河南渑池仰韶大峡谷“假岩溶”地貌特色景观及成因

针对仰韶大峡谷砂岩峰林地貌与砂岩溶孔等特色景观,通过野外地质调查,室内岩石测试与遥感影像分析,探讨了景区地貌景观的成因机理与演化。研究结果表明:仰韶大峡谷汝阳群石英砂岩岩层产状平缓,岩石坚硬刚性强,但垂直节理极其发育。第三纪地壳整体上升,地下水沿垂直节理侵蚀及重力崩塌作用造就了石英砂岩峰林地貌的基本形态,主要由石柱、峰丛、峰林、石门、天生桥及峡谷、嶂谷等构成。另外,怪洞形成的物质基础是特定的岩性,汝阳群上部北大尖组与白草坪组均夹白云质石英砂岩及砾屑白云岩透镜体,抗蚀能力弱,在强烈的物理风化与化学风化的联合作用下,水土流失形成空洞。     

一种新型峰林——武陵源石英砂岩峰林

本文探讨位于湘西武陵山脉中段的一种新的峰林地貌类型－－石英砂岩峰林的形态特征，形成过程与形成机理，认为石英砂岩峰林是由水平状石英砂岩受垂直与交叉节理的分割之后，在无溶蚀作用下形成的。     

武陵源砂岩峰林的自然属性与地质美学价值

论述张家界市武陵源砂岩峰林世界地质公园形成砂岩峰林的地质背景和物质基础,探讨诸如产状平缓的构造部位,高角度裂隙和垂直节理的发育,新构造运动的抬升等地质构造条件对砂岩峰林地貌的控制作用,分析砂岩峰林的自然属性(典型性、系统完整性、自然性、优美性、稀有性),阐述砂岩峰林在美学和科考方面的价值和意义。     

浙江黄岩富山地区古崩塌地貌发育机制

利用野外综合考察和岩石样品的室内分析资料,对浙江黄岩富山地区古崩塌地貌发育机制进行了研究。结果表明研究区自晚侏罗世以来经历了火山沉积和岩浆侵入阶段,形成花岗斑岩。新构造运动使本区发生间歇性抬升,岩石受构造应力和风化剥蚀的共同影响,形成多组垂直节理和水平节理。本区特定的地貌、岩性和节理裂隙以及丰富的降水和风化作用等条件,形成了一线天、陡崖壁、嶂谷、峡谷、巷谷、瀑布、巨石川、崩塌岩洞等古崩塌地貌。     

张家界风景区地貌的形成与演化

该文阐述张家界地貌形成于 2 5MaBP以来的第四纪 ,现正处于青壮年期的演化阶段。其形成基础是厚层、坚硬、产状平缓、垂直节理发育的石英砂岩夹薄层粘土岩。形成原因是地壳的新构造抬升与外力的侵蚀、剥蚀。形成机制是流水溯源侵蚀—岩石块体崩塌—谷坡后退。今后将会向低丘—残丘的方向演化 ,但这将是一个较长时期的地貌过程     

张家界风景区地貌的形成与演化

该文阐述张家界地貌形成了2.5MaBP以来年 第四纪，现正处于青壮年期的演化阶段。其形成基础是厚层，坚硬，产状平缓，垂直节理发育的石英砂岩夹薄层粘土岩，形成原因是地壳的新构造抬升与外力的侵蚀，剥蚀。形成机制是流水溯源侵蚀-岩石块体崩塌-谷坡后退，今后将会向低丘-残丘的方向演化，但这将是一个较长时期的地貌过程。     

喀斯特峰林峰丛地貌形态表达研究综述

峰林峰丛是形态最典型、特征最突出的喀斯特地貌,而喀斯特形态研究是喀斯特研究的基础。该文根据国内外相关文献资料,在全面梳理峰林峰丛地貌的概念内涵、形态特征、中西方不同表述的基础上,归纳总结了峰林峰丛地貌形态研究的发展历程。喀斯特峰林峰丛地貌形态研究经历了从定性描述到定量分析,从简单的数理统计、形态量计到分形分析,以及随多源、高分辨率数据的获取而发展起来的基于DEM和GIS空间分析技术进行精确定量分析等几个重要阶段。在分析总结上述峰林峰丛地貌形态研究过程及技术手段的基础上,指出现有的形态定量研究方法中存在的不足之处,对喀斯特峰林峰丛形态研究的前景做出展望,并提出峰林峰丛地貌形态研究的发展方向和亟待解决的关键问题。     

