1994年玻利维亚地震破裂过程中的摩擦熔融

１９９４年玻利亚地震的震源参数显示最大地震效率η为０．０３６,最小摩擦应力为５５０ｂａｒ。因此震源过程虽耗散,这与观测到的慢破裂速度相一致。破裂速率仅是局部Ｓ波速度的２０％。在玻利维亚破裂中产生的非辐射能可以与１９８０年圣海伦斯火山喷发的热能相比,或者还大于它,足以融化３１ｃｍ厚的地层。一旦破裂开始,熔融就可能发生,使摩擦力减弱并促使断层滑动。     

岩石高速摩擦实验与地震物理过程

简述了最近20年来国内外岩石高速摩擦实验研究领域的进展和动态:岩石高速摩擦实验技术的发展实现了对高滑动速率、大位移的地震过程的实验模拟;其结果揭示了岩石和断层泥在地震滑动速率下的力学性状,深化了对断层滑动弱化机制、临界滑动距离、以及地震发生过程的认识和理解;实验在假玄武玻璃成因方面取得了重要进展,并提出了断层发生地震滑动可能留下的其它地质证据,可望为研究断层滑动性状与地震物理过程提供新的思路和信息.岩石高速摩擦实验今后的发展方向主要包括:发展具有加温系统和孔隙压系统的岩石高速摩擦实验装置,研究水热作用下岩石和断层泥的高速摩擦性状;室内实验和地震资料分析相结合研究断层滑动和地震机制;室内实验和野外地质调查相结合探索断层发生地震错动的地质证据等等.     

断层摩擦的过山车现象

在地震中,摩擦对断层行为的生成、传播和消减过程起到了关键性控制作用.实验室测试了多种滑动速率下的摩擦行为.结果表明,摩擦在地震中的演化比我们假想的要复杂得多.     

活动断裂滑动位移势和滑动速率的评估与地震复发

活动断裂滑动位移势和滑动速率是评价断裂活动程度和估计强震复发周期的两个重要。客观合理地认识它们，对地震预报研究将是十分有益。为缩短断层研究方法在地震职的时间尺度，本文在评价了前人工作的基础上，提出了合理估计这两个参量的几种可能途径。     

断层滑动速率,地震重复时间和平均应力降

本文综述了国内外大地震复发间隔研究的现状，系统整理了中国大陆活断层滑运速率，已发现的古地震遗迹及古地震复发间隔，结果表明，在滑动速率较在的活断层发现的古地震复发间隔较短，Ｋａｎａｍｏｒｉ和Ａｌｌｅ（１９８５）研究了具有大范围重复时间（２０年到几千年）的板内大地震的震源参数，发现复发间隔较长的大地震具有较高的平均应力降，我们在实验室内研究了应变速率不同时固体围压三轴压缩下完整花岗岩破裂后的粘滑现象。     

水热作用条件下蛇纹石断层泥的摩擦强度和速度依赖性及其地震地质意义

在恒定的正应力和孔隙压力、不同温度下测量了三种蛇纹石断层泥摩擦强度的速度依赖性。在室温下，纤蛇纹石具有很低的摩擦系数（０．２～０．２５），而利蛇纹石和叶蛇纹石的摩擦系数较高，分别为０．３９和０．４５左右。在２５～２００℃范围内，温度变化对纤蛇纹石和叶蛇纹石强度的影响不明显，而利蛇纹石的摩擦系数随温度升高明显增加。室温下，三种蛇纹石的摩擦在较快的滑动速率下表现为微弱的速度弱化，而在较慢的滑动速度下为明显的速度强化，温度的提高有促使速度弱化向速度强化转变的趋势。研究表明，蛇纹石的存在有利于断层的无震蠕动，但这种影响可能主要限于浅部；尽管纤蛇纹石是最软弱的造岩矿物之一，但仍不足以解释圣安德烈斯断层的软弱性     

Frictional resistance to accelerating slip

General analytical expressions for the friction stress and state variable, based on a rate and state-dependent constitutive friction law proposed by Dieterich and Ruina, have been obtained as an explicit function of slip rateV or slip timet or slip displacement δ under the assumption that slip accelerationa is constant or piecewise constant. Properties of the solutions have been discussed, and reviewed, for uniformly accelerating (or decelerating) slip, the following.

1. Frictional stress increases (or decreases) with increasing time, or slip rate, or slippage at the beginning of motion, until a maximum (or a minimum) value (when it exists) has been reached, then decreases (or increases), and finally approaches a special frictional state, namely a steady state, for which stress depends on instantaneous slip rate.
2. The maximal value of frictional stress is dependent on accelerationa; the larger thea, the larger the magnitude of the maximum.

The energy expense ε needed to overcome the frictional stress has been estimated. And therefore the optimal value of acceleration for saving energy for a slipping mechanical system has been obtained. The energy release rateG for an abrupt rupture process of a crack or fault has been estimated.     

