废水的矿物学处理

废水的矿物学处理鲁安怀（中国地质大学,北京,１０００８３）废水的处理方法通常分为物理处理、化学处理及微生物处理,前两种方法主要应用于无机性废水处理,而后一种方法对处理有机性废水甚为有效。当前废水处理研究正朝着处理效率好、成本低、质量高、占地面积小等综...     

深井曝气法处理有机废水和地下水防污染监测

深井曝气法能处理高浓度有机废水,它具有明显的环境效益、社会效益和经济效益。本文主要介绍该项工艺流程、曝气井结构和地下水污染监测,还提出使用曝气井的几点看法。     

常温条件下高浓度乳品有机废水处理工程实践

常温下,采用二级生物处理高浓度乳品有机废水的工艺,出水COD≤100,BOD5≤30mg/l,SS≤70mg/l,达到国家一级排放标准.运营成本明显降低.     

多阶段水解-好氧工艺处理淀粉废水的研究

采用多阶段水解 -好氧串联工艺处理高浓度玉米淀粉废水。试验结果表明 :①废水经多阶段水解 -好氧工艺的水解段H1后 ,废水的 ρ(BOD5) /ρ(CODCr)从 0 .90提高到 0 .95 ;废水经水解段H2 后 ,废水的 ρ(BOD5) /ρ(CODCr)从 0 .81提高到 0 .97,说明水解段具有提高废水可生化性的功能。②在总水力停留时间 (HRT)为 6 0h、进水pH为 5 .9～ 6 .0 8和进水 ρ(CODCr)、ρ(BOD5)、ρ(NH+ 4)平均分别为 82 0 5mg/L、7395mg/L、16 0 .0mg/L的情况下 ,CODCr、BOD5和NH+ 4去除率分别达97.7%、99.1%和 88.1% ,出水水质达到或接近国家污水排放二级标准 (GB8978- 96 )。③各处理单元对CODCr、NH+ 4去除效果各不相同。     

气提脱氨处理工艺在高氨氮污水处理中的应用

气体脱氨技术不仅能降低废水中的含氨量,保护环境,而且能将提浓后的氨水变成铵盐回收再利用,提高经济效益。采用气提脱氨技术处理高浓度含氨废水,实现了投资少、流程短、设备少、操作简便和脱氮效果稳定的目标。运行结果表明,采用该技术处理高浓度含氨污水中氨氮值设计能够达到4 000 mg/L以上,NH3-N去除率能都达99%以上。     

印染废水特点及其处理技术

随着国民经济的快速发展,我国的印染业尤其是民营印染企业发展十分迅速,在纺织废水的排放过程中,印染废水的排放尤为突出.本文在分析印染废水的来源、特性及处理存在问题基础之上,总结了印染废水的处理技术,主要有物理法、化学法及生物处理.     

保护气氛下煅烧胶状黄铁矿去除水中铜离子的影响因素

重金属废水主要来源于矿山开采、机械加工、有色金属冶炼、废旧电池处理以及农药、医药、油漆、颜料等生产过程。尤其是矿山酸性排水,由于金属硫化物的风化氧化以及水岩反应,不仅酸度低、含有高浓度的重金属,而且含有高浓度     

细菌和真菌对复合污染模拟废水的处理研究

本文利用胶质芽孢杆菌(Bacillus mucilaginosus)和黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger)处理铜-苯酚(简称铜-酚)和镉-苯酚(简称镉-酚)这类有机-无机复合污染模拟废水,采用胶质芽孢杆菌和黑曲霉分别单独、联合或先后处理等5种方式,探讨了这两类菌体对复合污染模拟废水的处理效果及优化方法。结果表明,微生物对铜-酚废水的处理效果优于对镉-酚废水。对于铜-酚废水的处理表明,当废水中苯酚浓度为50~200 mg/L时,去除率可达80%以上,最高可达94.65%,其中铜的去除率较苯酚低;当模拟废水中铜浓度为30 mg/L时,可达最高去除率(60.02%)。微生物对镉-酚废水的处理表明,当废水中镉离子浓度为4 mg/L时,最高去除率为58.44%,苯酚的去除率一直保持在30%左右。     

