北京住宅郊区化与就业空间错位

北京从20 世纪80 年代末开始出现郊区化,其住宅郊区化特点尤为突出。北京市住宅郊区化的驱动力与西方城市的郊区化相比既有相似之处又有明显差异,相似之处是：都是城市化水平不断提高与社会进步的必然结果,以及土地有偿使用制度的实施和城市规划的引导; 不同之处在于北京的住宅郊区化是一种被动的郊区化,居民本身并不想离开市区,但是旧城改造与市区内高昂的房价迫使居民不得不到郊区购房。随着住宅郊区化的大规模发展,北京也出现了居住与就业的空间错位问题,这种空间错位虽然与美国郊区化过程中空间错位有许多不同之处,但在本质上是一致的,都是出现居住与就业的空间分离,造成低收入阶层通勤的时间成本与经济成本增加,导致交通拥挤、社会隔离等社会问题。     

Land use changes in the environs of Moscow

This paper focuses on several aspects of land use change in Russia during the 1990s with a particular focus on the environs of Moscow. These aspects include modes of farming, recreation, ownership of land, and concentric zones of outwardly declining land use intensity that resemble Von Thunen's economic landscape. These zones are given special attention. In contrast to other land use aspects, the analysis of which indeed reveals a fair amount of change bringing the environs of Russian cities one step closer to their Western counterparts, concentric agricultural land use patterns with outwardly declining productivity suggest continuity rather than change.     

大都市郊区化中的社区碎化与治理

本文从“城市生活空间质量观”的角度,首次运用城市空间公正的“社会论”观点,通过分析中外国家城市郊区化的社会内涵和机制以及由此引发的社会空间分异,揭示了中国快速郊区化过程中大城市郊区社区碎化的现状和原因,并提出对应空间治理措施。     

杭州城市郊区化发展机制分析

该文重点探讨了杭州城市郊区化发展的机制。研究结果表明 :旧城改造与新区建设 ,交通设施的建设与完善 ,城市规划与城市政策 ,地价和房价的分布等均是影响杭州城市郊区化发展的重要因素。     

大连居住空间的扩散及郊区化研究

文章通过对比1983,1993,2002年大连城市居住空间的分布,分析了城市居住空间扩散的演化;从定量和定性2个方面探讨了城市居住郊区化的基本特点和规律;揭示了大连居住郊区化对城市建设的效应及居住郊区化的动力机制。     

北京城郊化空间特征与发展对策

城郊化是大都市生命周期中的重要阶段之一，20世纪90年代以来北京进入了典型的城郊化过程。根据1985－2000年遥感影像和1992－2000年2000多个土地开发样本资料，在GIS的支持下，通过对比北京80－90年代城郊化空间特征，概括出城市用地5种扩展方式和廊道效应作用下的波浪式扩展过程。在模拟分析的基础上结合北京举办2008年奥运会带来的巨大投资规模，预测北京大都市城郊化的3个圈层、8个扇面和6条廊道的发展趋势。     

上海郊区城市化模式探讨

郊区城市化就是城市郊区乡村型社会地域组织向城市型社会地域组织演变的过程。20世纪90年代以来,上海郊区进入了快速城市化阶段,大片农村景观迅速演变为城市景观,但是“均衡发展”模式引导下,上海郊区城市化明显滞后于工业化水平,并出现“大城市,小郊区”的状况,笔者提出,欲加快郊区城市化速度与提高城市化质量,必须实现由“均衡发展”到“重点建设”的转变,并提出新城建设、中心镇建设与中心村建设等三种重要模式。     

新经济时代中国大都市的郊区化机制探讨--兼与美国郊区化的比较

中国大都市的郊区化是在新经济、全球化的背景下进行的，传统的经典郊区化因素和新经济因素都在起作用，新经济对郊区化的作用愈来愈显著。文章结合与美国郊区化的比较，对新经济下中国的大都市郊区化机制进行了探讨，认为在新经济等多重因素推动下，中国大都市郊区化的推力增强，推动了郊区化加速发展，需要政府部门高度关注这一问题，并对出现的问题采取有力的应对措施。     

