An algorithm for automatic cartographic sounding selection

Soundings on nautical charts provide information about the shape of ocean bottom between chart depth curves. A single chart may have thousands of soundings posted on it. This paper describes a new algorithm for selecting soundings automatically. At first,the problem encountered in automatic cartographic sounding selection is presented. Then the authors give the principle of the new algorithm,and the implementation is illuminated in detail. At last the experiments prove the rationality and efficiency of the new algorithm.     

An algorithm for automatic cartographic sounding selection

Soundings on nautical charts provide information about the shape of ocean bottom between chart depth curves. A single chart may have thousands of soundings posted on it. This paper describes a new algorithm for selecting soundings automatically. At first, the problem encountered in automatic cartographic sounding selection is presented. Then the authors give the principle of the new algorithm, and the implementation is illuminated in detail. At last the experiments prove the rationality and efficiency of the new algorithm.     

实时水深模型的一种构建方法

水深是表达海洋深度变化的基础数据,实时水深是舰船航行和海岸带军事行动的重要影响因子。本文从实用角度出发,采用海图水深作为静态水深,基于余水位订正的预报水位作为动态水位,提出了一种顾及实时水深区域变化特征的实时水深模型。实验表明,该模型实现了实时水深的快速求取,一定程度上可以满足航海和军事应用需求。     

An ontology-driven multi-agent system for nautical chart generalization

ABSTRACT

On nautical charts, undersea features are portrayed by sets of soundings (depth points) and isobaths (depth contours) from which map readers can interpret undersea features. Different techniques were developed for automatic sounding selection and isobath generalization. These methods are mainly used to generate a new chart from the bathymetric database or from a larger scale chart through selection and simplification. However, a part of the process consists in selecting and emphasizing undersea features formed by groups of soundings and isobaths on the chart according to their relevance to maritime navigation. Hence, automation of the process requires classification of features and their generalization through the application of a set of operators according not only to geometric constraints but also to their meaning.

The objective of this work is to conceive a multi-agent system (MAS) for nautical chart generalization that is driven by the knowledge on the generalization process and the undersea features and their relationships. First, this work provides a feature-centered ontology modeling of the generalization process. Then, the MAS structure is introduced where agents access cartographic knowledge stored in the ontology. The MAS makes use of measure algorithms to evaluate constraint violations on the chart in order to decide which generalization operators to apply. The whole model has been implemented to provide generalization plans on a real case study.     

Quality Assessment of an Automatic Sounding Selection Process for Navigational Charts

A good seabed representation is one of the important characteristics of any navigational chart. Along with depth contours and coloured depth areas, soundings are used for this task. All the soundings on a navigational chart are selected for a reason. Soundings contribute to the navigational chart safety aspect by alerting to all the threats and dangers. They also show all the attributes of a seabed relief without overcrowding it, thus maintaining the overall chart quality. Soundings are selected from a hydrographic survey and since it consists of a vast number of data, the process of sounding selection is a challenging and demanding task. It requires experience and knowledge from the nautical cartographer and is mostly done manually. Some types of software nowadays provide an automatic selection feature. This paper analyses a process of automatic sounding selection in the dKart Editor software. On the Croatian side of the Adriatic Sea, ?ibenski Kanal (?ibenik channel) and Kanal Sv. Ante (St. Ante’s channel) are used as the study area. A hydrographic survey of the area represents the input data. The official navigational chart of the surveyed area is used as the basis for determining three different sets of parameters for the selection process. After the selection, obtained results are assessed based on geometrical accuracy and on the conservation level of navigational safety. For geometrical accuracy, the best results were produced by the third set that was divided in two subsets for each channel. It was determined that the nature of the seabed relief had an impact on the selection process. The same set had the best result for navigational safety assessment but it was concluded that all the sets undermined the aspect. Because of these crucial shortcomings noticed in all the tested sets of parameters, the feature is considered inadequate for serious usage as a completely automatic tool for the process of sounding selection on navigational charts.     