利用黄钾铁矾类矿物形成过程预处理高浓度含硫废水

利用黄钾铁矾类矿物形成过程对某高浓度工业含硫废水进行预处理,除去一定量的SO42-,使溶液中低价态的硫继续转化成SO42-,再进行氧化处理。采取二次沉淀除去溶液中更多的SO42-,大大降低了该水样的COD值。通过实验得出沉淀的最佳工艺条件为pH值为2.50～3.20,氯化铁晶体(FeCl3.6H2O)最佳投入量为50g/L。经过两次黄钾铁矾类矿物沉淀过程,该废水COD的去除率达到85.29%,结合H2O2的氧化处理,COD去除率可达96%。为高浓度含硫废水进入生化处理前的预处理提供了实验依据。     

水解-好氧组合工艺处理玉米淀粉废水的机理

根据水解-好氧处理系统中碳水化合物、蛋白质、挥发性有机酸和微生物的变化规律,探讨了利用水解-好氧组合工艺处理玉米淀粉废水的机理,得出废水中碳水化合物的降解速率远大于蛋白质.在水力停留时间为10h的第一水解段,蛋白质的去除率仅为16%,而碳水化合物的去除率却高达91%.在此组合工艺中,水解段均具有去除废水中BOD5、CODCr和提高废水可生化性的双重作用,但水解段对BOD5的去除率小于对CODCr的去除率.好氧段的主要作用是去除CODCr、氮、磷.好氧生物膜中出现钟虫、累枝虫和轮虫组合是整个工艺出水水质良好的生物学标志.     

Application of agricultural fibers in pollution removal from aqueous solution

Discharging different kinds of wastewater and polluted waters such as domestic, industrial and agricultural wastewaters into environment, especially to surface water, can cause heavy pollution of this body sources. With regard to increasing effluent discharge standards to the environment, high considerations should be made when selecting proper treatment processes. Any of chemical, biological and physical treatment processes have its own advantages and disadvantages. It should be kept in mind that economical aspects are important, too. In addition, employing environment-friendly methods for treatment is emphasized much more these days. Application of some waste products that could help in this regard, in addition to reuse of these waste materials, can be an advantage. Agricultural fibers are agricultural wastes and are generated in high amounts. The majority of such materials is generated in developing countries and, since they are very cheap, they can be employed as biosorbents in water and wastewater applications. Polluted surface waters, different wastewaters and partially treated wastewater may be contaminated by heavy metals or some organic matters and these waters should be treated to reduce pollution. The results of investigations show high efficiency of agricultural fibers in heavy metal and phenol removal. In this paper, some studies conducted by the author of this article and other investigators are reviewed.     

Moving bed biofilm reactor to treat wastewater

This review carries out a comparative study of advanced technologies to design, upgrade and rehabilitate wastewater treatment plants. The study analyzed the relevant researches in the last years about the moving bed biofilm reactor process with only attached biomass and with hybrid biomass, which combined attached and suspended growth; both could be coupled with a secondary settling tank or microfiltration/ultrafiltration membrane as a separation system. The physical process of membrane separation improved the organic matter and NH₄ ⁺-N removal efficiencies compared with the settling tank. In particular, the pure moving bed biofilm reactor–membrane bioreactor showed average chemical oxygen demand, biochemical oxygen demand on the fifth day and total nitrogen removal efficiencies of 88.32, 90.84 and 60.17%, respectively, and the hybrid moving bed biofilm reactor–membrane bioreactor had mean chemical oxygen demand, biochemical oxygen demand on the fifth day and total nitrogen reduction percentages of 91.18, 97.34 and 68.71%, respectively. Moreover, the hybrid moving bed biofilm reactor–membrane bioreactor showed the best efficiency regarding organic matter removal for low hydraulic retention times, so this system would enable the rehabilitation of activated sludge plants and membrane bioreactors that did not comply with legislation regarding organic matter removal. As the pure moving bed biofilm reactor–membrane bioreactor performed better than the hybrid moving bed biofilm reactor–membrane bioreactor concerning the total nitrogen removal under low hydraulic retention times, this system could be used to adapt wastewater treatment plants whose effluent was flowed into sensitive zones where total nitrogen concentration was restricted. This technology has been reliably used to upgrade overloaded existing conventional activated sludge plants, to treat wastewater coming from textile, petrochemical, pharmaceutical, paper mill or hospital effluents, to treat wastewater containing recalcitrant compounds efficiently, and to treat wastewater with high salinity and/or low and high temperatures.     

