Metamorphic evolution of the Eiksunddal eclogite complex. Western Norway,and some tectonic implications

The metamorphic evolution of the Western Gneiss Region of Norway (WGR) can be evaluated from examination of eclogites formed as an integral part of the gneiss terrain (ie. in situ). Petrologic data from one of the larger country-rock eclogites within the northwestern part of WGR have been used to construct a P, T, t-path for this crustal volume. Textural relations as well as mineral composition and zonation suggest an early period of amphibolite facies conditions, followed by movement along a very steep positive P/T-gradient towards very high pressure (P25 kb) and moderate temperature (T600° C). Orthopyroxene coexisting with garnet at such conditions was poor in Al (<0.5 wt% Al₂O₃) and is preserved in the cores of orthopyroxene grains in garnet websterites. The increasing Al-content of orthopyroxene towards garnet, and increasing edenite substitution rimwards in zoned amphiboles, suggest a period of decompression accompanied by heating, towards the metamorphic maximum at T 750° C, P20kb. Garnet zoning reflects a general prograde history, but the reactions that control the zoning are insensitive to pressure changes. Jadeitic pyroxenes may have formed in the gneisses at P-max, but would revert to plagioclase subsequent to the metamorphic maximum, giving rise to the observed mineralogy. Further decompression and cooling continued towards high-rank amphibolite facies conditions. This P, T, t-path reflects crustal thickening to 80–90 km during Caledonian time. The uplift path is qualitatively similar to theoretically derived paths in which uplift is assumed to be controlled by erosion. However, uplift following the metamorphic maximum may have been accelerated by a period of suture progradation.     

Structure and evolution of the continental margin off Norway and the Barents Sea

The Norwegian Margin formed in response to early Cenozoic continental breakup and subsequent opening of the Norwegian-Greenland Sea. There is a welldefined margin segmentation and the various segments are characterized by distinct crustal properties, structural and magmatic styles, and post-opening history of vertical motions. The sedimentary basins at the conjugate continental margins off Norway and Greenland and in the western Barents Sea developed as a result of a series of post-Caledonian rift episodes until early Cenozoic time, when complete continental separation took place.     

大别山早白垩世变质核杂岩的结构与演化

大别山中部混合岩-片麻岩穹隆的构造属性认识方面一直众说纷纭.通过对中大别杂岩及其边界剪切带或断裂带的构造解析,并结合对前人相关研究的总结,我们将中大别杂岩厘定为早白垩世的变质核杂岩,其中商麻断裂与晓天-磨子潭断裂和水吼-五河剪切带构成了一个完整的拆离断层带,并将变质核杂岩的形成时间限定在145～120 Ma.中大别杂岩...     

Lherzolite nodules from the Fen alkaline complex,Norway

The alkaline ultrabasic rooks (damkjernite) of the Fen alkaline complex contain abundant rounded inclusions of spinel lherzolite, closely similar in composition and mineralogy to the nodules found in many undersaturated basaltic rocks. Clinopyroxene compositions indicate crystallization at P=10–13 KB, T=1200–1250° C. A model involving partial melting in a rising diapir of mantle peridotite allows interpretation of the nodules either as mantle fragments or as cognate cumulates, and suggests that crustal thinning in the Oslo area possibly began as early as 500–600 m.y. ago. The presence of the nodules indicates that the damkjernite did not pause for intracrustal differentiation during its rapid ascent to the surface. The crustal contamination suggested by recent Sr-isotope studies may have occurred during differentiation at the base of the continental crust.Contribution No. 62 in The Norwegian Geotraverse Project.     

