The rise of venture capital centres in China: A spatial and network analysis

Due to the importance of venture capital (VC) firms in spurring regional economic growth, the geography of VC firms and VC investments have attracted a lot of attention. However, the spatial patterns of cross-regional VC flows have rarely been explored, particularly in the context of emerging economies. Drawing on a unique dataset on VC firms and investments related to domestic initial public offerings (IPOs), this study combines location analysis with network analysis to investigate the spatial patterns of VC activities in China. The results confirm that Beijing, Shenzhen and Shanghai are the leading VC centres in the country. Although Yangtze Delta Area hosts the largest number of investments, Beijing and Shenzhen have a considerable advantage over Shanghai in terms of the number of VC firms, investments, and the number of domestic VC-backed IPOs. Beijing and Shenzhen also appear more central than Shanghai in China’s VC networks, with Beijing-Shenzhen representing the most important city-dyad in terms of VC investment flows. The article explains how the dynamics of the VC centres is embedded in China’s institutional and cultural context, critical to understanding the evolution and geography of China’s VC industry.     

Institutionalised religion: sacred texts and Jewish spatial practice

Institutionalised religion, as a powerful force in the structuring of the daily lives of probably the majority of the world’s population, is a field of social research to which geographers can usefully contribute. This paper examines ancient and contemporary forms of Judaism, exploring the underlying codes and regulations designed to structure every aspect of life. The first part of the paper examines institutionalised uses of space in ancient times, as recorded in the sacred Jewish text of the Talmud. Through the sacred geography of the great Temple in Jerusalem and the legal authority of the religious court to punish offenders, the social system was (in principle at least) highly ordered and regulated. The second part examines the institutionalisation of the religion in contemporary times, which for orthodox Jews involves attempting to practise and maintain these same ancient codes and regulations. Practising ancient ways of life in contemporary (post)modern contexts can be extremely difficult, however, which I discuss with reference to the proposals of the religious authorities in Manchester, England, to construct an eruv; a legalistic device consisting of poles and wires which changes the classification of space, allowing (in particular) the elderly, infirm and parents with young children to travel on the Sabbath. The device faces criticism from secular and religious sources over the rights to ‘claim space’ and the religious legalistic viability of the project.     

中国地震滑坡危险性评估及其对国土空间规划的影响研究

中国是世界上地震滑坡灾害最为严重的国家之一.考虑地质构造、地形地貌、地层岩性、河流、地震动参数等6类影响因素,针对50年超越概率10％的抗震设防水准,分别开展了基于信息量模型和Newmark模型的地震滑坡危险性评估.基于最不利原则对两项结果进行地震滑坡危险性综合分区,揭示了中国地震滑坡高危险区集中在南北构造带、青藏高原...     

中国西南喀斯特山区国土空间利用变化的人文驱动框架构建

喀斯特山区是一种特殊的山地国土空间类型,系统识别其国土空间变化的人文驱动因素及作用机制,对于合理调控喀斯特山区人类活动的空间作用强度具有重要意义。喀斯特山区生态系统抗干扰能力差且高度脆弱,土地利用的空间异质性和尺度关联性强,非理性人类活动导致局部地区人地关系矛盾趋于尖锐化。通过论证,提出了社会经济、文化民俗、政策制度和人口变化是喀斯特山区国土空间利用变化的四大人文驱动因素,解析了喀斯特山区国土空间利用变化的多维人文因素作用方式。从土地管理者和土地使用者博弈的视角,遵循“驱动因素辨识—决策分析过程—行为作用结果—反馈路径环节”的思路,构建了喀斯特山区国土空间利用变化的人文驱动框架,为喀斯特山区国土空间优化和管控研究提供了新的理论视角。      