Moscow, the global city? The position of the Russian capital within the European system of metropolitan areas

During the 1990s, the city of Moscow was subject to an extraordinary transformation in its political, economic and social structures, which had consequences for the position of Moscow within the national and international hierarchy of cities. This article is concerned with the trends that can be discerned regarding the position of Moscow on the national and European scales. Without a doubt, the development of Moscow is characterized by an increasing separation from the national urban system and a growing international orientation. The Russian capital has no competitors on the national level: measured against the relevant economic indicators it is a long way ahead of the remaining Russian cities, which are primarily integrated into national and regional economic flows, and participate in the global economy only to a limited degree. Moscow, in contrast, is increasingly striving to integrate itself into transnational and international economic structures. Although the concept of Moscow as a global city is often instrumentalized in municipal politics, the ability of the Russian capital to act as a global centre is in fact limited. At present Moscow's most important function, from a Central European perspective, is to act as a bridging link between Central and Western Europe and Russia. There is a danger that the spatial disparities between Moscow on the one hand, and the remaining Russian cities and regions on the other, will continue to grow.     

北京郊区居民日常生活方式的行为测度与空间—行为互动

郊区化及其对居民日常生活的影响成为近年来城市研究的重要议题。时空行为研究认为推动日常生活方式的郊区化是解决郊区化过程中出现的社会与空间问题的根本措施。从日常生活方式的角度出发,需要利用多维度时空行为指标刻画群体的生活方式类型以分析郊区居民的空间—行为互动机制。本文采用活动空间和出行频率指标构建个体日常生活方式的行为测度方法,并基于2012年在北京上地—清河地区进行的GPS调查数据将郊区居民划分为“空间排斥”、“本地化”、“郊区性”、“两极化”、“城市依赖”五种日常生活方式类型。研究发现不同日常生活方式群体在活动分布、活动频率和交通方式上存在差异;并通过多项logistic模型分析郊区化对于个体日常生活方式的影响,发现工作日居民的日常生活方式受到性别、收入、年龄和工作时长等社会经济属性的影响。同时郊区设施配置直接影响着居民对郊区空间的利用程度,土地混合利用、商业设施密度提高更有可能实现日常生活的郊区化。日常生活方式的行为测度方法有助于分析郊区居民日常行为的复杂性,为理解郊区化提供了独特的视角,为构建城市研究的空间—行为互动理论提供了有力的支持。     

Avtomobilshchina: Driven to the Brink in Moscow

Despite a major road construction program, the pace of traffic circulation in Moscow has slowed to less than half the average speed recorded for 1991. One problem is the rapid growth in the number of vehicles, but even more important, as shown in this study, are the cultural and political dimensions of driving and automobile ownership, or automobility. Currently, some specifically Russian driving practices exacerbate the situation. Yet there are many drivers who are eager to collaborate with City Hall in the effort to alleviate congestion. It is argued here that these driver-citizens are emerging publics, people who are creating a civil society without specifically meaning to do so. Mayor Luzhkov acknowledges public opinion, but persists in attempting to solve traffic and parking problems "from above" by constructing more facilities without inviting public participation in planning. These efforts appear unlikely to succeed as long as the public is excluded from mobility governance.     

大连市居住郊区化的现状、机制及趋势

以大连市居民问卷调查的结果为基础,分析了居住郊区化的现状特征、微观机制及其发展趋势,认为进入８０年代后的旧城改造促使大连市进入了居住郊区化阶段,并且居住郊区化的地域范围偏小,迁居距离有限,自主郊迁者比例较低,但居住郊区化将是大连城市可持续发展的必然趋势。     

The Ambiguous Roles of Suburbanization and Immigration in Ethnic Segregation: the Case of San Antonio1