Gravity studies of the Fen complex,Norway, and their petrological significance

The Fen alkaline complex, which is about 2 km in diameter, is an example of the carbonatite-ijolite-pyroxenite rock association. A Bouguer anomaly map reveals a sharp and almost circular gravity high centered above the complex, the residual peak value being about + 23 mgal. The gravity interpretation supports the ideas that the carbonatites represent only the volatile end fraction accumulated in the upper part of a long vertical magma chamber such as could form in an abyssal fissure, and that the major part of the pipe consists of an ultramafic parental or cogenetic rock originating from great depth (deep crust or upper mantle).Contribution No. 68 in the Norwegian Geotraverse Project.On leave to Dept. of Geology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82070.     

Cumulate chemistry and its bearing on the origin of layering: Evidence from the Fongen-Hyllingen basic complex,Norway

Summary The Ruten Sequence of the basic Fongen-Hyllingen complex is composed of rhythmically layered olivine-plagioclase-clinopyroxene-orthopyroxene-Fe–Ti oxide cumulates. Phase layering is defined by the entry of orthopyroxene and Fe–Ti oxides. Only limited cryptic variation occurs through the c. 1800 m thick cumulate sequence. Rhythmically repeated units of interlayered dunite and troctolite are common throughout most of the sequence. Dunite units range from laminae a few centimeters thick to massive units 2–3 m thick. The modal abundance of olivine in the cumulates varies from 7 to 100 wt.%. In cumulates with MgO above 15 wt.% plagioclase and clinopyroxene occur in relatively fixed ratios between 4:1 and 3:2. Clinopyroxene-rich layers less than a centimeter thick are present only in olivine gabbros. In these, with MgO below 15 wt.%, modal variation of clinopyroxene in part controls the chemical variation of the cumulates. The modal and normative proportions of cumulus phases in the olivine gabbros can be related to equilibrium cotectics in the natural basalt system at approximately 5 kbar. It is suggested that the olivine-rich layers originated by supersaturated nucleation and growth of olivine.

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Chemie der Kumulate und ihre Bedeutung für die Entstehung der Schichtung, dargestellt am Beispiel des basischen Komplexes von Fongen-Hyllingen (Norwegen)

Zusammenfassung Die Ruten-Sequenz des basischen Fongen-Hyllingen-Komplexes setzt sich zusammen aus rhythmisch abgelagerten Kumulaten aus Olivin, Plagioklas, Klinopyroxen, Orthopyroxen und Eisentitanoxid. Phasenschichtung/Ablagerung wird durch das erste Auftreten von Orthopyroxen und Eisentitanoxiden charakterisiert. In der ca. 1800 m mächtigen Sequenz tritt kryptische Variation nur begrenzt auf; rhythmische Wiederholung eingeschalteter Dunit- und Troktolithorizon te dagegen häufig. Die Mächtigkeit der Dunite reicht von wenige Zentimeter dünnen Schichten bis zu zwei bis drei Meter dicken Bänken. Der Modalbestand an Olivin in den Kumulaten variiert zwischen 7 und 100 Gew.%. In Kumulaten mit einem MgO-Gehalt von über 15 Gew.% liegt das Mengenverhältnis von Plagioklas zu Klinopyroxen relativ konstant bei 4:1 bis 3:2. Klinopyroxen-reiche, weniger als zentimeterdicke Lagen finden sich nur in Olivingabbros. In diesen ist der MgO-Gehalt weniger als 15 Gew.% und die modale Variation des Klinopyroxens steuert teilweise die chemische Variation der Kumulate. Die modalen und normativen Verhältnisse der Kumulusphasen im Olivingabbro lassen sich in Beziehung setzen zu dem kotektischen Gleichgewicht natürlicher Basaltsysteme bei 5 kbar. Die olivinreichen Lagen suggerieren Bildung durch übersättigte Nukleation und Kristallisation.