空间冲突理论分析与实证研究

对空间冲突展开理论分析,探讨空间冲突概念、表现形式和冲突类型。在福建省资源环境承载能力和国土空间开发适宜性评价基础上,应用ArcGIS空间叠置分析技术,实证研究福建省国土空间在生态保护、农业生产和城镇建设等不同功能上的冲突现状。结果表明：空间冲突现象普遍存在,主要表现为生态保护重要性与生态红线、现状耕地、现状城镇建设用地的冲突,农业生产不适宜性与现状耕地的冲突,以及城镇建设不适宜性与现状建设用地的冲突。基于福建省资源环境禀赋,提出生态优先、绿色发展,粮食安全、精明增长,权利平衡、人地和谐的冲突调控策略。     

基于空间信息技术的地震灾害监测评估

空间信息技术即包括地理信息系统GIS、遥感RS、全球导航卫星系统GNSS以及数字地球在内的地球空间信息科学。随着计算机和空间对地观测技术的发展,空间信息技术已逐渐应用于防震减灾领域。本文通过实际震例分别对目前基于GIS、RS技术的地震灾害监测评估方法进行了分析研究,总结了其优越性以及存在的问题,并结合数字地球平台可视化展示了综合多源数据空间信息技术方法进行的震害评估效果。     

站域地下公共空间的发展规律研究：以上海为例

随着城市轨道交通的快速发展,我国主要城市已开发较大规模的站域地下公共空间。然而,专门针对我国城市站域地下公共空间发展的理论研究较少,亦常缺乏时间维度的规律分析。本文以上海91处站域地下公共空间为例,深入剖析其时空发展规律与空间组织特征,为我国其他城市的地下空间开发提供借鉴。结果表明,潜在商业回报和TOD开发理念的推广是上海站域地下公共空间开发的重要动因,其时空分布规律与城镇化发展进程基本一致。城市区位、站点能级、站域空间开发水平是站域地下公共空间选址的重要影响因素。为保障地下空间连通规划的落地性,站域地下公共空间应避免采用站组域空间布局结构,应尽可能采用单级连通模式或以公共产权空间为连通媒介空间的多级连通Ⅰ类模式。     

A paper with an interest in rhythm

This paper is a performative effort to move with and through the expressive and theoretical spaces of an interest in rhythm. This interest emerges initially from the middle of an encounter with the 5 Rhythms™, a contemporary somatic practice that uses rhythm to facilitate and catalyse expressive movement. Rather than seeking to excavate representational meaning from an encounter with the practice or using it to critically diagnose the corporeal politics of contemporary society, this paper apprehends the creative movement emerging from an encounter with/in the non-representational, performative potential of the 5 Rhythms™. By becoming a deliberately playful effort to hold onto the lines of movement emergent from the affective, kinaesthetic territories of this practice, the paper works to avoid either falling back upon a representational ethics that stops this movement dead in its tracks or becoming seduced by an aesthetics of weightless escape. This effort draws particular support from Deleuze and Guattari's writing on the refrain, a concept that provides a vehicle through which the lines of an interest in rhythm gain expressive and theoretical consistency. Because the territories of the refrain open onto lines of movement that are as much figural as discursive, the paper works to animate the lines of movement emerging from an encounter with the 5 Rhythms™ through a series of non-representational diagrammatic interventions. Finally, in drawing the diagrammatic lines of this movement in-between, the paper becomes not so much a series of lines about moving, but a series of lines moving about.     