海洋测深数据的抗差Kalman滤波

从线式测深模式要求出发,构建了海洋水深测量过程中的测船位置滤波模型和深度数据的滤波模型,并在此基础上,给出了测线上位置数据和深度数据Kalman滤波的一般解和抗差解,并结合海洋水深测量特点,构建了满足水深数据剔除异常值的截断权函数和滤波方案,实例分析表明,抗差滤波方法能够有效地控制测船位置粗差,在选择截断权函数情况下,抗差滤波方法能够有效地剔除水深跳点和假水深。     

小波分析及其在地图制图中的应用

本文扼要地介绍了８０年代中期发展起来并被誉为＂数学显微镜＂的小波分析的理论、方法、快速算法及其应用,并探讨了小波分析在测绘领域中地图制图方面的应用前景。     

制图综合中基于中心地思想的线状要素自动取舍算法研究

地图综合的重点是地理要素选取与图形概括。地理要素选取的关键在于多属性指标的综合考虑。本文在引入中心地概念的基础上,比较了中心地与地理要素的相似之处,尝试将其应用到制图综合中,结合主成分分析方法,对地理要素的多个指标综合考虑,提出了基于中心地思想和主成分分析的线状地理要素地图综合自动取舍的算法,并通过实例验证了该算法。     

基于蚁群算法的道路选取模型研究

在制图综合中,道路选取是非常重要的内容之一,研究道路选取的智能化方法是非常必要的。文中在研究道路语义、几何特征、拓扑关系和结构特征的基础上,充分考虑居民点对道路选取过程的影响,建立道路选取的蚁群算法模型。通过实验证明该模型算法的可行性和有效性。     

海图水深注记的基准更新方法研究

建立统一、规范的深度基准体系是海洋测绘成果应用的基本保证。为了消除目前海图应用中水深注记基准面不一致的影响,本文在以往研究成果的基础上,提出了以平均海面基准为中介的海图新旧深度基准的转换体系,并以某实验海区水深数据为例,构建了基于深度基准面更新模型的海图水深注记的更新方法。经试验验证效果良好。     

自适应地图可视化系统设计研究

传统的地图可视化系统设计思想已经不能完全适应现阶段地图可视化系统发展的需要，如何满足不同用户的个性化需求，是地图可视化系统进一步发展所面临的重要问题。自适应地图可视化系统，将自适应理论引入到地图可视化系统的设计开发中，为解决这一问题提供了一种有效的方法。文中阐述了自适应地图可视化系统的概念和提出背景，分析了建立自适应地图可视化系统所需要研究的内容，并以自适应用户界面为重点探讨了设计自适应地图可视化系统的基本原理和方法。     

模糊集合论用于制图综合中地图物体选取结构模型的研究

地图物体选取的定额模型和结构模型对机助制图综合和地图数据库专家系统中是缺一不可的。结构模型是在选取定额数量的控制下,解决具体选取那些物体,而研究某物体的选取须考虑的因素甚多,並且其间关系是隐会的,普遍存在模糊性。因而采用传统的二值逻辑来处理会既麻烦又损失较多的制图信息。本文以河流选取为例,用模糊集合理论对其建立结构模型进行初步探讨,并用简单样图说明方法和步骤。     

Line generalisation by repeated elimination of points

Abstract

This paper presents a new approach to line generalisation which uses the concept of 'effective area' for progressive simplification of a line by point elimination. Two coastlines are used to compare the performance of this, with that of the widely used Douglas-Peucker, algorithm. The results from the area-based algorithm compare favourably with manual generalisation of the same lines. It is capable of achieving both imperceptible minimal simplifications and caricatural generalisations. By careful selection of cut-off values, it is possible to use the same algorithm for scale-dependent and scale-independent generalisations. More importantly, it offers scope for modelling cartographic lines as consisting of features within features so that their geometric manipulation may be modified by application- and/or user-defined rules and weights. The paper examines the merits and limitations of the algorithm and the opportunities it offers for further research and progress in the field of line generalisation.     