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With 13 Figures     

Dynamic recrystallization and chemical evolution of clinoamphibole from Senja,Norway

Clinoamphibole from a mylonitic amphibolite exhibits microstructures characteristic of dynamic recrystallization, including porphyroclasts in a finer grained matrix of needle-shaped amphibole. The matrix amphibole defines an LS fabric and porphyroclasts have core and mantle structures with a core containing undulose to patchy extinction and (100) deformation twinning surrounded by a mantle of recrystallized grains. In addition intragranular grains also occur within the cores. TEM analyses of the porphyroclasts reveal that they contain a wide variety of lattice defects including high densities (5 × 10⁸cm^–2) of free dislocations and dislocation arrays, dissociated dislocations, stacking faults, and (100) micro-twins. TEM also shows that matrix grains and intragranular grains have relatively low defect densities, and that the intragranular new grains occur at localities in the porphyroclasts characterized by high densities of dislocations. These observations along with the chemical and orientation relationships between the recrystallized grains and porphyroclasts indicate that the new grains may have formed by heterogeneous nucleation and that further growth probably occurred by both strain assisted and chemically induced grain boundary migration or liquid film migration. This recrystallization event is interpreted to be synkinematic based on the fact that no recrystallization textures are present in the matrix grains and that the matrix grains define an LS fabric. However, the low defect densities in the matrix grains and the lack of intracrystalline strain in other phases indicate that post-kinematic recovery processes were active.     

Heterogeneous deformation and mylonitization of a granulite complex,jotun-valdres nappe complex,Central South Norway

The Helgedal Zone is the Caledonian, heterogeneously deformed base of the Jotun Complex, within the Jotun-Valdres Nappe Complex (Sognefjell, South Norway). It consists of an anastomosing system of shear zones isolating lozengeshaped lenses of less deformed rocks. Structural and geometrical features are described to define the type of deformation and to evaluate the tectonic significance of this zone. Granulitic gabbros and pegmatitic dykes are deformed together in the highly strained mylonitic zones. Microtextural investigations indicate that the quantitative relation between mafic and felsic minerals and the content of quartz determine the different behaviour of the two rock types during deformation.     

Rare earth element geochemistry of the Fen alkaline complex,Norway

Determination of rare earth element (REE) abundances in rocks of the Fen complex has shown that within rocks of the first magmatic series REE abundances increase in the order urtiteFen magmas are discussed and it is considered that parental magmas had relatively high La/Yb ratios (40–60). Utilizing petrological evidence from other alkaline complexes coupled with experimental studies it is considered that the parental magma was a carbonated nephelinite produced by limited (<10%) partial melting of the mantle. All the Fen rocks are placed in a petrogentic scheme in which a carbonated nephelinite magma undergoes liquid immiscibility, differentiation and volatile transport.     

左权变质杂岩区早前寒武纪变质演化及其构造指示

左权变质杂岩构造上位于华北中部带中南段,向东紧邻赞皇变质杂岩。研究区广泛发育长英质黑云斜长片麻岩和斜长角闪岩,无典型变泥质岩石出露,斜长角闪岩多以似层状或透镜状方式产于似层状的片麻岩中,二者在局部地区侵入接触关系明显。该地区可识别出三期变形作用和三期变质作用,区域片麻理所代表的第二期变形作用(D2)与峰期变质作用(M2)事件相对应。杂岩区含榴黑云斜长片麻岩和含榴斜长角闪岩中较好地保留了多个阶段的变质作用信息,本文重点研究其变质演化过程。含榴黑云斜长片麻岩中仅保留峰期阶段矿物组合,变质条件为730℃/8.5kbar。含榴斜长角闪岩记录了3个阶段的变质矿物组合,第一阶段矿物组合(M1)为进变质矿物组合,以石榴石变斑晶内部的早期包裹体及其临近的石榴石核部为代表,即Grt1+Pl1+Amp1+Qtz±Bt1±Chl1±Ilm±Ap,该阶段的温度和压力范围分别为:608~643℃/5.2~5.5kbar;第二阶段矿物组合(M2)为变质峰期矿物组合,主要由石榴石XMn最低的"边部"和基质矿物(Grt2+Amp2+Pl2+Qtz±Cpx2±Bt2±Ep2±Ilm±Ap)组成。最高变质温度大于670℃,最高变质压力大于9.4kbar。第三阶段矿物组合(M3)为退变质减压矿物组合,其典型代表是石榴石边部发育的Pl3+Hbl3+Cum3+Qtz±Bt3后成合晶矿物组合,呈细粒交生状结构特征,该阶段温压估算范围为:611~627℃/5.1~5.9kbar。左权变质杂岩区岩石变质程度虽明显低于赞皇变质杂岩区(Tmax812℃,Pmax12.5kbar),但两杂岩区岩石拥有类似的变质演化特征,均记录了包含近等温降压型(ITD)退变质片段的顺时针P-T轨迹,指示碰撞造山环境。结合中部带其它杂岩区的变质演化特征,推测左权变质杂岩卷入了晚太古代-早元古代末期华北克拉通东、西部陆块之间的碰撞造山过程。     

