Decomposing productivity and efficiency changes in the Alaska head and gut factory trawl fleet

Fishing fleets are subject to numerous factors that affect economic performance, making identification and attribution of such impacts difficult. This paper separately identifies the effects of changing input and output prices, fishery management, and quota allocations on total factor productivity using a Lowe Index. Indices account for technical change and decompose productivity estimates into its technical, environmental, and scale-mix components. This results in measures that reflect shifts in the production frontier, and movements by vessels toward and around the frontier, to capture economies of scale and mix after a policy shift to a catch share program that includes fishing cooperatives and a limited access fishery. The difference between cooperative and limited access vessels is exploited to compare the changes in economic performance between the groups after the introduction of the shift to catch shares and cooperative management, which allowed the vessels to improve the timing and coordination across multi-species fisheries and to decrease incidental catch of quota-limited bycatch species that had closed the target fisheries prematurely in the past. Results indicate that total factor productivity increased significantly after the move to a catch share program, largely due to increases in technical change that shifted out the production frontier of the fishery.     

The Irish marine economy and regional development

The economic impact of the marine economy is poorly understood at both national and regional levels in Ireland. A recent paper estimated the national level economic value of the sector for Ireland. This paper presents a follow up analysis of the Irish marine sector at the regional level for 2007. The paper examines the impact of the marine sector in addressing regional disparities in Ireland, and the key marine sectors that drive regional economic performance within the marine sector. The analysis finds that in absolute values Dublin and the South West provide the highest levels of marine GVA; however, as a percentage of regional GVA, the marine sector is more important in the West and South West region. In terms of employment, the West and South-West provide the highest levels of marine employment, and this relationship is maintained when one examines marine employment as a percentage of regional employment. Finally, productivity rates for the sector were highest in the Dublin region. However, productivity in the marine-based sector was higher than the overall regional rate for five of the eight Irish regions.     

Investigation on the energy absorption performance of a fixed-bottom pressure-differential wave energy converter

In this article, we investigate the energy absorption performance of a fixed-bottom pressure-differential wave energy converter. Two versions of the technology are considered: one has the moving surfaces on the bottom of the air chambers whereas the other has the moving surfaces on the top. We developed numerical models in the frequency domain, thereby enabling the power absorption of the two versions of the device to be assessed. It is observed that the moving surfaces on the top allow for easier tuning of the natural period of the system. Taking into account stroke limitations, the design is optimized. Results indicate that the pressure-differential wave energy converter is a highly efficient technology both with respect to energy absorption and selected economic performance indicators.     

海洋全要素生产率测算研究：2001—2015年

基于柯布－道格拉斯生产函数,通过对海洋产业加权汇总,构建海洋全要素生产率的测算模型;实现了长时间序列的海洋全要素生产率测算,并分析海洋产业供给侧资本要素、劳动力要素和全要素生产率的特点与变化趋势。研究表明：我国“十五、十一五、十二五”期间的海洋全要素生产率分别为7.95%、6.99%和7.10%,略有波动;海洋全要素生产率对海洋经济增长始终位于高位水平,超过资本、劳动力要素增长对海洋经济增长的贡献。     

面向对象的连云港海岸带土地利用变化及驱动力分析

以连云港海岸带为研究区,基于1978年和2010年两期Landsat影像,提取土地利用信息,分析土地利用特征及其动态变化过程;面向土地利用变化基本单元,进行土地利用变化驱动力分析。结果表明:研究期初,该地区的主要土地类型为耕地和盐田,共占研究区面积的67.14%;32 a间共有37.17%的土地发生了变化,盐田和耕地面积快速减少,水产养殖区和工矿企业用地快速增加,有限的林地资源在减少,滩涂围垦达面积46.55 km2,土地利用程度加深;变化的土地中,38.95%由经济结构调整驱动,发展潜力大;27.75%由政策驱动,存在诸多的社会和生态问题;20.49%由政策或者经济结构调整与生产力水平共同驱动,取得较好经济和社会效益;12.81%的土地由政策、人口及经济发展共同驱动。连云港海岸带土地利用存在诸多不足之处,也具有巨大的发展空间。本研究对连云港市提高土地利用的社会效益和生态效益具有重要意义。     

技术进步偏向视角下中国海洋经济绿色增长效率研究进展

近年来关于海洋经济增长效率的研究层出不穷,但是目前尚未有文献对其进行过系统的综述.本文从技术进步中性与海洋经济传统全要素生产率、技术进步中性与海洋经济绿色全要素生产率、技术进步偏向与传统全要素生产率、技术进步偏向与绿色全要素生产率四方面对海洋经济增长理论进行了文献梳理,分析总结了近年来学者们在海洋经济增长效率领域的主要...     