Physical–chemical treatment process optimization for high polluting dairy effluents prior fermentation

Among dairy effluents, bactofugate (B) and decreaming racking water (D) were identified as the most polluting due to their organic load content expressed in the chemical oxygen demand (156–240 g·L^?1). Joining the plant wastewater, such effluents contribute to the increase of the polluting load of the wastewater treatment plant input which disturbs the treatment performance. This work proposes an upstream segregation of those dairy effluents for combined physical–chemical and biological treatment. An experimental design was proposed to investigate initial pH, applied temperature and exposure time factor effects on the thermal coagulation process. The fermentation of the resulted supernatants using Lactobacillus lactis ssp. lactis was performed. The optimized thermal coagulation pretreatment was obtained at (pH; T(°C); t(min)): 6, 60 °C and 5 min, with both (B) and (D) effluents. Resulted clarified whey sugar, protein and fat contents were assessed. The physical–chemical treatment resulted in considerable organic matter removal: 45% for (B) samples and 31% for (D) samples of proteins content and almost the total fat content. However, there is no considerable effect on the sugar content reduction, which remains responsible for the major fraction of the whey residual chemical oxygen demand (COD). Clarified whey fermentation using Lactococcus lactis ssp. lactis strain induced important sugar consumption rates. Therefore, important sugar consumption rates were recorded and the COD removal efficiency was improved. The recorded global COD removal efficiency was of about 93%. The proposed combined physical–chemical and biological processes for dairy effluents pretreatment allowed not only to reduce the effluents polluting load, but also to valorize wheys by producing valuable components.     

Chemical oxygen demand fractions of municipal wastewater for modeling of wastewater treatment

When a new wastewater treatment plant is being designed by computer simulation, detailed data about organic fractions of influent wastewater (measured as chemical oxygen demand) are usually not available, but knowledge of the typical ranges of these fractions is indispensable. The influent chemical oxygen demand fractions can substantially influence the results of simulation-based design such as reactor volumes, solids residence time, effluent quality, oxygen demand, sludge production, etc. This article attempts to give an overview of wastewater organic fractions as modeling parameters and presents new chemical oxygen demand fractionation results from Hungary. According to the data from literature, the ratio of chemical oxygen demand components in raw wastewater is very different and the average composition is as follows: Inert particulate =17.1 %, slowly biodegradable = 57.9 %, inert soluble = 7.8 % and readily biodegradable = 17.5 %. The Hungarian wastewater samples were analyzed according to STOWA (Dutch foundation for applied water research) protocol and the obtained results were not much different from those of literature ( inert particulate = 23.7 %, slowly biodegradable = 49.8 %, inert soluble = 4.6 % and readily biodegradable = 21.9 %), but some typical characteristics were observed.     

Recent developments in immobilizing titanium dioxide on supports for degradation of organic pollutants in wastewater- A review

This review focuses on the various types of supports used for immobilization of titanium dioxide nanomaterial catalyst for degradation of organic pollutants in wastewater. Several supports suitable to particular immobilization technique used for the degradation of pollutants in wastewater streams are explained. In general, a coating of catalyst on supports is carried out either by physical (e.g., thermal treatment) or by chemical (e.g., sol–gel). Among a range of the supports used, some of the prominent ones include glass, silica, activated carbon, stainless steel, cellulose, clay. Also, characterization methods in use such as X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscope, scanning electron microscope, and UV-spectroscopy are discussed. The operating parameters such as temperature for the selected immobilization techniques are also explained.     