昌宁-孟连杂岩带澜沧岩群的岩石学、地球化学和变质演化及其对古特提斯构造演化的启示

云南三江地区昌宁-孟连杂岩带中的澜沧岩群内出露多种类型变沉积岩,主要包括含十字蓝晶石榴云母片岩、石榴云母片岩、硬绿泥石白云母片岩和绿泥蓝闪钠长片岩等。系统的岩相学观察、矿物化学和相平衡模拟研究结果表明,不同类型的变沉积岩保存了不同的变质演化历史。含十字蓝晶石榴云母片岩记录了自中温榴辉岩相降温降压至角闪岩相的退变质过程,峰期矿物组合为石榴子石+蓝晶石+多硅白云母+硬玉,变质温压条件为600～750℃和19～30kbar。通过石榴子石的X_(Prp)和X_(Grs),和多硅白云母的Si值限定石榴云母片岩的峰期矿物组合包括石榴子石+多硅白云母+绿辉石+硬柱石+钠云母,峰期温压条件为430～475℃和17～19.5kbar。硬绿泥石白云母片岩矿物组成包括硬绿泥石+多硅白云母+钠云母,然而峰期矿物组合则以多硅白云母+钠云母+纤柱石为特征,通过多硅白云母的Si值限定峰期温压条件约为300～330℃和17～19kbar。石榴云母片岩和硬绿泥石白云母片岩较为一致地记录了从峰期硬柱石蓝片岩相升温降压至绿帘石蓝片岩相的退变质过程。绿泥蓝闪钠长片岩主要通过变质反应和成因矿物学特征大致估算其温压条件约为430～520℃和9～11kbar。岩石地球化学性质研究结果表明,这些变沉积岩的平均化学成分与大陆岛弧、活动大陆边缘和上地壳沉积物成分较为接近,其原岩主要为一套成熟度较差的泥砂质岩类和少量的中基性火山岩。该泥砂质原岩的沉积物源以中酸性岩浆岩为主,存在不同程度古老沉积物的加入。构造判别图解表明,研究区样品主要形成于大陆岛弧或活动大陆边缘的构造背景。变质作用特征和原岩地球化学属性综合分析表明,昌宁-孟连杂岩带内大面积分布的澜沧岩群均发生不同程度的俯冲-消减过程,表现出多样的变质演化P-T轨迹的特征,表明澜沧岩群经历了多期/多阶段复杂的构造演化历史。     

The dunite bodies, websterite and orthopyroxenite dikes of the Leka ophiolite complex, Norway

