CO2倍增后的气候变化与中层大气

ＣＯ_２倍增后的气候变化与中层大气Ｄ．Ｒｉｎｄ等（美国宇航局戈达德空间飞行中心空间研究所）１前言目前预测指出，随痕量气体浓度的增加，到下世纪中叶，地球气候将同今天有明显差异。按目前和预计的痕量气体增长速度，约在２０４０年将达到相当于ＣＯ。加倍的辐射效?..     

大气臭氧垂直分布的电化学测量

用球载电化学O_3探空仪于1990年6月20日测量了0—32km高度范围内大气臭氧的垂直分布.结果表明,大气臭氧的垂直分布具有多层次结构,在25km附近臭氧分压达最大值.从臭氧廓线推算出大气柱臭氧总含量为327.8D.U.     

平流层和中层大气研究的进展

平流层和中层大气研究是20世纪70年代以来持续得到大气科学界和日地物理界共同关注的研究前沿.中国科学界在文化大革命结束后立即抓住这一前沿作为发展重点之一.20多年来,中国科学院大气物理研究所等单位较为系统地开展了这一方向的研究,并在一些方面进行了前沿性的工作.作者着重介绍以下几方面的进展:(1)平流层和中层大气探测设施与探测方法;(2)大气臭氧、平流层气溶胶的监测与分析;(3)行星波在中层大气环流与大气臭氧分布中的作用;(4)重力波在中层大气的传播特征与作用;(5)平流层-对流层交换的动力物理与化学问题.     

中层大气行星波在臭氧的季节和年际变化中输运作用的数值研究：Ⅱ.波流…

本文利用一个３４层球坐标波－波相互耦合原始方程谱模式，从拉格朗日平均环流的观点出发讨论了非常定流下行星波对Ｏ３的输运作用。计算结果表明：该耦合模式能较好地模拟中层大气纬向平均流场及准定常行星波的基本变化特征。     

华东地区大气臭氧总量的变化

分析了１９９３年１２月至１９９４年１１月的大气臭氧总量资料并与同纬度全球平均值进行比较，分析了大气臭氧总量的年变化，日变化和季节变化，结果表明，臭氧总量的年 有双峰特征，它的日变化则以中午是较高，早晚较低；季节变化以春季高，冬季低与大气透明度的关系较为密切。     

青藏高原地区大气臭氧变化的研究

文中综述了对青藏高原夏季大气臭氧低值中心的出现和可能形成的机理的一些研究结果。发现了青藏高原在夏季存在大气臭氧总量低值中心的事实 ,研究了该低值中心的背景环流特征 ;证实了青藏高原地区确为对流层与平流层物质输送的通道之一 ,以及它对青藏高原臭氧低值中心形成所起的作用 ;并用数值模拟方法揭示了该低值中心的形成原因。另外用资料证实了青藏高原地区夏季不但存在大气臭氧低值中心 ,而且该低值中心是一个强大气臭氧递减中心的事实。最后介绍了用数值模拟方法来预测青藏高原地区大气臭氧未来变化的趋势。     

光化学臭氧日变化特征与其前体物关系的探讨

应用大气光化学模式研究了日最大臭氧体积分数及其出现时刻与其前体物NMHC、NOx体积分数及NMHC／NOx比值的关系。结果表明，影响日最大臭氧体积分数（ψ03max）脊线位置（EKMA图，Empirical Kinetic Modeling Approach）的关键因子是NMHC成份组成比例；日臭氧体积分数达到最大值需要的时间（τ03max）与NMHC／NOx比值及NMHC成份组成比例有关，与NMHC、NOx体积分数关系不大。此外，利用该结果解释了近20a北京日最大臭氧体积分数出现时刻具有不断提前的变化趋势的原因。     

武汉中层大气温度特性的激光雷达观测研究

报道了升级改造后的WIPM瑞利散射激光雷达的技术状况,并通过与CIRA86标准大气模式和UARS卫星探测的比较,考察了其中层大气温度探测性能. 基于2002年至2003年激光雷达的系统观测数据,给出了武汉上空中层大气温度分布的年平均特性及在各种时间尺度下的变化规律,分析了标准大气模式在描述中层大气温度分布平均特性和变化规律上的局限.     

