暴雨洪涝淹没模型在洪灾损失评估中的应用

为了开展客观定量的暴雨洪涝灾害评估,探讨了基于暴雨洪涝淹没模型的暴雨洪涝灾害损失评估业务流程,其核心环节有两部分：估算因降水造成的淹没范围和建立适用的经济损失评估模型。其中暴雨洪涝淹没模型以最大坡降算法和曼宁公式计算暴雨洪涝汇流过程,通过给定汇流时间得到研究区域的淹没面积和水深;经济损失评估模型由直接经济损失和间接经济损失构成,直接经济损失由淹没范围内各类财产的价值乘以其相应的损失率得到。以武汉市江夏区2010年7月一次暴雨洪涝灾害过程为例给出了整个评估流程的实现过程,结果表明基于暴雨洪涝淹没模型的洪涝灾害损失评估业务流程物理意义清楚,表达了暴雨-径流-洪涝灾害全过程,可用以提高洪涝灾害影响评估的定量化程度,同时也为暴雨洪涝风险管理提供一定的依据。     

Effectiveness of flood damage mitigation measures: Empirical evidence from French flood disasters

Recent destructive flood events and projected increases in flood risks as a result of climate change in many regions around the world demonstrate the importance of improving flood risk management. Flood-proofing of buildings is often advocated as an effective strategy for limiting damage caused by floods. However, few empirical studies have estimated the damage that can be avoided by implementing such flood damage mitigation measures. This study estimates potential damage savings and the cost-effectiveness of specific flood damage mitigation measures that were implemented by households during major flood events in France. For this purpose, data about flood damage experienced and household flood preparedness were collected using a survey of 885 French households in three flood-prone regions that face different flood hazards. Four main conclusions can be drawn from this study. First, using regression analysis results in improved estimates of the effectiveness of mitigation measures than methods used by earlier studies that compare mean damage suffered between households who have, and who have not, taken these measures. Second, this study has provided empirical insights showing that some mitigation measures can substantially reduce damage during floods. Third, the effectiveness of the mitigation measures is very regional dependent, which can be explained by the different characteristics of the flood hazard in our sample areas that experience either slow onset river flooding or more rapid flash and coastal flooding. Fourth, the cost-efficiency of the flood damage mitigation measures depends strongly on the flood probability faced by households.     

Diagnostic of the massive flood event and flood hazard mapping in Tons River basin

Theoretical and Applied Climatology - This study diagnoses the Satna flood event in the Tons River basin. The occurrence of this intense flood is attributed to the rainfall associated with the...     

Numerical simulations of mesoscale flood environment

Summary The transition from a cold to a warm state of the E1 Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) cycle is studied using Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Sets (COADS) for the period 1950–1992.The onset of El Niño (November to December of the year preceding the El Niño) is characterized by an occurrence of minimum sea-level pressure anomalies in the subtropics around the node line of the Southern Oscillation. This pressure fall favors the formation of the anomalous cyclonic circulations over the western Pacific and leads to the establishment of anomalous westerlies in the western equatorial Pacific during the boreal spring of the El Niño year. The westerly anomalies then intensify and propagate into the central Pacific by the end of the El Niño year. This is an essential feature of the development of a basin-wide warming.It is argued that the development of the equatorial westerly anomalies over the western Pacific may result from the thermodynamic coupling between the atmosphere and ocean. In boreal winter and spring the mean zonal winds change from westerly to casterly over the western equatorial Pacific. A moderate equatorial westerly anomaly initially imposed on such a mean state may create eastward SST gradients via changing rates of evaporational cooling and turbulent mixing. The equatorial SST gradients would, in turn, induce differential heating and zonal pressure gradients which reinforce the westerly anomalies. The feedback between the eastward SST gradients and westerly anomalies promotes the eastward propagation of the westerly anomalies.With 9 Figures     

江西汛期典型旱涝年大气低频振荡特征分析

利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料以及江西省83个台站逐日降水资料,应用小波分析、Butterworth带通滤波器分析了江西汛期典型旱涝年降水和大气的低频振荡特征。结果表明:1)江西汛期降水涝年、旱年都存在30—60 d的主要周期,涝年低频振荡的强度较旱年更强。2)涝年、旱年低频周期的峰值位相环流存在显著差异:涝年,对流层低层西太平洋副热带地区存在的低频反气旋使西南气流有利于水汽向北输送,在对流层高层中纬度地区存在低频气旋和低频反气旋对,南亚高压脊线位置偏南,对应在江西地区的整个对流层垂直方向上有低频的上升运动;旱年滤波场上形势与涝年有明显的差异。3)典型涝年、旱年低频振荡的传播特征存在差异:旱年最明显振荡中心位置较涝年偏北,且振幅较涝年偏小;涝年、旱年低频涡度都存在西传特征,但旱年西传区域仅局限于115°E以东区域,而涝年则可以西传至100°E附近区域。4)涝年汛期有明显的水汽低频波列活动过程,而旱年未出现明显的水汽低频振荡传播。     