Summary The investigated mantle section of the Leka ophiolite complex extends 1.4 km from and 1.1 km along the exposed Moho. The foliated peridotite contains numerous tabular and elongated dunite bodies, orthopyroxenite dikes, websterite veins, and dikes. The foliation of the peridotite is inclined by about 45° to the Moho. The dunite bodies and the dikes cut the foliation at low angles. The dunite bodies vary in width from 0.1 to 50 m and in length from 10 m to more than 1 km. Wider dunite bodies are commonly surrounded by 0 to 1.0 m wide margins of dunitized peridotite. Websterite veins may be present outside these margins. Apart from sporadic chromite layers the dunite is very homogenous. The dunite bodies are considered to have formed by deposition of olivine along the walls of dikes originally containing tholeiitic melt. The tholeiitic melt at first heated the peridotitic sidewalls so that they became partially molten and dunitized. The ascending magma then eroded the sidewalls and removed olivine as xenocrysts. When the ascent rate decreased, the temperature of the sidewalls decreased, so that olivine (Fo_89–92) began to crystallize along the dike walls. There is also evidence for percolative melt migration along foliation planes, however, the largest proportion of the melts intruded along dikes. The websterite dikes are mostly 1 to 4 cm wide and 3 to 20 m long and dispersed with mutual distances of 20–50 m. The websterite veins and dikes probably originated from melts that were generated along the heated sidewalls of the dunite bodies. The 0.02 to 10 m wide orthopyroxenite dikes have exceptionally high MgO contents for their SiO₂ contents; about 36 wt.% MgO and 50 wt.% SiO₂. They may have formed as segregates from a SiO₂-rich magma, although the parent magma does not appear to have been boninitic. The parent magma may instead have formed by second stage partial melting of depleted lherzolite.     

赞皇变质杂岩区西南部斜长角闪岩的地球化学、变质演化研究及其构造意义

赞皇变质杂岩位于华北克拉通中部造山带中南段, 阜平杂岩以南, 太古代变质岩石在该杂岩区仅有零星出露。目前研究发现, 在赞皇变质杂岩的西南部地区亦有太古代(含榴) 斜长角闪岩出露, 且与东南部的斜长角闪岩具有类似的地球化学性质, 其原岩为亚碱性玄武质岩石, 形成于岛弧构造环境。岩石中石榴石保留微弱的进变质生长环带, 且记录了进变质、峰期变质和退变质三个阶段的矿物组合。不同阶段的温压估算结果分别为：进变质阶段约679℃和8.4kbar, 高峰期变质条件位于高角闪岩相, 最高温度超过702℃、最高压力大于9.3kbar, 退变质阶段温度为633~636℃、压力为5.2~5.4kbar。该地区含榴斜长角闪岩拥有典型的顺时针近等温减压型(ITD) 的变质作用P-T轨迹, 推测赞皇变质杂岩可能卷入了华北克拉通东部陆块和西部陆块之间的俯冲-碰撞-快速隆升过程。同时, 早期进变质作用阶段信息的保留为俯冲过程的存在提供了新的证据。

     

Structure and geochronology of the Tongbai complex and their implications for the evolution of the Tongbai orogenic belt,central China

The Tongbai orogenic belt has an overall antiformal geometry and the hinge of the antiform is sub-horizontal and trends NW–SE. The Tongbai complex (TBC) in the core of the antiform is bounded by the S-dipping Yindian–Malong shear zone in the south, the sub-horizontal Taibaiding shear zone at the top and the N-dipping Hongyihe–Tongbai shear zone in the north. The three shear zones have dextral, top-to-NW and sinistral movement, respectively. They are parts of a single shear zone, termed the Tongbai shear zone, that has a uniform top-to-NW sense of shear. Three samples of deformed granitoid (mylonite or protomylonite) from the shear zone have U–Pb zircon ages of 145 ± 6 Ma, 142 ± 2 Ma and 131 ± 6 Ma, respectively. An L-tectonite in the TBC yielded a metamorphic age of 137 ± 8 Ma and a migmatite an age of 137 ± 1 Ma. The Tongbai shear zone is intruded by undeformed Early Cretaceous granite and dykes and deformation in the shear zone is constrained to ca. 140–135 Ma, synchronous with metamorphism and migmatization in the TBC. Early Cretaceous magma emplacement and the associated uplift modified the TBC into a gentle antiform and the uplift may have continued to ca. 102–85 Ma. Similar geometry and kinematics have been documented in the Dabie orogenic belt to the east, which suggests that the Central Orogenic Belt in China probably experienced a uniform orogen-parallel extension and top-to-NW shearing in the ductile lithosphere in the Early Cretaceous.     