利用HALOE资料分析中层大气中水汽和甲烷的分布特征

利用1991年12月至2004年5月的HALOE资料，分析了中层大气中微量气体水汽和甲烷的垂直和水平分布特征。垂直分布特征是:水汽混合比在对流层顶和平流层底达到极小值（此极小值区被称为湿层顶），平流层里水汽混合比随高度增加，在平流层上层和中间层低层混合比出现明显的扰动，在中间层顶再次达到极小值，向上混合比又随高度增加。甲烷混合比从100 hPa附近向上混合比一直减少。经向分布特征主要表现为:平流层中下层水汽混合比低值区在热带地区上拱，水汽混合比自低纬向高纬递增；而该气层甲烷混合比则是高值区在热带地区上拱，甲烷混合比自低纬向高纬递减。在低平流层副热带20°S～30°S（20°N～30°N）附近二者混合比水平梯度相对偏大。平流层中上层二者等值线在北半球夏季变成双峰形势，北半球冬季仍是单峰形势。中间层二者都主要表现为冬、夏季分布形势相反。在北半球夏季30°N，平流层中下层水汽和甲烷混合比纬向梯度很小，对流层上层以及中间层二者混合比纬向梯度明显。     

Stratospheric N2O5, CH4, and N2O profiles from IR solar occultation spectra

Stratospheric volume mixing ratio profiles of N₂O₅, CH₄, and N₂O have been retrieved from a set of 0.052 cm^–1 resolution (FWHM) solar occultation spectra recorded at sunrise during a balloon flight from Aire sur l'Adour, France (44° N latitude) on 12 October 1990. The N₂O₅ results have been derived from measurements of the integrated absorption by the 1246 cm^–1 band. Assuming a total intensity of 4.32×10^–17 cm^–1/molecule cm^–2 independent of temperature, the retrieved N₂O₅ volume mixing ratios in ppbv (parts per billion by volume, 10^–9), interpolated to 2 km height spacings, are 1.64±0.49 at 37.5 km, 1.92±0.56 at 35.5 km, 2.06±0.47 at 33.5 km, 1.95±0.42 at 31.5 km, 1.60±0.33 at 29.5 km, 1.26±0.28 at 27.5 km, and 0.85±0.20 at 25.5 km. Error bars indicate the estimated 1- uncertainty including the error in the total band intensity (±20% has been assumed). The retrieved profiles are compared with previous measurements and photochemical model results.Laboratoire associé aux Universités Pierre et Marie Curie et Paris Sud.     

Measurements of stratospheric NO2 profiles using a gas correlation radiometer in the solar occultation mode

Compact two-channel IR radiometers for solar occultation experiments have been constructed in order to measure concentration profiles of stratospheric trace gases. The instruments can be used as filter-or gas correlation-type radiometers depending on the trace gas under investigation. Within the LIMS correlative measurement program, balloon flights were performed with a payload of up to four of these two-channel radiometers. From the gas correlation-type measurements, profiles of the trace gas NO₂ are inferred for the altitude region between about 20 km and the balloon float level. The data evaluation also includes a comprehensive analysis of the error sources and their effect on the accuracy of the NO₂ profiles. The derived profiles are compared among themselves and are assessed against the observations of other authors by accounting for the diurnal, latitudinal and seasonal changes of NO₂. As a by-product of our measurements, the mean absorption of the O₂ collision-induced band at 6.4 m was determined within the range of the interference filter used and compared with calculations based on known absorption coefficients.     

Advances in studies of the middle and upper atmosphere and their coupling with the lower atmosphere

Recent advances in studies of the middle and upper atmosphere and their coupling with the lower atmosphere in China are briefly reviewed. This review emphasizes four aspects: (1) Development of instrumentation for middle and upper atmosphere observation; (2) Analyses and observation of middle and upper atmosphere; (3) Theoretical and modeling studies of planetary wave and gravity wave activities in the middle atmosphere and their relation to lower atmospheric processes; (4) Study on the coupling between the stratosphere and the troposphere.     

青藏高原春季不同地区臭氧和大气温度变化趋势的差异性

利用1979—2018年太阳后向散射紫外辐射计SBUV(/2)星下点臭氧遥感资料,结合ERA-Interim和MERRA-2大气温度再分析资料,考察青藏高原区域内拉萨和共和两地春季臭氧和大气温度变化趋势的差异性。结果表明拉萨和共和两个地区的臭氧和大气温度逆转趋势均发生于1999年。对比2008年以来青藏高原整体臭氧总量变化速率（4.5 DU/(10 a)),拉萨臭氧总量变化更快,为5.9 DU/(10 a),共和相对较慢,仅为3.7 DU/(10 a);同时,1999年以来拉萨和共和春季下平流层（100~30 hPa）大气温度分别以0.5~1.4℃/(10 a)和0.01~0.9℃/(10 a)速率增加,上对流层(250~175 hPa)大气温度分别以0.2~1.5℃/(10 a)和0.2~1.2℃/(10 a)速率降低。与2008年以来高原整体大气温度变化相比较,均慢于高原下平流层（125~70 hPa) 1~2℃/(10 a)的增温速率,快于高原上对流层（225~175 hPa）0.4~1.1℃/(10 a)的降温速率。两地臭氧与大气温度的相关系数和回归系数计算结果表明,拉萨和共和两个地区1999年以来春季臭氧恢复速率的不同是导致两地同期下平流层-上对流层温度逆转速率差异的重要因子之一。     