海南岛汛期降水变化特征及其与旱涝的关系

选用海南岛18个市县气象观测站1981-2017年日降水资料,利用线性趋势、相关分析等方法研究了海南岛汛期降水变化特征及其与旱涝之间的关系,结果表明:汛期小雨日数的大值区主要分布在中部山区,中雨、大雨日数的大值区主要分布在中部、东南部地区,暴雨、大暴雨日数的大值区主要分布在中部、东部地区,而特大暴雨日数的大值区主要分布...     

The cost of flood damage in Nyngan

Four surveys were conducted to assess the cost of direct and indirect flood damage to the New South Wales town of Nyngan, which was inundated in the 4–6 hour period after its flood protection levees were breached on 23 April 1990. A survey of flood damage to 24 residential properties, 14 commercial properties and 6 public authority properties was made by personal inspection. Surveys of flood damage to other public properties, of the worth of the volunteer effort in the evacuation, clean-up and recovery phases of the disaster, and of the value of donated goods and money were made by telephone and letter. The results of all surveys are presented and discussed. The use of a computer model to estimate property damage throughout the flooded area is described. Finally, the total cost of flood damage in Nyngan ($47.3 million) is dissected by type of damage, property sector and community sector.     

Hydrometeorological aspects of flood hazards in Canada

Abstract

Floods are major natural disasters in Canada and worldwide. Although technology has reduced the flood hazard in many areas, the world death toll from floods in recent decades still has averaged 4680 per year. During the summer of 1993, flooding in the U.S.A. caused an estimated $12 billion damage. These statistics confirm that floods are a major natural disaster.

This paper reviews the hydrometeorological aspects of the hazard associated with rainstorm, urban, ice‐jam, and snowmelt floods. The hazard element is highest for floods with rapid onsets such as rainstorm, urban, and ice‐jam floods. Although snowmelt floods are common throughout Canada, their slower onset times reduce their risk potential.

To reduce the risk of the flood hazard, society must have access to statistical information for adequate planning and design, and forecasts for issuing warnings and implementing evacuation strategies. Flood design statistics and forecast models are discussed relative to each major flood type. The paper also describes historical flood frequency trends and discusses the implications of climatic warming for future floods. The paper concludes with a brief discussion of some knowledge gaps and research needs.     

Global off-line evaluation of the ISBA-TRIP flood model

This study presents an off-line global evaluation of the ISBA-TRIP hydrological model including a two-way flood scheme. The flood dynamics is indeed described through the daily coupling between the ISBA land surface model and the TRIP river routing model including a prognostic flood reservoir. This reservoir fills when the river height exceeds the critical river bankfull height and vice versa. The flood interacts with the soil hydrology through infiltration and with the overlying atmosphere through precipitation interception and free water surface evaporation. The model is evaluated over a relatively long period (1986–2006) at 1° resolution using the Princeton University 3-hourly atmospheric forcing. Four simulations are performed in order to assess the model sensitivity to the river bankfull height. The evaluation is made against satellite-derived global inundation estimates as well as in situ river discharge observations at 122 gauging stations. First, the results show a reasonable simulation of the global distribution of simulated floodplains when compared to satellite-derived estimates. At basin scale, the comparison reveals some discrepancies, both in terms of climatology and interannual variability, but the results remain acceptable for a simple large-scale model. In addition, the simulated river discharges are improved in term of efficiency scores for more than 50% of the 122 stations and deteriorated for 4% only. Two mechanisms mainly explain this positive impact: an increase in evapotranspiration that limits the annual discharge overestimation found when flooding is not taking into account and a smoothed river peak flow when the floodplain storage is significant. Finally, the sensitivity experiments suggest that the river bankfull depth is potentially tunable according to the river discharge scores to control the accuracy of the simulated flooded areas and its related increase in land surface evaporation. Such a tuning could be relevant at least for climate studies in which the spatio-temporal variations in precipitation are generally poorly represented.     

