Taking into account the kinematic effect in methods used for computation of the floodplain riverbeds discharge capacity

Analysis of several methods used for computation of the discharge capacity of floodplain riverbeds showed necessity of taking into account the kinematic effect. This can be done by using the most promising yet not enough developed methodology that is based on the simultaneous equations that describe motion of a stream, mass of which varies along its length. Performed experiments allowed obtaining the correlation between the inertial terms of this equation system, the stream depth and the angle between the divergent dynamic axes of interacting flows. Their maximum values are 80.1 and 24.2%; thus, they are quite significant.     

A new approach to the automatic computation of partial volumes of river runoff with various degrees of pollution (a case study for the Selenga River)

Proposed are the methods and software package that enable estimating automatically the degree of the pollution of annual and long-term river runoff at the joint processing of large volumes of standard (routine) hydrological and hydrochemical information. As a result of computations, the individual quality certificate of river runoff was created for the part of the river under study. Computation methods include regulations concerning the parameters that connect the water runoff volume with water quality; the parameters that may connect the computation of the pollution degree using RD 52.24.643-2002 adapted for the partial volumes of the annual runoff according to these methods, with the subsequent classification of the pollution degree. The computation technique was worked out and used for the first time. The informativeness of estimates is demonstrated for one of the discharge section lines of the Selenga River.     

A method of forecasting the heavy convective precipitation zones during the cold season

A method of forecasting the heavy convective precipitation zones is based on the computation of the Q-vector divergence and moist equivalent-potential vorticity in the layer from 925 to 700 hPa. The prognostic fields of meteorological parameters from NWP models in GRIB or GRIB2 codes are used for the computation. Presented are the results of the statistical analysis. The coefficients of linear regression are computed and the working equation for forecasting heavy convective precipitation zones during the cold season is derived. Analyzed are some heavy snowfalls in the central region of the European part of Russia.     

Gridless modeling of oil spreading and transport in the sea

We consider features of the application of a discrete particle statistical method to solve the transport and diffusion equation in the case of the time-dependent (contaminant transport by turbulent flow) or nonlinear (thin slick spreading on the water surface) diffusion rate. For the problem of contaminant dispersion by turbulent flow, an algorithm is developed for discrete particle technique application in the case of the diffusion rate change governed by “4/3 law,” and a good agreement of numerical and analytical results is demonstrated. For the problem of oil slick spreading, as described by the quasi-linear transport-diffusion equation, an algorithm of the particle random walk is developed, in which the walk step dispersion depends on the unknown function. The solution using a discrete particle technique for both volley and continuous discharge is in good agreement with analytical and/or numerical solutions using the grid method (the latter is practically equivalent to the analytical solution due to small time and space steps for a one-dimensional axisymmetric case).     

原始方程模式多处理器的并行计算方案设计及试验

本文介绍并行处理器(Transputer芯片)的性能和特点，及其对微机功能扩充上的应用。结合气象问题，设计了五层原始方程数值预报模式的并行计算方案。经过试验，计算速度明显提高，结果正确可靠，从而为省级气象部门的数值预报业务化及科学研究提供了一条有效途径。     

傅立叶相位分析导风技术中的频谱分析

本文介绍了应用于傅立叶相位分析导风技术中的DFT变换理论,并模拟分析DFT计算中的频谱分离和混叠两种现象及其对导风的影响。结论认为,傅立叶导风技术不需要计算所有谐波的相位,只要计算分离区或混叠区之前的低次谐波的相位,这些低次谐波的相位速度与真实速度一致,且与谐波振幅和初相位的取值无关,可用于风速计算。     

Medium-range forecast of air temperature and of some dangerous phenomena using the technique of the hydrometcenter of Russia

The improved forecasting technique is presented of weather element computation developed at the Hydrometcenter of Russia for the medium-range forecasting on the basis of statistical interpretation of the results of integration of hydrodynamic atmospheric models. The methodology of numerical forecasting algorithms is described. The methods of forecasting the air temperature for ten-day periods and the extreme air temperature detailed for every day for the territory of Russia are realized on the basis of the weather element computation technique. According to the resolution of the Central Methodical Committee for Hydrometeorological and Heliogeophysical Forecasts, these methods are introduced into the operational practice as the basic ones. The examples of forecasts and the data on their accuracy are given. The approach is developed to the solution of the problem of the dangerous phenomena forecast (of anomalously cold and anomalously hot weather) with the earliness of 48–96 h within the frameworks of this technique.     