评估不同评估配置应对年龄空间结构的表现:基于印度洋长鳍金枪鱼的模拟研究

不同种群结构或种群分布的空间异质性是导致模型错误的一个重要因素,并在渔业资源评估中对参数估计有重要影响。本文根据状态相关的洄游率与区域相关的捕捞死亡率,利用合成模型,模拟了印度洋长鳍金枪鱼年龄空间结构的异质性,并生成了资源评估数据。基于这些数据,本文研究了用于空间异质资源评估模型的不同空间配置、选择曲线及CPUE（Catch Per Unit Effort）使用场景的表现。本文结果表明：（1） 尽管同操作模型一致的空间动态配置能在所有模拟场景中对相对产卵生物量、相对死亡系数、最大可持续产量提供准确、无偏估计,但若由于知识与数据限制,使空间动态配置与操作模型不一致,则其表现可能相当差;（2） 对于空间配置,边界划分必须正确,但对于非空间配置,不管边界划分正确与否,只要划分的区域能合理反映现场数据的变化,并能通过增加空间参考参数从而能有效减少忽略空间结构的影响即为合理;（3） 尽管区域作为渔业的方法及灵活的时变选择曲线是一个较好备选方法,可用于解决空间结构问题,但这些方法并不能完全消除由空间结构而引起模型错误导致的影响,从而使模型的参数估计具有很大的不确定性、相同评估模型不同参数的估计质量不一致、相同评估配置的评估质量在不同模拟场景下存在很大的差异;（4） 尽管采用多个CPUE指数一般可以避免最差的参数估计,但没有更好的选择或生成CPUE指数的方法可以用于显著提高资源评估质量,因为忽略空间结构将导致所有资源评估模型预测的CPUE所包含的信息通常不同于观测的CPUE。对比不同建模者的模型配置的评估结果,除了与操作模型完全匹配的空间配置外,其他模型配置的表现均与具体案例有关。从这个意义上讲,本文研究结果不仅对当前印度洋长鳍金枪鱼资源评估有益,也将增加对空间结构配置效果的理解。     

Regulation of the fishing activities in the lagoon of Venice,Italy: Results from a socio-economic study

In the last years, the overall fish industry in the lagoon of Venice has shown a gradual decline. In order to better understand this process, we carry out a socio-economic questionnaire next to the fisherman population. Questionnaire contains significant qualitative and quantitative data that allow us to evaluate the social and the cultural profile of the respondents, including information with respect to the different technological fishing characteristics involved, type and amount of the species harvested as well as the overall productivity of the activity. Furthermore, the questionnaire contains an economic valuation exercise so as to assess in monetary terms the preferences of the fishermen with respect to different alternative policy options that may characterize a future regulation of this economic activity. Estimation results show that fishermen welcome any regulation initiative that is characterized by: (1) banning all fishing activities during the night, (2) allocating fishing concessions areas to each fishermen in a way that minimize the distance between the fishing area and the harbor, and (3) by introducing of a labeling mechanism that certifies the origin of the product. Moreover, the underlying economic valuation mechanism reveals to sensitive to respondent's motivational profile, including the overall trust and confidence that fisherman community places on the current institutional bodies. This result reveals to be of particular significance when attempting the design of an efficient, widely supported regulation of the fishing activity in the lagoon of Venice.     

红台凝析气田合理产能研究

气井合理产能是凝析气藏开发的一项重要指标,关系到气藏的开发水平和经济效益。在深入分析红台凝析气田开采特征的基础上,运用最小携液产气量、一点法、类比法、数值模拟法等多种方法开展气藏合理产能研究。首次给出适合红台凝析气田的一点法计算公式,论证红台凝析气田合理产能为1.0×10^8m^3。     

Review of the causes of the rise of the illegal South African abalone fishery and consequent closure of the rights-based fishery