基于GIS潍坊市暴雨洪涝灾害损失评估方法研究

利用潍坊市1984—2007年暴雨洪涝灾情数据,基于GIS技术结合模糊综合评价方法确定了灾害综合评价指数,根据灾损率指标与灾害综合评价指数得到潍坊市农业经济损失率评估模型。模型表明灾害综合评价指数与农业经济损失率具有较好的线性相关关系,相关系数达0.842。并对潍坊市一次暴雨洪涝灾害进行评估,验证该模型精度。与实际灾情数据对比,相对误差最小值为15.37%,最大值为21.29%,模拟结果与历史灾情数据基本一致。     

Probabilistic assessment of flood risks using trivariate copulas

In this paper, a copula-based methodology is presented for probabilistic assessment of flood risks and investigated the performance of trivariate copulas in modeling dependence structure of flood properties. The flood is a multi-attribute natural hazard and is characterized by mutually correlated flood properties peak flow, volume, and duration of flood hydrograph. For assessing flood risk, many studies have used bivariate analysis, but a more effective assessment can be possible considering all three mutually correlated flood properties simultaneously. This study adopts trivariate copulas for multivariate analysis of flood risks, and applied to a case study of flood flows of Delaware River basin at Port Jervis, NY, USA. On evaluation of various probability distributions for representation of flood variables, it is found that the flood peak flow and volumes can be best represented by Fréchet distribution, whereas flood duration by log-normal distribution. The joint distribution is modeled using four trivariate copulas, namely, three fully nested form of Archimedean copulas: Clayton, Gumbel–Hougaard, Frank copulas; and one elliptical copula: Student’s t copula. Based on distance-based performance measures, graphical tests, and tail-dependence measures, it is found that the Student’s t copula best representing the trivariate dependence structure of flood properties as compared to the other copulas. Similar results are found for bivariate copula modeling of flood variables pairs, where Student’s t copula performed better than the other copulas. The obtained copula-based joint distributions are used for multivariate analysis of flood risks, in terms of primary and secondary return periods. The resultant trivariate return periods are compared with univariate and bivariate return periods, and addressed the necessity of multivariate flood risk analysis. The study concludes that the trivariate copula-based methodology is a viable choice for effective risk assessment of floods.     

潍坊市暴雨洪涝灾害风险区划

利用潍坊市气象数据以及统计年鉴资料、基础地理信息数据、土地利用类型数据和历史灾情数据,基于暴雨洪涝灾害风险评估模型,结合GIS技术,对潍坊市暴雨洪涝灾害进行风险评估,并绘制出潍坊市暴雨洪涝灾害风险区划图.结果表明：诸城市中北部、高密市的西南部及安丘的东南部属于高风险区,安丘的东北部、昌邑的南部属于较高风险区,昌乐的大部分、青州的东部、临朐的东北部、安丘的西部属于中风险区,青州西南部、临朐西南部、寿光东北部、昌邑东北部属于低风险区.评价结果与潍坊市的实际情况基本吻合.     

四川盆地洪涝特征与对策分析研究

1引言四川是一个农业大省,主要农业生产区在四川隘地。四川盆地地貌复杂,河流纵横,气象灾害频繁。其中暴雨、大暴雨造成的洪涝灾害是主要气象灾害之一。它直接威胁着农业生产和人民的生命财产,为更好的掌握四川盆地洪涝发生规律,为我省治水兴蜀献计献策,有必要对四川盆地四大水系的洪涝特征作一分析研究,并在此基础上进行对策分析研究。2四川盆地四大水系的洪涝标准由于四川盆地各条水系流域的地形地貌、工程措施等不同,而每条水系的上、中、下游地形地貌都有很大差异。因此我们根据省水资源局提供的四川盆地四大水系中各支控水文站…     

四川盆地洪涝特征与对策分析研究

1 引言 四川是一个农业大省,主要农业生产区在四川盆地.四川盆地地貌复杂,河流纵横,气象灾害频繁.其中暴雨、大暴雨造成的洪涝灾害是主要气象灾害之一.它直接威胁着农业生产和人民的生命财产,为更好的掌握四川盆地洪涝发生规律,为我省治水兴蜀献计献策,有必要对四川盆地四大水系的洪涝特征作一分析研究,并在此基础上进行对策分析研究.     