The traditional spatial assimilation model, though still operative, has proven inadequate to explain new trends in urban residential location in which, for example, disadvantaged and newly arrived groups move directly to the suburbs where they may re-segregate rather than disperse. Understanding residential patterns after 1990 often benefits from a micro-level approach, looking at specific cities and disaggregating traditional measures (e.g., the dissimilarity index) to examine changes within areas and neighborhoods of the city. This study takes such an approach. It analyzes segregation by means of the residential micro-patterns that give rise to it, and examines their relationship to suburbanization and immigration in greater San Antonio (Bexar County) during the 1990s for four ethnic groups: Hispanics, Blacks, non-Hispanic Whites, and Latino immigrants. The results reveal that segregation patterns in San Antonio have deep historic roots—the result of ongoing processes of urban job and housing availability, minority political power, and economic mobility. They show that the dissimilarity index declined for all groups in the 1990s, a decline chiefly attributable to deconcentration (lessening overrepresentation) in the inner city. By contrast, in the outer suburban city, incursion (moving into new areas) was offset by hyper-concentration (concentrating with fellow ethnics) such that the dissimilarity index neither increased nor declined. A typology is developed to explain the different pathways by which the dissimilarity index may increase or decrease in a metropolis. Finally, the results show that Latino immigration increased the overall dissimilarity index for Hispanics as well as for other groups in San Antonio.     

MOSCOW ON THE RISE: FROM PRIMATE CITY TO MEGAREGION*

In this article I examine Moscow's role in the political‐economic space of the Russian Federation. A broad range of data supports the thesis that the capital has become a primate city, one that serves no longer as the command center of a closed system but as the primary node of interconnection between Russia and the rest of the world. The effort to create a larger, polycentric “New Moscow” next to the ancient capital is marked by a tightening of central control, in contrast to governance regimes of European megaregions. Nevertheless, expansion of the capital region very likely will further boost Moscow's dominance over the country.     

广州市人口郊区化研究--兼与北京、上海的比较

利用第三、四、五次人口普查资料,对广州市人口的空间分布变动进行了详细的分析。结果表明自1980年以来,广州一直处于城市化和郊区化并存的阶段,一方面,大量外来人口的进入使都市区的总人口急剧增加;另一方面,从1990年起中心城区的人口出现较明显的郊区化现象。但与北京、上海相比,广州人口郊区化进程显得较为迟缓,其主要原因是自然条件的限制、行政区划的制约和城市空间发展政策的影响。     

The Suburbanization of Food Insecurity: An Analysis of Projected Trends in the Atlanta Metropolitan Area

Although general patterns of food insecurity in the United States are known, few studies have attempted to estimate small area food security or account for ongoing socioeconomic changes. Here we address these issues by producing small area estimates of food insecurity in the Atlanta metropolitan area using two methodologies: fixed effects modeling and demographic metabolism. In both cases, we use county-level data from the Current Population Survey to determine the association between food insecurity and demographic predictors. These associations are then applied to tract-level data from the 2009 to 2013 American Community Survey and projected data for 2020 to create small area estimates of food insecurity. We find broad consensus between our two methods. For both time periods, food insecurity is highest in southern sections of the city of Atlanta and its neighboring suburbs. Projections to 2020, however, show that food insecurity rates are projected to increase in outer-ring suburbs east and west of the city while decreasing in the urban core. These results highlight the need to further adapt antihunger efforts for often sprawling suburban communities, where poverty rates are increasing but spatial mismatch combined with poor transit access might hinder access to food assistance.     