陕西南宫山南坡火山岩崩塌景观地貌形成演化

南宫山国家地质公园景观地貌是研究崩塌地貌形态、成因和动力机制的典型野外实例。该地貌呈现出火山沉积砂砾岩的岩性特征及后期营力作用,属于典型基岩崩塌地貌。按照地貌各类要素的表现形态及分布特征,划分出崩塌母岩地貌、崩塌残存地貌、崩塌垮落地貌和崩塌堆积地貌四种类型,崩塌体典型运动方式为"解体→位移→崩落→堆积",其演化阶段可划分为解体、崩离、垮落、堆积及崩滑五个阶段。重力崩塌地貌易诱发地质灾害,应进行详细勘查,采取野外监测、设牌警示和工程治理等防治措施,保护人员及财产安全。     

安徽齐云山丹霞地貌成因

齐云山丹霞地貌主要发育于中白垩统小岩组K₂x¹红色砂砾岩层中, 该区地貌发育主要受景德镇-祁门断裂带、江湾-街口挤压破裂带和开化-淳安褶断带三大断裂带控制。在白垩世该区经历了地块沉降, 成为陆上的断陷湖盆, 由此接受了巨厚的白垩系红层堆积。在新构造运动中, 该区经历了隆升过程, 巨厚的白垩系沉积物变成了海拔500~600 m的山体。白垩系红色砂砾岩在经历了垂直节理发育、风化破坏阶段及剥蚀搬运阶段后, 同时受岩性本身砂岩与砾岩在组分和结构上的影响, 差异性风化剥蚀显著, 因此形成了壮观的峰林、崖、洞、方山、城堡及天生桥景观。该区585 m、400 m和150 m处的三级裂点, 大致反映了该区新构造运动中三次主要的抬升过程。     

汕头市礐石花岗岩地貌特征及其成因

以广东汕头礐石地区景区内各类花岗岩地貌为研究对象,利用地表调查和洞穴调查,在国内外已有研究的基础上,对礐石地区花岗岩的地貌特征、成因及形成年代进行探讨。结果表明：礐石山由燕山晚期花岗岩构成,于中更新世晚期之前就受风化作用;礐石花岗岩石节理的性质和礐石地区高温多雨的热带季风气候下产生的风化作用,是形成礐石花岗岩地貌的基本因素;礐石地区花岗岩山体主要分为石蛋山、峰林山、馒头山3种类型;洞穴可划分石核洞,崩塌洞穴,裂隙洞和龛4类。     

嶂石岩地貌的理论研究与开发利用

介绍"嶂石岩地貌"概念的来历,系统论述了嶂石岩地貌的五大形态特征、形成的地质背景、古地理环境及楔状侧切、水平掏蚀两种坡面发育模式,分析了嶂石岩地貌的发育阶段,并从岩性、坡面发育起始位置、动力过程、基本骨架、景观造型等方面比较其与张家界地貌、丹霞地貌的差异,对嶂石岩地貌的开发利用进行了回顾和分析。     

乔治王岛菲尔德斯半岛地区环境背景值初探

本文探讨了南极乔治王岛菲尔德斯半岛地区岩石、原始土壤(风化壳)、沉积物、地表水、大气降水、气溶胶、生物等环境要素的基本化学组成和物理化学分析方法。本研究可为评价区域环境质量、制定环境标准、确定环境中的元素迁移、转化规律以及为南极资源的合理开发利用提供科学依据。     