数据处理方法在雨量中的应用及面雨量形成

基于中尺度雨量站资料,将SQL Select语句、bcp数据处理方法应用到实时雨量的计算中,利用GIS技术得到精细的子流域的栅格点雨量,形成子流域的面雨量值.结果表明:1)采用SQL Server的数据查询技术与bcp数据处理技术可以获取每天实时雨量;2)利用GIS的拼接、转换和抽样处理技术,可以形成5km空间分辨率的坡度和高程数据;3)根据雨量与高度和坡度的关系得到雨量的计算公式,获得精细化的雨量资料,通过算术平均法的求算形成更准确的面雨量值.     

Spatiotemporal Changes in Extreme Runoff Characteristics for the Volga Basin Rivers

Long-term changes in peak spring runoff and daily minimum winter and summer-autumn runoff in the Volga River basin are analyzed based on observational data from 94 gaging stations. It is revealed that climate changes in the basin during the period from the late 1970s till the middle of the 1980s led to the significant increase in minimum discharge, but maximum runoff changed ambiguously. The regions with the disturbed uniformity of the series of extreme values of river runoff are identified. Changes in the values of high runoff, above the 10% probability, and low runoff, below the 90% probability, are analyzed for current climate conditions. Under nonstationary conditions, it is recommended to assess the probability characteristics of extreme runoff with compound distribution curves or based on the Bayesian approach.     

Proposals for working out the Russian segment of Global Framework for Climate Services (GFCS)

Presented are the recommendations for the content of the national segment of the Global Framework for Climate Services based on the long-term interaction with the users of climatological information. The “Research Studies” section includes the method assessing the risk of credibility to the climatic fore casting. Discussed are the methods of disaster risk computation, risk management, and adaptation to the climate change. It is asserted that normative parameters are mainly taken into account by operational services of technical sectors. Analyzed are the normative documents of the Russian Federation that are up dated and agreed with Eurocodes and worked out in partnership with Roshydromet. To build up the capacity of climate ser vices, it is recommended to use up-to-date training facilities for graduate students and further education courses. Considered are the ways of interaction between users and climatologists.     

非线性平流方程计算稳定性对初值的依赖性研究

对一维平流方程向前差格式的一个计算不稳定特例进行了讨论，给出了四个命题，并得出结论：在一定的条件下，可以对初值稍加改变，使其在x轴一侧分布而达到计算稳定，从而改进并修正了已有的相关结论。     

正压涡度方程中考虑粘性项与平滑过程的一些意见

本文首先讨论了如何依据空间步长来选取平滑系数。其次考虑在涡度方程中加上粘性项后对微分方程解的影响,讨论如何选取适当的粘性系数。第三讨论涡度方程加粘性项后对差分格式计算稳定性的影响,证明了在常用时间中心差分格式中应把粘性项取在第(n-1)时间层,这样计算才是稳定的。反之,如把粘性项取在第n时间层,则差分格式计算不稳定。并且时间向前差的格式在加上粘性项后也可以稳定,但要求的粘性系数过大。最后讨论了用涡度方程作数值预告时加上平滑过程与加上粘性项之间的关系,从计算上看,二者并不等价。但可以把平滑过程与扩散方程类比,以确定适当的平滑系数。     

A High-Order Spatiotemporal Precision-Matching Taylor–Li Scheme for Time-Dependent Problems

Based on the Taylor series method and Li's spatial differential method, a high-order hybrid Taylor–Li scheme is proposed.The results of a linear advection equation indicate that, using the initial values of the square-wave type, a result with thirdorder accuracy occurs. However, using initial values associated with the Gaussian function type, a result with very high precision appears. The study demonstrates that, when the order of the time integral is more than three, the corresponding optimal spatial difference order could be higher than six. The results indicate that the reason for why there is no improvement related to an order of spatial difference above six is the use of a time integral scheme that is not high enough. The author also proposes a recursive differential method to improve the Taylor–Li scheme's computation speed. A more rapid and highprecision program than direct computation of the high-order space differential item is employed, and the computation speed is dramatically boosted. Based on a multiple-precision library, the ultrahigh-order Taylor–Li scheme can be used to solve the advection equation and Burgers' equation.     