Modeling flood event characteristics using D-vine structures

The authors investigate the use of drawable (D-)vine structures to model the dependences existing among the main characteristics of a flood event, i.e., flood volume, flood peak, duration, and peak time. Firstly, different three- and four-dimensional probability distributions were built considering all the permutations of the conditioning variables. The Frank copula was used to model the dependence of each pair of variables. Then, the appropriate D-vine structures were selected using information criteria and a goodness-of-fit test. The influence of varying the data length on the selected D-vine structure was also investigated. Finally, flood event characteristics were simulated using the four-dimensional D-vine structure.     

山洪防治中的环境问题

山洪灾害是指由于降雨在山丘区引发的洪水及山洪诱发的泥石流、滑坡等对国民经济和人民生命财产造成损失的灾害. 黑龙江省山洪灾害的特点是突发性强,多由集中或局地暴雨造成的,受灾面积小,人员伤亡与固定资产损失在各种灾害中较为严重,危害很大.黑龙江省水害异常气候多发生在小兴安岭南部伊春、铁力、庆安区域,黑龙江省南部山区宾县、尚志、五常区域,以及大兴安岭南部龙江、甘南区域,这三大区域均在全省大暴雨出现次数密度与频度较大的区域内.龙江、甘南区域,已拥有许多大型水库调控洪水,不易发生山洪;宾县、尚志、五常区域,流域积水面积不大,且主沟长度短,坡度不是很大,灾害性的洪水频度不高;而伊春、铁力、庆安区域,异常气候、暴雨量与频度为全省最敏感区域.呼兰河上游区域、汤旺河中游区域、牡丹江中游区域、穆棱河上中游区域,发生洪水灾害频度较大.     

Comparison of methods for estimation of flood hydrograph characteristics

This research has been carried out for investigation and comparison of the accuracy and reliability of different methods of unit hydrograph estimation, including geomorphologic (GIUH) and geomorphoclimatic (GCIUH) methods as well as methods by Nash (Nash-IUH), Rosso (Rosso-IUH) and the Soil Conservation Service (SCS); the methods simulated the rainfall-runoff process over the Manshad River basin located in central Iran. The first six equivalent rainfall-runoff events were selected, and a hydrograph of outlet runoff was calculated for each event. Compared were peak time, peak discharge, base time, W ₅₀ and W ₇₅ parameters (hydrograph widths at 50% and 75% of peak discharge) and the volume of outlet runoff simulated by the models; then determined was the model that most efficiently estimated the hydrograph of outlet flow. The comparison of calculated and observed hydrographs showed that the Nash model was more efficient in estimating peak discharge, peak time, outlet runoff volume and the shape of direct surface runoff (DSRO) hydrographs, though it could not precisely simulate base time and W ₅₀ and W ₇₅ parameters. The other methods were more accurate in simulating outlet runoff volume of the hydrographs. The Rosso-IUH and SCS models could estimate the base time parameter better than the others. GIUH performance was comparable to the Nash method and was relatively suitable. In spite of these results, the GIUH, GCIUH, Rosso-IUH and SCS models had weak performance for estimating other characteristics of outlet DSRO hydrographs.     

新疆南疆暴雨洪涝灾害风险区划

利用2010—2020年南疆气象观测逐小时降水及各县暴雨洪涝灾情数据，将灾损指标按百分位法划分为4个等级。基于GIS技术的自然断点法，从暴雨事件和孕灾环境方面，将暴雨洪涝灾害危险性等级划分为低、中低、中高、高4级。结果表明：受灾人口特重区域在和田地区洛浦县、墨玉县和于田县；直接经济损失特重在和静县、沙雅县、乌什县；农作物受灾特重在阿克苏地区沙雅县、喀什地区英吉沙县和岳普湖县。6 h、12 h、24 h最大降水量可作为南疆暴雨洪涝灾害的气象致灾因子，北部高于南部，西部高于东部，山区高于平原；暴雨洪涝灾害风险高区主要集中在和田地区于田县南部山区、阿克苏地区西部北部山区、喀什地区泽普县、巴州北部轮台县山区。     

商南县山洪灾害解释预报

采用商南县1980--2006年降水以及山洪灾害资料,分析山洪灾害与不同历时暴雨的关系。得出部分重灾区的临界雨量。运用山洪水文气象模型,以降水性质、量级、风向、风速及土壤湿度作为预报因子,根据历年山洪灾害与各时段降水量关系进行统计分析,结合各时段临界雨量确定山洪灾害预报等级。     

锦屏县洪涝灾害特点与防御对策浅析

对锦屏县的洪涝灾害成因以及防御措施进行分析论述。