2008年汶川MS8.0地震多断裂破裂的近地表同震滑移及滑移分解

为深入理解汶川地震破裂的构造运动机制,我们选取典型的观测点,利用多种地质地貌标志测绘分析得到了汶川MS8.0地震发震断裂的近地表三维同震滑移矢量。结果显示,北川-映秀断裂上的白水河-高川破裂段北西盘沿88°方位角水平滑移2.58m、垂直滑移3.70m;安县-灌县断裂上的白鹿-汉旺破裂北西盘沿134°方位角水平滑移1.63m,垂直滑移2.00m;小鱼洞破裂带南西盘沿76°~79°方位角水平滑移2.15~2.71m,垂直滑移1.36~1.51m。平行的白水河-高川破裂段和白鹿-汉旺破裂段合计形成1.72m右旋走滑和3.49m垂直断裂带的NW向水平缩短,总滑移方向(106°)与断裂带整体走向(42°)呈64°夹角,整个龙门山推覆构造带处于斜向挤压的构造环境。结合震源过程反演成果的分析显示,斜滑的白水河-高川破裂段和逆冲型白鹿-汉旺破裂段可能是在汶川地震最大的一次子事件过程中以滑移分解的形式同时破裂形成的,滑移分解作用使两条断裂以斜滑与逆冲组合的力学性质产生破裂而非相同性质的斜滑破裂。小鱼洞破裂以低角度斜滑为主,可能是安县-灌县断裂与北川-映秀断裂以滑移分解形式同时破裂的纽带。小鱼洞断裂是龙门山断裂带长期处于斜向挤压的构造环境的产物,不只是逆冲断裂系中的简单捩断层。     

2008年汶川Ms8．0地震多断裂破裂的近地表同震滑移及滑移分解

为深入理解汶川地震破裂的构造运动机制,本文选取典型的观测点,利用多种地质地貌标志测绘分析得到了汶川Ms8.0地震发震断裂的近地表三维同震滑移矢量.结果显示,北川-映秀断裂上的白水河-高川破裂段北西盘沿88°方位角水平滑移2.58 m、垂直滑移3.70 m;安县-灌县断裂上的白鹿-汉旺破裂北西盘沿134°方位角水平滑移1.63 m,垂直滑移2.00 m;小鱼洞破裂带南西盘沿76°～79°方位角水平滑移2.15～2.71 m,垂直滑移1.36～1.51 m.平行的白水河-高川破裂段和白鹿-汉旺破裂段合计形成1.72 m右旋走滑和3.49 m垂直断裂带的NW向水平缩短,总滑移方向(106°)与断裂带整体走向(42°)呈64°夹角,整个龙门山推覆构造带处于斜向挤压的构造环境.结合震源过程反演成果的分析显示,斜滑的白水河-高川破裂段和逆冲型白鹿-汉旺破裂段可能是在汶川地震中最大的一次子事件过程以滑移分解的形式而同时破裂形成的,滑移分解作用使两条断裂以斜滑与逆冲组合的力学性质产生破裂而非相同件质的斜滑破裂.小鱼洞破裂以低角度斜滑为主,可能是安县-灌县断裂与北川-映秀断裂以滑移分解形式同时破裂的纽带.小鱼洞断裂是龙门山断裂带长期处于斜向挤压的构造环境的产物,不只是逆冲断裂系中的捩断层.     

2008年汶川MS8.0地震多断裂破裂的近地表同震滑移及滑移分解

为深入理解汶川地震破裂的构造运动机制,本文选取典型的观测点,利用多种地质地貌标志测绘分析得到了汶川M_S8.0地震发震断裂的近地表三维同震滑移矢量.结果显示,北川—映秀断裂上的白水河—高川破裂段北西盘沿88°方位角水平滑移2.58 m、垂直滑移3.70 m;安县—灌县断裂上的白鹿—汉旺破裂北西盘沿134°方位角水平滑移1.63 m,垂直滑移2.00 m;小鱼洞破裂带南西盘沿76°~79°方位角水平滑移2.15~2.71 m,垂直滑移1.36~1.51 m.平行的白水河—高川破裂段和白鹿—汉旺破裂段合计形成1.72 m右旋走滑和3.49 m垂直断裂带的NW向水平缩短,总滑移方向（106°）与断裂带整体走向（42°）呈64°夹角,整个龙门山推覆构造带处于斜向挤压的构造环境.结合震源过程反演成果的分析显示,斜滑的白水河—高川破裂段和逆冲型白鹿—汉旺破裂段可能是在汶川地震中最大的一次子事件过程以滑移分解的形式而同时破裂形成的,滑移分解作用使两条断裂以斜滑与逆冲组合的力学性质产生破裂而非相同性质的斜滑破裂.小鱼洞破裂以低角度斜滑为主,可能是安县—灌县断裂与北川—映秀断裂以滑移分解形式同时破裂的纽带.小鱼洞断裂是龙门山断裂带长期处于斜向挤压的构造环境的产物,不只是逆冲断裂系中的捩断层.     