The rise of organised illegal fishing and trade in abalone from the late 1990s destabilised South Africa’s historically stable, quota-managed fishery, culminating in its closure in 2008. The development of the fishery is described in a historical context, including the evolution of South Africa’s science-based abalone fishery management system. The diverse suite of responses deployed to combat illegal fishing and the black market trade in abalone are reviewed, including;- fishery reform to expand rights to a greater number of previously disadvantaged fishers, a territorial user rights fishery (TURF) system, special compliance operations and courts, the CITES listing of abalone, and the serial reduction in the TAC, culminating in the controversial and legally contested closure of the fishery. The main causes of the rise of the illegal fishery are diagnosed as 1) the massive increase in the abalone price that occurred in the 1990s triggering an abalone fishing “gold-rush” and 2) the failure of the post-Apartheid fishery reform process to accommodate many traditional fishers in a legal fishing rights framework resulting in them operating outside the formal fishery management system. By contextualising the abalone fishery as a complex system, embedded in South Africa’s socio-political setting, we show how the resource focussed fishery management system did not have the capacity to incorporate the powerful social, political and economic drivers determining fisher behaviour. We conclude with the need to revisit South Africa’s abalone fishery management paradigm, and argue that a more integrated governance approach is required that takes into account the biological, socio-political and economic factors determining the fishery activities.     

Measurements of sheet flow transport in acceleration-skewed oscillatory flow and comparison with practical formulations

Near-bed oscillatory flows with acceleration skewness are characteristic of steep and breaking waves in shallow water. In order to isolate the effects of acceleration skewness on sheet flow sand transport, new experiments are carried out in the Aberdeen Oscillatory Flow Tunnel. The experiments have produced a dataset of net transport rates for full-scale oscillatory flows with varying degrees of acceleration skewness and three sand sizes. The new data confirm previous research that net transport in acceleration-skewed flow is non-zero, is always in the direction of the largest acceleration and increases with increasing acceleration skewness. Large transport rates for the fine sand conditions suggest that phase lag effects play an important role in augmenting positive net transport. A comparison of the new experimental data with a number of practical sand transport formulations that incorporate acceleration skewness shows that none of the formulations performs well in predicting the measured net transport rates for both the fine and the coarser sands. The new experimental data can be used to further develop practical sand transport formulations to better account for acceleration skewness.     

Global assessment of the European Union fishing fleet: An update

This paper provides a global analysis of recent trends in the EU fishing fleet. Analysis of the capital productivity, labour rates, and economic benefits of the fleet revealed that considerable replacement of fishermen by better technology and well-equipped vessels occurred between 1990 and 2006. The analysis confirms that the Common Fisheries Policy (CFP) has been ineffective in reducing fishing capacity. In addition, the changes in capacity that occurred in this time interval differed among the different sectors of the fleet. Some members of the high sea fishing fleet increased their capacity (range 11–57%), and the deep-sea sector, which has greater tonnage and fishing power, increased its fishing capacity by 34–44%. These results confirm the ineffectiveness of the CFP in reducing overcapacity and illustrate the continuing threat of overcapacity to the long-term sustainability of fishery resources.     

The reduction of plankton biomass induced by mesoscale stirring: A modeling study in the Benguela upwelling

Recent studies, both based on remote sensed data and coupled models, showed a reduction of biological productivity due to vigorous horizontal stirring in upwelling areas. In order to better understand this phenomenon, we consider a system of oceanic flow from the Benguela area coupled with a simple biogeochemical model of Nutrient-Phyto-Zooplankton (NPZ) type. For the flow three different surface velocity fields are considered: one derived from satellite altimetry data, and the other two from a regional numerical model at two different spatial resolutions. We compute horizontal particle dispersion in terms of Lyapunov exponents, and analyzed their correlations with phytoplankton concentrations. Our modeling approach confirms that in the south Benguela there is a reduction of biological activity when stirring is increased. Two-dimensional offshore advection and latitudinal difference in primary production, also mediated by the flow, seem to be the dominant processes involved. We estimate that mesoscale processes are responsible for 30–50% of the offshore fluxes of biological tracers. In the northern area, other factors not taken into account in our simulation are influencing the ecosystem. We suggest explanations for these results in the context of studies performed in other eastern boundary upwelling areas.     

Precoding Based Channel Prediction for Underwater Acoustic OFDM

The life duration of underwater cooperative network has been the hot topic in recent years. And the problem of node energy consuming is the key technology to maintain the energy balance among all nodes. To ensure energy efficiency of some special nodes and obtain a longer lifetime of the underwater cooperative network, this paper focuses on adopting precoding strategy to preprocess the signal at the transmitter and simplify the receiver structure. Meanwhile, it takes into account the presence of Doppler shifts and long feedback transmission delay in an underwater acoustic communication system. Precoding technique is applied based on channel prediction to realize energy saving and improve system performance. Different precoding methods are compared. Simulated results and experimental results show that the proposed scheme has a better performance, and it can provide a simple receiver and realize energy saving for some special nodes in a cooperative communication.     

Methods of social assessment in Marine Protected Area planning: Is public participation enough?

