthe FCN resonance. The influence of the presence of an inner core, which isknown to exist for the Earth, could be more important for Mars than for theEarth if the inner core is large. Due to the presence of Tharsis on Mars, thetriaxiality of this planet has, additionally, larger effects than on Earth.     

Magnetic stratigraphy of the Ordovician in the lower reach of the Kotuy River: the age of the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum and the rate of geomagnetic reversals on the eve of the superchron

Until recently, the existing data prevented the geophysicists from accurately dating the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum, which outcrops in the middle reach of the Kotuy River, constraining the time of its formation to a wide interval from the end of the Late Cambrian to the beginning of the Silurian. The obtained paleomagnetic data unambiguously correlate the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum to the Nyaian regional stage and constrain its formation, at least a considerable part of it, by the Tremadocian. This result perfectly agrees with the data on the Bysy-Yuryakh conodonts studied in this work and yields a spectacular example of the successful application of paleomagnetic studies in solving important tasks of stratigraphy and, correspondingly, petroleum geology. Within the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum, we revealed a large normal-polarity interval corresponding to the long (>1 Ma) period when the geomagnetic reversals were absent. This result, in combination with the data for the Tremadocian and Middle–Upper Cambrian sequences of the other regions, indicates that (1) the rate of occurrence of the geomagnetic reversals on the eve of the Ordovician Moyero superchron of reversed polarity was at most one reversal per Ma; (2) the superchron does not switch on instantaneously but is preceded by a certain gradual change in the operation conditions of the dynamo mechanism which, inter alia, manifests itself by the reduction of the frequency of geomagnetic reversals with the approach of the superchron. This finding supports the views according to which a process preparing the establishment of the superchrons takes place at the core–mantle boundary.     

On the variation in the geomagnetic dipole over the geological history of the Earth

The global database on the paleointensity, containing determinations of the virtual dipole moment (VDM) for a stable (normal) regime of the geomagnetic field in a time interval of up to 3.5 Ga, is supplemented by new VDM determinations and analyzed. The field generation process started no later than 3–3.5 Ga (earlier data are absent) at the stage of the Earth’s core formation. Since that time, the dipole value has differed from its present value by no more than an order of magnitude, and the deviations that have already been detected tend toward smaller values. The distribution of VDM values in the time interval 0–400 Ma is bimodal, which apparently reflects the presence of two different generation levels of the geomagnetic field distinguished by a relatively large value (close to the present field value) and a relatively small value (approximately half as large as the present value). The total duration of decreased VDM values appreciably exceeds that of increased VDM values (179.1 and 28.6 Myr, respectively). On the whole, data on the paleointensity do not contradict the hypothesis about the dipole nature of the field over the last 400 Myr; however, the number of determinations at high paleolatitudes is too small to draw decisive conclusions on the validity (or invalidity) of the dipole field approximation based solely on paleointensity data.     

Structure of the poleward wall of the trough and the inclination of the geomagnetic field above the EISCAT radar

A special high-resolution routine of the EISCAT radar has been used to investigate the structure and development of the poleward wall of a deep trough in electron density. The feature was tracked by the radar during a 7-hour period under very quiet geomagnetic conditions. The field-aligned nature of the structure enabled an estimate to be made of the inclination of the geomagnetic field above EISCAT that was in good agreement with the current model. Observations of narrow field-aligned enhancements in electron temperature demonstrated that the wall of this trough is a dynamic feature, reforming regularly as the electron density responds on a time scale of tens of minutes to energy input from soft-particle precipitation.