丹霞山陡坡上风化洞穴的基本特征及成因探讨

风化洞穴在全球不同气候区广泛发育,其形成过程和主控因素是地貌学研究的热点问题,但形成机制至今仍存在不少争议,尤其对丹霞地貌区风化洞穴的研究还较少。丹霞山是世界自然遗产地“中国丹霞”的典型代表,陡坡上发育形态和规模各异的风化洞穴,是丹霞地貌的重要景观要素,为认识亚热带湿润气候风化洞穴成因提供了良好的机会。文章以丹霞山砾岩和砂岩陡坡上的5处典型风化洞穴为研究对象,利用野外考察、形态测量、气象监测、样品显微观察及盐化学实验等方法,在已有研究的基础上进一步对湿润气候丹霞地貌区风化洞穴的特征和成因进行探讨。结果表明：1）在砾岩中发育的洞穴一般个体形态较大,洞穴具有较明显的向上和向内生长趋势;砂岩中发育的洞穴大多密集排列,形态较小,常具有蜂巢结构。2）岩石性质是洞穴发育的基本影响因素,在宏观尺度上决定了洞穴的发育位置和排列方式,也决定了不同岩性下发育的风化洞穴的形态特征。在微观尺度上,岩石含有较多长石、钙质胶结物等易溶矿物组分,在酸性雨水渗流过程中发生化学溶解,加上盐结晶作用导致岩石微观结构破坏,诱发洞穴初始形成。3）洞穴尺寸变大后,洞穴内适宜的微气候是洞穴演化的关键因素,为水和盐的聚集及盐风化提...     

Disparate Sandstone Weathering Beneath Lichens, Red Mountain, Arizona

Though the ability of lichens to disaggregate and dissolve the substrate is understood, zones of disparate weathering mechanisms examined in this study were previously unobserved. On a steep (60°) northern (340°N) slope on Red Mountain, Arizona, a 5×5 m study plot was chosen for its maximum lichen coverage (33%) of the same lichen genus Xanthoparmelia in varying growth stages, on a sandstone substrate of consistent lithology. From twenty-two (22) representative lichen thalli, portions were removed to examine sub-thallic rhizine density, and others were resin-inbedded for optical, scanning and backscatter electron microscopy.
In every sample, sandstone beneath and adjacent to the lichen thallus displayed disparate weathering mechanisms. Beneath the center of the lichen cortex, where rhizine density was observed to be the greatest, rhizine penetration disaggregated the sand-stone clasts from the matrix, but little chemical dissolution was apparent. This study found physical weathering predominates beneath the lichen cortex, and chemical weathering predominates at the thallus fringe and beyond the thallus boundary. It was generally found that physical weathering decreased (disaggregation) and chemical weathering increased (dissolution) from the cortex center to the thallus edge. Toward the thallus fringe, minimal clast disaggregation was observed, and substrate dissolution was obvious.     

Danxia landform genesis of the Qiyun Mountain, Anhui Province

The Danxia landform of Qiyun Mountain is mainly developed on the red granule conglomerates named Xiaoyan Group (K2x1) of middle Cretaceous series, which is controlled mainly by three faulted zones, namely, Jingdezhen-Qimen faulted zone, Jiangwan-Jiekou compressional faulted zone and Kaihua-Chun’an folding faulted zone. During the Cretaceous period, this area firstly experienced massif subsidence to become a continental faulted basin, then having thick Cretaceous red sediments accumulated on it. In the supervened neotectonism, this area experienced an uplifting process, which made the thick Cretaceous sediments into a mountain with an altitude of 500-600 m. After undergoing the processes of vertical joint development, weathering, denudation and transportation, as well as evidently differential weathering and denudation influenced by lithology and structure between sandstone and conglomerate, the grand Danxia landscape consisting of peak forests, steep cliffs, caves, mesas, castellated peaks, natural bridges and so on formed. The three nick points located respectively at 585 m, 400 m and 150 m generally reflect the three dominated uplifting processes during the neotectonism.     