上海大都市区软件产业空间集聚与郊区化

随着信息经济发展壮大,软件产业日益成为城市经济的新引擎,其空间区位对城市空间结构影响不断加深.文章以上海市软件企业名录为数据基础,运用GIS 技术、社会网络分析等方法,探讨了上海大都市区软件产业的空间分布、演变特征及影响因素.研究发现,2002 年及2008年上海软件产业空间分布的集聚化特征明显,但产业集聚中心位置发生了从中心城区转向郊区的偏移.6 年间,软件企业的空间格局呈现出"大都市区尺度上的扩散以及园区尺度的再集聚"的时空特征.不同类型企业空间集聚与扩散的特征不同,以嵌入式软件企业为主的中小企业呈现出向远郊区扩散的特征.在影响因素的分析上,负二项回归的结果表明交通通达性、政府政策影响下的科技园区建设、产业历史基础对软件企业的区位选择具有显著影响.内外资企业区位影响因素的比较分析发现,交通通达性、自然环境及办公楼条件对外资企业区位影响较大,内资企业对政府政策更为敏感.     

高铁驱动中国城市郊区化的特征与机制研究——以京沪高铁为例

国际理论与实践表明高铁的建设能够推动城市郊区化的发展。现阶段中国高铁大规模建设,与快速城市化同步推进,使得这一影响更为深刻和复杂。在高铁新城形成的过程中,高铁站点发挥了一个"放大器"的功能,推动了以高铁新城为主体的城市郊区化进程。以京沪高铁为例,定性与定量相结合分析了以高铁新城为代表的郊区化模式特征:①大城市相对主动的郊区化;②规划建设的规模与定位偏高;③迅速改变城市原有空间格局等。从政府、市场和社会三者的角度,利用城市政体理论分析了高铁驱动城市郊区化的内在机制。最后指出高铁对于城市郊区化的带动效应存在着选择性和不确定性,应从区域层面对高铁沿线及周边城市的定位及关系进行协调,将高铁新城的选址、规划、开发和建设纳入到城市整体空间发展的脉络之中,同时应加强高铁新城规划的公众参与,从而更好的利用高铁驱动中国城市郊区化的可持续发展。     

论乡村可持续性与乡村可持续性科学

面对全球环境挑战,可持续发展备受关注,成为21世纪举世瞩目的新兴领域。乡村可持续性科学作为可持续性科学的重要组成部分,是一门以跨学科思维、多尺度视角来理解和改善乡村人地关系的、以应用为导向的整合型学科。与城市可持续性科学相互对应并相互联系,乡村可持续性科学是应对乡村衰退、促进乡村可持续发展所急需的科学支撑。本文在讨论可持续性、乡村可持续性与乡村可持续性科学概念基础上,以农业可持续性、社区可持续性与农民福祉为主要内容,构建了一个多学科综合的乡村可持续性科学研究框架。中国是一个农业大国,城乡差距明显,“三农”问题复杂,1978年改革开放以来,乡村发展迅速,但也面临艰巨挑战。乡村振兴战略的实施是推动中国乡村向可持续发展转型的有效途径,但其理论与实践体系尚不完善。具有中国特色的乡村可持续性科学的发展,可以为乡村振兴战略实施提供理论、技术与决策支撑。为此,本文对中国乡村可持续发展现状进行了分析,并基于文献分析探讨了中国乡村可持续研究的不足。结论显示,中国乡村迫切需要向可持续发展转型,但乡村可持续性科学基础薄弱,需借鉴国际经验,立足本国国情,强化跨学科研究与人地系统耦合研究,聚焦9个适应中国当前乡村发展需求的核心议题,并因地制宜地将乡村可持续性研究成果转化为指导乡村振兴发展的行动策略。     

The Suburbanization of Water Scarcity in the Barcelona Metropolitan Region: Sociodemographic and Urban Changes Influencing Domestic Water Consumption

The metropolitan region of Barcelona is facing change in urban development patterns, sociodemographic structures, and domestic water use and management. In recent years, several drought alerts have been enacted and water restrictions applied, uncovering the fragile equilibrium between the demand and the supply of this resource. We find the literature on determinants of domestic water consumption to be strongly biased toward the effects of economic instruments in the suburban Anglo-American world. Therefore, we widen the scope of determinants by including sociodemographic and territorial variables for the mixed urban model of the metropolitan region of Barcelona. Our results show the relevance of residential land uses for water consumption and can be taken as a guide for developing different urban water policies for different urban forms.