基于蚁群算法的点状注记智能化配置

地图注记是为待定位注记求取注记位置的过程,它是自动地图制图中的一个重要的难题,其中点状注记问题可以看作是一个组合优化问题。目前,模拟退火法,遗传算法和神经网络优化算法已经被用来优化点状注记的配置问题。本文将引入蚁群算法在点状注记配置中的应用,经实验证明该方法有更高的搜索效率,得到的注记结果基本上解决了冲突问题。     

两种道路选取策略的比较研究

道路选取是根据比例尺的要求,在道路网中保留相对重要道路、舍弃相对次要道路的地图综合操作。从概念层和操作层对两种不同的道路选取策略进行了比较。一种是删除后更新策略,即删除一条道路后更新其他道路的重要度;另一种是删除后不更新策略,即删除一条道路后不更新其他道路的重要度。以常用的stroke重要度排序法为道路选取方法,运用长度、连通度、接近度和中介度的加权来描述道路的重要度,采用相似性、误删率、漏删率等定量指标以及定性的目视判别评价选取结果。以深圳市1∶1万道路网和1∶5万道路网作为研究数据进行了实验。理论上删除后更新策略优于删除后不更新策略,然而实证表明删除后不更新策略在常用定量评价指标上优于删除后更新策略,在定性评价方面则各有优劣。     

An Ontology of the Submarine Relief for Analysis and Representation on Nautical Charts

Abstract

A nautical chart is a kind of map used to describe the seafloor morphology and shoreline of adjacent lands. One of its main purposes is to guarantee safety of navigation. As a consequence, the construction of a nautical chart follows very specific rules. The cartographer has to select and highlight undersea features according to their relevance to navigation. In an automated process, the system must be able to identify and classify these features from the terrain model. This paper aims therefore to define ontologies of the submarine relief and nautical chart that will be at the root of a model-oriented generalization process. To the best of our knowledge, no ontology has been defined to formalize the geographical and cartographic objects for nautical chart representation. Thus, a bottom-up approach was developed to extract and model knowledge derived from standards established by the International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) and cartographers’ expertise. The submarine relief ontology formalizes undersea features describing the submarine relief. Four concepts (composition, morphometric class, shape value and depth value) are introduced to describe properties and relationships between undersea features. The cartographic representation ontology of nautical charts will define several concepts (chart, features, isobathymetric lines and soundings) for the representation of undersea features on the chart.     

基于禁忌搜索的点状注记研究

地图注记是为待定位注记求取注记位置的过程,它是自动地图制图中的一个重要的难题,其中点状注记问题可以看作是一个组合优化问题。解决优化组合问题,目前有许多成熟的算法,比如模拟退火法,遗传算法,神经网络优化算法以及禁忌算法等等。目前,模拟退火法,遗传算法和神经网络优化算法已经被用来优化点状注记的配置问题。本文将介绍禁忌算法在点状注记配置中的应用,并用国家1∶250000地形图点状居民地图层数据实验,证明该方法有较高的搜索效率,得到的注记结果基本上解决了压盖问题。     

自适应地图可视化系统中用户模型构建与匹配算法研究

为增强自适应地图可视化系统中用户模型构建和匹配的准确性,提出四元组交互用户模型及基于概率的相似度匹配算法.该模型充分考虑了自适应地图可视化系统中的"人""机"交互特征,能更加全面反映用户在使用自适应地图可视化系统时的特征.详细地介绍概率的相似度匹配算法的基本思想和实现过程.最后进行实例验证.实例证明,所提出的用户模型构...     

一种道路路口和拐点的识别与重要性度量方法

道路路口和拐角是地图制图、地图综合和相关制图规范中经常涉及的一个空间概念,而空间概念的建模、度量和特征识别是地图综合和GIS的难点之一。本文提出了道路路口和拐角的识别与重要性定量度量方法。首先,分析了道路路口和拐角的概念和空间特征,然后,设计了识别算法和步骤,并制定了道路路口重要性的定量度量方法。实验分析表明:本文方法能够正确识别道路路口和拐角,且路口重要性指标能够反映区域地理特点。     

自动制图综合链理论与技术模型

为满足地图生产自动化和GIS中对自动制图综合的迫切需求,必须研究新的理论、方法和模型。在充分探讨制图综合现状和存在问题的基础上,系统研究自动制图综合链理论与技术,把抽象的制图综合操作过程化、任务化、步骤化,并把制图综合任务转化为计算机环境下自动执行与优化的可执行操作链,从而达到提高制图综合自动化、智能化水平的目的。