Heavy load and high potential: anthropogenic pressures and their impacts on the water quality along a lowland river (Western Bug,Ukraine)

A pronounced pollution of surface water bodies in the Western Bug River Basin, Ukraine, has been caused by outdated or overloaded wastewater treatment plants, agriculture, industry and coal mining. These pressures have led to a generally poor state of both chemical and microbiological variables creating health risks of various kinds. The state of surface water quality for the Western Bug and five main tributaries was assessed by measuring physical, chemical and microbiological indicators during field campaigns in autumn 2009 and spring 2010. Longitudinal profiles were sampled to identify major sources of pollution and to reveal dominant processes of matter turnover. In addition, the occurrence of antibiotic resistant strains in isolates from stations along the Bug River was investigated. Results clearly underpin the negative impact of the Poltva River as a major source of pollution for the Bug River and further outline an elevated potential health risk from pathogenic bacteria originating from this source. Despite these devastating impacts, a high elimination potential of the Bug River with respect to primary organic loads as well as elimination of pathogenic bacteria was observed particularly at Dobrotvir Reservoir. Further downstream, pollution is kept high because of untreated waste effluents and phytoplankton mass developments due to high phosphorus concentrations.     

铝钛柱撑改性膨润土处理两种模拟废水的实验研究

以钠基膨润土为原料制备了铝钛无机柱撑、铝钛有机柱撑改性膨润土，确定了改性膨润土的最佳铝钛比和铝土比，并将其应用于模拟废水、化学实验室废水的处理。与原土进行比较，探讨了用量、pH值、搅拌时间等对COD去除率、色度去除率、浊度去除率的影响，通过正交实验对实验条件进行了优化。结果表明：有机柱撑改性膨润土、无机柱撑改性膨润土对废水的处理效果均明显好于原土，对废水色度、浊度的去除率均大于93％；对废水COD的去除效果，有机柱撑改性膨润土比无机柱撑改性膨润土有较大提高，去除率最高达66．31％，结果令人满意。     

Effect of treated municipal wastewater on bean growth, soil chemical properties, and chemical fractions of zinc and copper

The current study was carried out in order to investigate the short-term effect of different dilutions of wastewater on soil chemical properties, chemical fractions of zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu), and to assess the chemical buildup of heavy metal on two bean species. The experiment was performed as factorial based on completely randomized design with different dilutions of wastewater on two bean cultivars in two soil textures. The treatments consisted of irrigation with treated wastewater over all growing season, irrigation with wastewater and freshwater in equal proportions, and irrigation with well water only as control. The result showed that soil parameters are significantly affected by application of wastewater irrigation. Irrigation with wastewater increased the concentrations of organic matter, electrical conductivity, N, K, P, Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn, and Ni in soils compared to the control treatment. However, their values were all below international standards. Application of wastewater decreased soil pH and calcium carbonate equivalent. Plant tissue analysis showed increases in N, P, K, Zn, Cu, Zn, and Mn concentrations in grain and frond of beans in wastewater treatment as compared to the control. The concentrations of all elements in plants were lower than the toxic threshold. Chemical fractionations of Zn and Cu indicated that chemical forms of these metals were affected by irrigation with wastewater. Irrigating with wastewater resulted in the movement of Zn from the labile fractions towards the nonlabile fractions. In turn, mobility factor of Cu increased with application of wastewater. Maximum fresh and dry yields of beans were obtained from wastewater treatment compared to the control treatment. This study indicated that wastewater irrigation improves soil properties, plant growth, and yield without any contamination in soil and toxicity in plants.     

Application of structural equation modeling for assessing relationships between organic carbon and soil properties in semiarid Mediterranean region

Restoration of atmospheric carbon in soils has principal many good effects. Arid lands cover more than 40 % of the global earth area, but only stock 16 % from the global carbon stock. It seems to be a suitable solution for this environmental issue, but still all variables controlling organic carbon in such kinds of soil, was ignored. This study aims to develop two models of organic carbon under clayey and sandy soils in semi-arid Mediterranean zones basing on physical and chemical soil properties. For establishing both models, structural equation modeling was used. For modeling organic carbon, two Tunisian soil databases composed from clayey and sandy soils made respectively, of 450 and 602 soil horizons were used. Using the two databases for all properties, the principal component analysis shows two components for clayey soil; (i) chemical properties and bulk density and (ii) physical properties. For the sandy soil it reveals two components; (i) chemical properties and (ii) physical properties. According to the derived components for each soil category, two models have been built. Structural equation modeling results show that clayey model has proved that organic carbon was controlled by chemical properties and bulk density more than physical properties and sandy model has proved that organic carbon was controlled by chemical properties more than physical properties. The root mean square errors of approximation were 0.079 and 0.050 for the clayey and sandy models, respectively. Then these two models were validated with two other databases from Tunisian dryland soils.