断层演化过程中的周期和非周期地震滑移及非地震滑移一维断层模型分析

本文首先根据Dieterich和Ruina提出的含速率和状态的摩擦定律(Dieterich-Ruina定律), 基于一维弹簧-滑块模型推导了地震复发周期的解析表达式, 然后将该近似解与数值模拟结果以及Barbot等的相关研究进行了对比分析． 此外, 本文还利用数值模拟与理论分析研究了断层周期和非周期演化的力学成因机制以及非地震滑移形成的另类力学机制, 并讨论了一维弹簧-滑块模型的优点及其局限性． 结果表明: ① 震后滑移和自加速/成核阶段的持续时间在整个演化过程中不能被忽略; ② 在修正后的复发周期模型中, 复发周期的长短除了与断层特征尺度、 作用于断层面上的有效正应力和远场加载速率相关外, 还受Dieterich-Ruina定律中摩擦参数的取值以及临界滑移距离的影响; ③ 当给定各个物理参数和几何参数时, 目前所得到的解析近似解可以很好地估计地震的复发周期, 其相对误差可小于5%; ④ 在断层演化过程中, 施加剪切应力加载会产生非周期的地震滑移, 而在自加速/成核阶段后期或震后滑移阶段早期, 施加较大的剪切应力加载, 则会出现非地震滑移．      

Effects of accelerating and decelerating flows in a channel with vegetated banks and gravel bed

Experiments were conducted in an 8 m long,40 cm wide,and 60 cm deep re-circulating fiume with vegetated banks and gravel bed to study the effects of accelerating and decelerating flows on the flow stru...     

Distribution of slip along an earthquake fault

IntroductionInearthquakeandengineeringseismology,fortheexplanationofthehigh-frequencycontentsinearthquakegroundmotion,itisoftenassumedthatalargeearthquakeiscomposedofmanysmallereventswithavarietyofsizes(Frankel,1991).Thesesmalleventscomefromtheruptureoftheasperitiesalongtheearthquakefault,showingthecharacteristicsoffractals(Aki,1981).Thisworkingassumptioncanexplainsomeoftheimportantpropertiesofseismicsourcesuchasthehigh-frequencyfall-offofsourcespectra.Ontheotherhand,however,beinglimitedbyobs…     

Constitutive relations for fault slip and earthquake instabilities

Constitutive relations for fault slip are described and adopted as a basis for analyzing slip motion and its instability in the form of earthquakes on crustal faults. The constitutive relations discussed include simple rate-independent slip-weakening models, in which shear strength degrades with ongoing slip to a residual frictional strength, and also more realistic but as yet less extensively applied slip-rate and surface-state-dependent relations. For the latter the state of the surface is characterized by one or more variables that evolve with ongoing slip, seeking values consistent with the current slip rate. Models of crustal faults range from simple, single-degree-of-freedom spring-slider systems to more complex continuous systems that incorporate nonuniform slip and locked patches on faults of depth-dependent constitutive properties within elastic lithospheric plates that may be coupled to a viscoelastic asthenosphere. Most progress for the rate and state-dependent constitutive relations is at present limited to single-degree-of-freedom systems. Results for stable and unstable slip with the various constitutive models are summarized. Instability conditions are compared for spatially uniform versus nonuniform slip, including the elastic — brittle crack limit of the nonuniform mode. Inferences of constitutive and fracture parameters are discussed, based on earthquake data for large ruptures that begin with slip at depth, concentrating stress on locked regions within a brittle upper crust. Results of nonlinear stability theory, including regimes of complex sustained stress and slip rate oscillations, are outlined for rate and state-dependent constitutive relations, and the manner in which these allow phenomena like time-dependent failure, restrengthening in nearly stationary contact, and weakening in rapidly accelerated slip, is discussed.     

Stress interactions between normal faults and adjacent strike-slip faults of 1997 Jiashi earthquake swarm

During a 4-month period starting from 21 January, 1997, an earthquake swarm of seven major events (Ms≥6.0) struck the Jiashi region at the northwestern corner of the Tarim Basin in Xinjiang,, China. Previous relocation studies suggested that these strong earthquakes had occurred along at least two parallel rupture zones. According to the relocated hypocenters and focal mechanisms of the events, we have constructed fault models for these seven earthquakes to calculate the Coulomb stress changes produced by each of these events. Furthermore, we extended our model calculations to include an ad- jacent 1996 Ms=6.9 Artushi earthquake, which occurred one year before the Jiashi earthquake swarm. Our calculations show that the Coulomb stress change caused by the preceding events was around 0.05 MPa at the hypocenter of the 4th event, and higher than 0.08 MPa at the hypocenters of the 2nd, 3rd, 5th and 6th events. Our results reveal a Coulomb stress interactive cycle of earthquake triggering between two adjacent normal and strike-slip faults.