Sandstone terrain in a semi‐arid littoral environment: the Lower Murchison Valley,Western Australia

Stream and wave erosion have cut spectacular cliffs in the Tumblagooda Sandstone in the Murchison gorge and along the adjacent coast. The sandplain above the cliffs developed between the Late Cretaceous and the Mid Tertiary but whether it formed at low level and was then uplifted or was formed at its present elevation is not known. The upper 30 km of the gorge post‐dates the laterite on the sandplain. As there is little runoff from the sandplain, erosion is limited to the edge of the gorge. Joints have controlled erosion of small tributaries but have had very limited effect on the course of the Murchison proper. Facies changes within the sandstone are reflected in the form of the cliffs. Very extensive cavernous weathering on the cliffs is attributed to crystallisation of salt. Comparisons with sandstone terrains elsewhere suggest that lithology may be just as important as climate in controlling large‐scale spatial variation of landforms.     

安徽齐云山丹霞地貌成因

According to the study of some local scholars (Peng Hua et al., 2000), over 400 sites of Danxia landform have been already discovered in China. Chen Guoda (1935), Zeng Zhaoxuan et al. (1978), Huang Jin et al. (1992; 1994; 1996) and Peng Hua et al. (1998; …     

元谋干热河谷强侵蚀区土桥发育特征与演化过程

元谋干热河谷区的土桥地貌是当地常见的一种潜蚀地貌,是区域地貌的重要组成部分。元谋土桥是造成当地水土流失的重要原因之一,研究其形态特征及演化过程对于认识区域地貌演化及生态地质环境的治理具有重要的现实意义。2009―2013年,通过多次对土桥形态特征、分布区域的地形地貌的现场测定,对土层进行了分析。结果表明：1）元谋土桥大部分分布于冲沟中上游的沟底,少部分分布于冲沟边缘的峭壁下,有连续出现,也有单独出现;2）土桥发育的土层具有层间差异性,即桥洞所在土层较其顶部土层抗崩解性弱,易受侵蚀;3）地层构造节理及冲沟坡度的变化等因素对土桥的形成具有一定的影响作用;4）元谋土桥的形态、结构与一般天生桥或人工桥梁具有相同的桥体结构,形态规模一般都不大;5）演化过程遵循一般事物的发展规律,分为萌芽期、年轻期、成熟期、消亡期４个阶段;6）元谋土桥与陷穴、冲沟等地貌具有一定的耦合关系。     

土壤水研究的进程和展望

本文评述了近年来土壤水的理论研究及共方法、应用性研究的进展情况。     

SANDSTONE WEATHERING THRESHOLDS IN PETRA,JORDAN

From ongoing research examining weathering rates and mechanisms in the Paleozoic sandstones of Petra, Jordan, two possible thresholds have been identified. From a carved Roman Theater built under Vitruvian standards during the first century A.D., a two-meter sampling scheme was used to measure the presently weathered surfaces from a hypothetical false datum determined through originally documented Roman engineering and construction canon. Some 526 depth measurements were made on vertical and horizontal surfaces and correlated to the intrinsic variables of sandstone matrix-to-clast ratios, overall densities, matrix chemistry (Si, Ca, Fe, Al concentrations), and to the extrinsic accumulated annual insolation receipt (mega-joules/m²).

When matrix iron concentrations exceeded 2%, an abrupt decrease in overall weatherability is indicated until weathering is found to have decreased below measurable limits at 4%. It is speculated that matrix iron acts as a sandstone-clast binding agent, reducing clast disaggregation. In sandstone strata with matrix calcium concentrations exceeding 10%, weathering was accelerated with insolation >5200–5300 megajoules/m². It is speculated that the increased heating from insolation is responsible for irregular calcite crystal expansion and contraction causing matrix/clast interface microfracturing, clast disaggregation, and subsequent weathering.

Mean recession rates ranged from 13 to 66 mm/millennium on horizontal surfaces and from 7 to 18 mm/millennium on vertical surfaces. Gross differences in recession rates were attributed to the extrinsic influences of moisture availability (slope) and insolation (aspect), while minor differences were attributed to intrinsic characteristics of matrix chemistry (Fe, Ca), sandstone density, and clast/matrix ratios. [Key words: sandstone, weathering, erosion, Petra, Jordan.]