What makes territory important: tangible and intangible dimensions

Conflicts over territory have resulted in innumerable wars and other violent incidents, but the reasons that some territory is more highly valued or volatile than other areas may not be obvious. This paper demonstrates a taxonomy for analyzing international territorial disputes that seeks to capture their tangible and symbolic dimensions and to weigh them as the international community might. Twenty-six territorial disputes, including offshore areas and separatist issues, were examined and scored according to 15 criteria for objective prominence and 7 criteria related to how a country might view the dispute in terms of its national interest. The taxonomy used Saaty’s Analytic Hierarchy Process to identify tangible and intangible properties, measure their interrelations, and produce intermediate and overall ranks. Each dispute was evaluated for prominence by examining intensifying (symbolic) factors, measures of magnitude, and characteristics that retard resolution. The magnitude of a dispute was judged to contribute the most to overall prominence, having twice the weight of the other two factors. The top five disputes in terms of prominence were the Kurdish issue, Kashmir, Tibet, Nagorno-Karabakh, and Xinjiang. The second hierarchy evaluated the disputes from the perspective of an international actor, in this case the United States. When judged by U.S. national interest, the most important factors were the deployment of U.S. forces in the claimant countries and if one of the claimants were a U.S. ally. Finally, the results from the two hierarchies were compared.     

Where the buffalo roam: Boundaries and the politics of scale in the yellowstone region

For more than twenty years, the state of Montana has pursued a controversial policy of lethal control to manage winter migrations of bison from Yellowstone National Park. In the late 1990s, as the state and a number of federal agencies attempted to cooperatively outline a more palatable scenario for bison management, local environmental groups became active participants in the debate. This paper examines the strategies pursued by these organizations in the course of their attempt to construct a new, ecosystem-level territorial space and jurisdictional scale for bison, and places their struggle within the context of existing work in geography on the politics of scale. Ultimately, the failure of their efforts illustrates some of the important constraints faced by social groups that attempt to create new territorial regimes and new scales of resistance in the interstices of existing political structures.     

Consumer spatial choice strategies: A comparative study of some alternative behavioural spatial shopping models

The purpose of this paper is to outline a conceptual model of consumer spatial decision making and choice behaviour and to investigate the use of various combination rules of consumer's evaluations of attributes of shopping centres to predict spatial choice behaviour.The research findings indicate that the linear combination rules perform as well as the multiplicative rules and that both types of rules perform quite acceptably. The paper concludes by discussing some implications for future research on spatial decision making and choice.     

积极推行队务公开促进地勘经济发展

推行队务公开,是加强地勘单位民主管理的有效形式.本文从队务公开的必要性、重要性和领导观念的转变以及队务公开应采取的措施等几个方面,较系统地阐述了地勘单位在向市场化转变的过程中如何才能较好的实行队务公开.它有利于地勘单位加快建立现代企业制度.     

面向冰冻圈服务功能核算的西藏公路经济增长贡献及空间效应

为面向冰冻圈服务功能核算,采用投入产出法和ESDA分析,评估了2012-2016年间西藏自治区公路交通基础设施建设对经济增长的贡献程度,并解释作用机理,在此基础上运用GlobalMoran's I指数和Local Moran's I指数作出空间效应分析。结果表明：公路建设直接和间接创造的增加值对区域经济增长具有巨大的促进作用,在空间分布上,各地市公路建设对经济增长的贡献度在自治区范围内存在差异,但未呈现出固定的变化趋势。由于公路对经济增长巨大的溢出效应,应高度重视公路等交通基础设施建设,加大投资力度,拓展通达里程与空间分布,在冰冻圈服务功能核算中纳入交通设施建设的社会经济效益,同时充分考虑冰冻圈气候变化等因素对交通基础设施的危害影响,确保区域经济保持平稳快速增长。     

The favelas of Rio de Janeiro: A temporal and spatial analysis

A spatial and temporal analysis, at a city wide scale, is given of the main type of informal housing (favelas) in Rio de Janeiro. Rapid change in the number and distribution of favelas and their inhabitants (favelados) over time is seen as the outcome of two opposing sets of factors. Demand-led housing factors, including population growth and variations in levels of poverty in the city, have constantly outstripped the supply side of the housing equation where inadequate housing policies and investment, together with restricted building land have been characteristic. Added to these factors are a set of more specific developments which shape the favela geography, including the timing and location of urban redevelopment, favela eradication and recognition, transport development and access by the favelados to employment sources. Evidence shows that the contemporary distribution of favelas in the city does not conform to spatial models of this urban form, and that any interpretation of the Rio favelas, including their growth, development and diversity, needs to be space and time specific. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