Multispectrum Method and the Computation of Vapor Equation

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完全非内插半拉格朗日格式在一维 Burgers方程及二维浅水波方程上的应用

在作者过去提出的完全非内插半拉格朗日格式的基础上,针对半拉格朗日格式由于内插带来预报场人为的光滑性问题,进一步发展了这种计算格式,证明了此格式的计算稳定性。为检验这种新的计算格式的性能,在一维和二维问题上进行了应用。在一维问题中采用了一维无粘Burgers方程（方程中有突变点）;二维问题采用了浅水波方程,同时将这些计算结果与Ritchie方案及欧拉方案或一般半拉格朗日内插方案的计算结果进行了比较,发现新格式消除了内插和预报场的人为光滑,并且计算精度有一定程度的提高,这为以后将此格式推广到全球谱模式打下了基础。     

A mathematical model of water and sediment flow in open river channels

A one-dimensional mathematical model of water and sediment flow in open channels is proposed based on the forces influencing a water stream and bottom and stream sediments. The equations of water and sediment flow are closed by the equations of continuity of stream, velocity of particle motion in a stream, and the equation of balance of kinetic energy and moving particles: joint calculation of stream hydraulic characteristics and sediment discharge is performed. Hydraulic resistances are retrieved not from the Chezi formula, but based on the balance of forces and kinetic energy. A sediment discharge is calculated from velocities and the number of moving solid particles instead of empirical relationships whose accuracy is usually low. The model is verified against the data of experiments in hydraulic flumes with glass and sand bottom. Comparison with independent data in the glass flume in a wide range of water discharges and bottom inclinations showed a high accuracy of calculation of hydraulic characteristics (relative error is less than 4%). The experimental data showed that the accuracy of sediment discharge calculated by the model exceeds the accuracy of the calculation using traditional empirical formulas.     

边界层特征参数对边界层顶垂直速度的影响

本文从正斜压及有层结时的边界层相似理论及阻力定律出发，由边界层顶垂直速度与地面湍应力的关系求出了层结、粗糙度、它们的水平梯度及地转风的水平梯度、斜压性对w的影响的解析式，可用于模式计算。计算结果表明层结影响可使w差1-２个量级，不稳定时粗糙度影响也使w差几倍。除地转涡度决定w外，地转风、层结稳定度和粗糙度及其水平梯度也起了重要作用，还讨论了斜压性的影响。     

博尔塔拉河温泉水文站输沙率与流量异步施测法分析

在悬移质输沙率与流量异步施测法基本原理分析的基础上,根据河流特性建立了多年综合及相邻流量测次累积面积百分数与累积流量百分数相关曲线法不同的部分流量权重系数借用方案。经实测资料检验输沙率与流量异步施测法的计算误差符合《河流悬移质泥沙测验规范》精度要求,能满足悬移质泥沙测验的生产需求。     

On the radiative properties of ice clouds: Light scattering,remote sensing,and radiation parameterization

Presented is a review of the radiative properties of ice clouds from three perspectives: light scattering simulations, remote sensing applications, and broadband radiation parameterizations appropriate for numerical models. On the subject of light scattering simulations, several classical computational approaches are reviewed, including the conventional geometric-optics method and its improved forms, the finite-difference time domain technique, the pseudo-spectral time domain technique, the discrete dipole approximation method, and the T-matrix method, with specific applications to the computation of the singlescattering properties of individual ice crystals. The strengths and weaknesses associated with each approach are discussed.With reference to remote sensing, operational retrieval algorithms are reviewed for retrieving cloud optical depth and effective particle size based on solar or thermal infrared(IR) bands. To illustrate the performance of the current solar- and IR-based retrievals, two case studies are presented based on spaceborne observations. The need for a more realistic ice cloud optical model to obtain spectrally consistent retrievals is demonstrated. Furthermore, to complement ice cloud property studies based on passive radiometric measurements, the advantage of incorporating lidar and/or polarimetric measurements is discussed.The performance of ice cloud models based on the use of different ice habits to represent ice particles is illustrated by comparing model results with satellite observations. A summary is provided of a number of parameterization schemes for ice cloud radiative properties that were developed for application to broadband radiative transfer submodels within general circulation models(GCMs). The availability of the single-scattering properties of complex ice habits has led to more accurate radiation parameterizations. In conclusion, the importance of using nonspherical ice particle models in GCM simulations for climate studies is proven.     

Total OH Loss Rate Measurement

A new instrument has beendeveloped to measure the total decay rate of OH in ambient air. Theinstrument is based on the discharge flow technique in which OHgenerated within the instrument is reacted with ambient air pulled intothe flow tube. The OH decay is monitored by laser-induced fluorescence. Thistotal decay rate is compared to the sum of the individual decay rates ofOH with each trace species measured in the air to test for missing OHreactants. OH decay rates measured in an urban environment in thesummer of 1999 illustrates the promise of this technique.