Addressing social and economic considerations is crucial to the success of Marine Protected Area (MPA) planning and management. Ineffective social assessment can alienate local communities and undermine the success of existing and future MPAs. It is rare to critique the success of methods used currently to incorporate social and economic considerations into MPA planning. Three Australian MPA planning processes covering three states and incorporating federal and state jurisdictions are reviewed in order to determine how potential social impacts were assessed and considered. These case studies indicate that Social Impact Assessment (SIA) is under-developed in Australian MPA planning. Assessments rely heavily on public participation and economic modelling as surrogates for dedicated SIA and are followed commonly by attitudinal surveys to gauge public opinion on the MPA after its establishment. The emergence of issues around public perception of the value of MPAs indicates the failure of some of these proposals to adequately consider social factors in planning and management. This perception may have potential implications for the long term success of individual MPAs. It may also compromise Australia's ability to meet international commitments for MPA targets to gazette at least 10% of all its marine habitats as MPAs. Indeed, this is demonstrated in two of the three case studies where social and economic arguments against MPAs have been used to delay or block the future expansion of the MPA network.     

无居民海岛保护利用中的军民融合法律政策研究

为了对无居民海岛的环境与自然资源进行更好的保护,作者通过对国家政策和学界相关文献的浏览和分析,发现将军民融合战略融入到无居民海岛的环保工作中,将有效弥补《海岛保护法》的缺陷,在促进军民融合发展战略的落实的同时,可以兼顾环境保护效的质量和经济发展的效益,更好地维护国家主权和国家生态安全。     

涠西南凹陷L1段油藏特征及规律统计分析

涠西南凹陷L1段以断块和岩性油藏为主,不同区域、不同深度油藏特征差异明显,且油水关系复杂。对L1段56个具有独立油水系统的油藏进行统计分析,结果显示L1段油藏特征具有较好的统计规律。原油物性统计表明：地下原油黏度与地面原油物性之间具有较好的相关性,由此建立的黏度预测公式,可以用于L1段地下原油黏度预测;产能研究表明：L1段产能主要受沉积微相、孔隙度、渗透率、原油黏度以及井筒温度的直接或间接影响,不同因素与产能之间的回归关系较好,可以用于指导今后L1段未测试探井的产能预测工作。     

基于面板数据的我国海洋渔业经济的影响因素

本研究选取海洋渔业固定资产投资额、海洋渔业劳动力数量、海洋捕捞生产率和海水养殖生产率4个变量,提出影响因素假设;选取我国沿海地区海洋渔业的面板数据,进行模型设定和数据检验。通过确定变截距固定效应的回归模型形式,对模型进行估计和分析,结果表明:海洋渔业固定资产投资额、海洋渔业劳动力数量和海水养殖生产率与海洋渔业经济呈正相关,影响度由大到小依次为劳动力因素、资本因素和生产率因素,而海洋捕捞生产率的影响基本不显著;各地区海洋渔业经济发展程度不一,且差距明显。在此基础上,提出促进我国海洋渔业经济发展的对策建议:加强专业人才集聚;提高资本投入,完善资本市场建设;提高海水养殖生产率,数量和品质兼备;推动区域一体化联动发展。     

南海北部晚第四纪颗石藻生产力变化及其影响因素

通过对南海北部MD05-2904岩心进行有机地球化学分析,以长链不饱和烯酮作为颗石藻生产力的替代性指标,讨论颗石藻生产力的变化及其影响因素。结果显示,260ka以来,颗石藻生产力有着明显的冰期/间冰期变化:冰期高,间冰期低;冰阶高,间冰阶低;在轨道尺度上岁差周期明显,反映出太阳辐射、东亚季风对颗石藻生产力在长期尺度上起调控作用;而由于特殊的地理位置,河流输送的营养盐对本区海洋初级生产力的影响可能也较大;与前人研究结果一致,同时认为,在地质历史上沉积速率变化大的区域,对生物标记物的含量和堆积速率的对比讨论,更有利于反映生产力的变化。     

古海洋生产力的研究方法

海洋的初级生产力控制了温室气体CO2在海洋和大气中的分配,进而影响着全球气候变迁,只有通过运用不同的生产力标志物才能探讨地质历史上海洋初级生产力的变迁及其对气候的影响。介绍了国内外在古海洋生产力研究领域内使用的主要方法和动态,并分别对生源物质累积率、底栖有孔虫标志物和地球化学标志物等研究方法进行了全面的分析和评述,指出在运用生产力标志物研究古生产力时应充分考虑不同标志物的适用性和局限性。