基于Albedo-NDVI特征空间的玛曲县荒漠化时空动态监测

开展荒漠化时空动态监测是荒漠化防治的一项重要基础工作。以地处青藏高原东北缘的甘肃省玛曲县为例,以该县2001年、2005年、2010年的TM影像和2015年的HJ-1影像为数据来源,利用Albedo-NDVI特征空间法,从整体到局部,分别对该县全区域及其黄河沿岸地区不同尺度区域近15年的土地荒漠化进行了监测和时空动态分析。研究结果表明：Albedo-NDVI特征空间法能便捷、有效、精确地对荒漠化信息进行提取和分级,有利于荒漠化的定量分析与监测;玛曲县近15年来实施的生态恢复工程效果显著,该县荒漠化状况有所改善,荒漠化土地的面积持续减小,程度不断降低,主要发生“轻度荒漠化土地向非荒漠化土地”的转移;但是由于沙源丰富、人口密集以及过度放牧等原因,玛曲县黄河沿岸5 km带状区域荒漠化以“非荒漠化土地向轻度荒漠化土地”转移为主,荒漠化状况较全县整体水平严重,并且仍有不断恶化的趋势。     

Women’s use of public space and sense of place in the Raval (Barcelona)

This article deals with women's use of public space and sense of place in El Raval, a neighbourhood located in the historical center of Barcelona. Attention will be paid to discover to what degree the existence of a quality public space fosters the creation of socially meaningful places, thus contributing to the construction of womens sense of place and urban identities. A qualitative approach, based on direct observation and in-depth interviews with women living in the neighbourhood, has allowed us to capture the main aspects of the building of a sense of place and belonging, that is the use of public space and facilities, the attitude towards living in the neighbourhood, etc. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Influence of a low-viscosity layer between rigid inclusion and viscous matrix on inclusion rotation and matrix flow: A numerical study

We have used 2-D finite element modelling to investigate the influence of a permanent low-viscosity layer between matrix and inclusion on matrix flow and inclusion rotation under viscous simple shear flow. Rigid inclusions of different shape (circle, square, ellipse, lozenge, rectangle and skewed rectangles) and aspect ratio (R) were used. The calculated matrix flow pattern is neither bow tie nor eye-shaped. It is a new flow pattern that we call cat eyes-shaped, which is characterized by: (i) straight streamlines that slightly bend inwards at the inclusion's crests; (ii) elongate eye-shaped streamlines on each side of the inclusion; (iii) stagnation points in the centre of the eyes; (iv) absence of closed streamlines surrounding the inclusion; (v) changes in flow configuration with inclusion orientation; the lines of flow reversal bend and tilt, closed streamline circuits may disappear, and streamlines may bend outwards at the inclusion's crests.Concerning inclusion rotation, the numerical results show that: (i) a low-viscosity layer (LVL) makes inclusions with R = 1 rotate synthetically, but the rotation rate depends upon shape (circle or square) and orientation. Therefore, shape matters in the slipping mode. (ii) All studied shapes with R > 1 rotate antithetically when starting with the greatest principal axis (e₁) parallel to the shear direction ( = 0°); (iii) rotation is limited because there is a stable equilibrium orientation (_se) for all studied shapes with R > 1. (iii) There is also an unstable equilibrium orientation (_ue), and both _se and _ue depend upon inclusion's R and shape.The present numerical results closely agree with previous results of analogue experiments with a permanent low viscosity interface. Only minor deviations related with small shape differences were detected.     

Environmentally hazardous industry in South Africa: A spatial view

Akthough issues surrounding the location and relocation of environmentally hazardous industry have attracted international attention, little research has been undertaken in South Africa. The aim is to analyse the geography of dirty industries in South Africa and suggest avenues for future research. The location of environmentally hazardous production in South Africa has not followed the national industrial trend towards polarization reversal.