Long-term measurements of surface ozone in the German Democratic Republic

The ozone concentration near the earth's surface has been measured at some stations in the GDR for more than 30 yr using the wet chemical method. Even at rural stations the ozone data show a significant linear increase by about 1–3% yr^–1. The ozone increase being stronger in summer than in winter is assumed to be due to photochemical ozone production from increasing anthropogenic emissions of trace gases that are transported over long distances. A weaker ozone increase by only about 0.2% per year was observed in the free troposphere (5.5 km) from balloon-soundings at Lindenberg within the period 1975–1984. If the ozone trends continue, the ozone concentration near the surface and its seasonal amplitude will have doubled around the turn of the century as compared to the mid-fifties.     

Lidar Measurements of Aerosols in the Tropical Atmosphere

Measurements of atmospheric aerosols and trace gases using the Laser radar (lidar) techniques, have been in pro-gress since 1985 at the Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pune (18o32’N, 73o51’E, 559 m AMSL), India. These observations carried out during nighttime in the lower atmosphere (up to 5.5 km AGL), employing an Argon ion / Helium-Neon lidar provided information on the nature, size, concentration and other characteristics of the constituents present in the tropical atmosphere. The time-height variations in aerosol concentration and associated layer structure exhibit marked differences between the post-sunset and pre-sunrise periods besides their seasonal va-riation with maximum concentration during pre-monsoon / winter and minimum concentration during monsoon months. These observations also revealed the influence of the terrain of the experimental site and some selected me-teorological parameters on the aerosol vertical distributions. The special observations of aerosol vertical profiles ob-tained in the nighttime atmospheric boundary layer during October 1986 through September 1989 showed that the most probable occurrence of mixing depth lies between 450 and 550 m, and the multiple stably stratified aerosol lay-ers present above the mixing depth with maximum frequency of occurrence at around 750 m. This information on nighttime mixing depth / stable layer derived from lidar aerosol observations showed good agreement with the height of the ground-based shear layer / elevated layer observed by the simultaneously operated sodar at the lidar site.     

南极春季臭氧的TOVS反演及其与BREWER观测的比较

通过改进臭氧的统计反演算法，从NOAA卫星的TOVS资料中提取了1993年南极臭氧洞期间中山站上空大气臭氧含量的资料。本文的结果与NOAA的TOVS臭氧产品以及中山站的Brewer观测进行了比较。尽管3种资料对在臭氧洞期间臭氧含量的显著减少这一特征上相当一致，但此项结果相对于Brewer观测，其均方根误差29 DU，优于NOAA的业务反演产品。此外，还初步讨论了这两种反演的误差特征。     

An evaluation of autocatalytic ozone production from vibrationally excited oxygen in the middle atmosphere

The possibility of significant autocatalytic ozone production in the middle atmosphere has been demonstrated by Toumi et al. A detailed framework including five processes previously not considered is presented here. When these processes are included, particularly wavelength-dependent vibrational distributions of O₂, calculated ozone enhancements are less than 10% in the upper stratosphere and lower mesosphere. The vibrational distributions and the rate of vibrational quenching are identified as key issues which need to be addressed by experiments.     

Vertical profiles of hydrogen chloride in the troposphere

Vertical profiles of gaseous hydrogen chloride have been measured in the lower and middle troposphere. For sampling, denuder tubes coated with porous silica were used. Hydrogen chloride was determined by gas chromatography in combination with a derivatization method. The samples were collected over the Atlantic Ocean northwest of Norway in early September 1981 and over the Mediterranean Sea and north-eastern Spain in December 1981 at altitudes between 0.1 and 7 km. Above the 3 km altitude the mixing ratios are generally very low and relatively uniform with values of 50–100 ppt. Below 3 km, the variations of the HCl-mixing ratios are larger with maximum values of up to 500 ppt. The profiles are discussed with respect to the vertical and horizontal transport conditions and the possible sources and sinks of gaseous hydrogen chloride.