Temporal and tectonic evolution of the granulite-eclogite association from the Bergen Arcs, western Norway

The U-Pb and Sm-Nd dating of deep crustal rocks from the Bergen Arcs system helps resolve enigmatic aspects of the tectonic evolution of the Caledonian Orogen in western Norway and yields insights into the arrested stages of eclogite development within the granulites of the area. The U-Pb dating of zircon from one of the eclogite facies shear zones yields an upper intercept age of 945 ± 5 Ma [all errors two standard deviations (2σ)], which is similar to other zircon ages from the granulite facies protolith. The age is interpreted to represent the time of late Proterozoic (Sveconorwegian) granulite metamorphism. The U-Pb ages of sphene and epidote show that the eclogites formed early in the evolution of the Caledonian Orogen (pre-Scandian phase) at about 460 Ma. An eclogite facies quartz vein yields a Sm-Nd whole rock-garnet isochron of 440 ± 12 Ma that may reflect the onset of cooling immediately after peak eclogite facies conditions, although the Sm-Nd systematics reveal some isotopic disequilibrium within the sample. In tandem with previous ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar age determinations from, an adjacent eclogite of 450 Ma for hornblende and 430 Ma for muscovite, these data indicate that < 30 Ma elapsed between formation of the eclogites and the initial stages of cooling and exhumation to at least mid-crustal levels. This corresponds to minimum cooling rates of 14 °C/m.y. The timing relations suggest that the formation and exhumation of these eclogites from the overlying Caledonian Nappe wedge in western Norway are related to an early phase of crustal subduction during or somewhat before the major phase of continent-continent collision.

The short period of time between the formation of the eclogites and the initial stages of exhumation and rapid cooling is consistent with the only partial and localized transformation of the granulite to eclogite. Isolated occurrences of eclogite within the granulite, the formation of eclogite along metasomatic fronts and the formation of hydrous eclogite facies minerals within the “dry” granulite all point to the importance of fluids in the transformation and re-equilibration of the granulite to eclogite. Together, field and isotopic data demonstrate that both the localized and limited access of fluids and the rapid cycling of continental crust through the deepest portions of the orogen to upper crustal levels resulted in the preservation of the arrested stages of eclogite formation and survival of the granulites metastably through eclogite facies conditions.     

中国沉积学的今后发展:若干思考与建议

出露于北京西山房山岩体南北两侧的官地杂岩,主要由正片麻岩、斜长角闪岩组成,局部具混合岩化特征。对官地杂岩的形成时代及出露原因一直存在很大的争议。一种观点认为官地杂岩形成时代为太古宙,出露于中生代早期的区域伸展体制下,另一种观点则认为官地杂岩是中新元古界或古生界泥质变质岩,在房山岩体侵位过程中发生接触变质作用的产物。研究表明,官地杂岩是一套正片麻岩,其中的锆石核部为岩浆成因,而外部普遍发育较窄的浅色边。SHRIMP II锆石铀铅年龄测定获得锆石的一致曲线与不一致曲线上交点年龄值为(2 521 ±20) Ma,代表了新太古代的岩浆结晶年龄,从而证明官地杂岩原岩形成于新太古代。构造分析表明,官地杂岩与上覆中元古代蓟县系至早古生代地层间为剥离断层接触关系,并为房山岩体侵位和改造,证明是一个形成于房山岩体侵位前的变质核杂岩构造。但房山岩体的侵位并未对锆石的岩浆年龄和变质年龄产生明显影响。