2015年济南地区雾霾天气过程大气物理量特征初步分析

文中对比分析了2015年29个雾、霾及雾霾混合天气过程中,章丘探空站L波段探空雷达和山东省气象局院内德国14通道地基微波辐射计观测的温度资料。对观测数据实施了质量控制,检验了精度和可信度,统计分析了宏观物理参量特征和日变化规律。针对雾、霾及雾霾天气过程各选取了一个个例进行分析,分析了大气中PM_2.5、PM₁₀、SO₂、NO₂、O₃、CO含量的变化情况,分析了相对湿度、液态水路径和综合水汽含量等的变化情况。结果表明:两种观测数据一致性较好,拟合优度高于0.97;贴地逆温层存在一定的季节变化,悬垂逆温层存在一定的差异,逆温层的变化、污染参量变化与雾霾的形成有密切关系;不同天气背景对大气物理参量有较大的影响,PM₁₀、AQI（空气质量指数）和CO均在相同时间段出现峰值,有明显的起伏;CO峰值雾霾天气中尤为明显,由早到晚随时间峰值逐渐增大,雾天和霾天峰值较小,雾霾天气明显大于雾天或霾天。     

基于旋翼无人机观测的雾天和霾天VOCs垂直分布特征研究

为研究雾和霾天气下VOCs时空变化特征,于2020年11月19日—2021年1月15日在江苏省东海国家气象观测站进行为期58 d的外场观测试验。利用自主研发的多旋翼无人机捕获2次辐射雾和2次霾天气过程,获得气温、气压、相对湿度、风向、风速、VOCs、O₃等7种要素100多条垂直廓线。结果表明：时间上,霾过程夜间VOCs体积浓度(0.225～0.253 ppm(parts per million, 1 ppm=10^-6))明显高于白天(0.191～0.205 ppm),雾形成前体积浓度(0.121～0.239 ppm)显著高于雾过程(0.056～0.209 ppm)。雾过程中VOCs体积浓度与雾强度变化相反,雾层高度与VOCs体积浓度剧烈变化高度一致,雾层(<200 m)中VOCs体积浓度(0.172～0.178 ppm)明显减小,显著低于雾形成前(0.195～0.240 ppm),雾层以上浓度变化大,雾结束后1 h内保持雾过程中分布特点。雾对逆温层中的水溶性污染物有清除作用,VOCs体积浓度和O₃质量浓度均下降。     

2020年江苏泰州一次持续性雾-霾过程特征和成因分析

2020年1月12—15日江苏泰州发生了一次较强的雾〖CD*2〗霾过程,利用常规气象观测资料、NCEP再分析资料（1°×1°）及空气质量资料等,对此次过程的演变特征、成因、气团后向轨迹特征进行了分析,结果表明：此次过程具有日变化特征,霾期间对应的PM2.5和PM10浓度、空气质量指数相较于雾略高,这与大雾造成的湿沉降有关。此次东路冷空气对泰州影响较弱,前期易造成污染物在本地聚集。夜间至清晨相对湿度90%以上,风小,弱的垂直交换为雾的形成提供了较好的热、动力条件。白天相对湿度减小至80%,风速增至2 m〖DK〗·s-1,此时大气污染物浓度较高,雾转换为霾。13日900 hPa以上暖平流增强,边界层内逆温和90%以上相对湿度的存在,使得雾和霾均加强至最强。此外,分析气团的后向轨迹特征发现,霾天气期间500 m以下气团稳定少动。14日500 m以上清洁气团向低空补充,利于污染物的扩散,霾减轻。15日傍晚,风力增强并伴有降水出现,雾〖CD*2〗霾过程结束。     

HAZE-TO-FOG TRANSFORMATION DURING A LONG LASTING, LOW VISIBILITY EPISODE IN NANJING

Haze-to-fog transformation during a long lasting, low visibility episode was examined using the observations from a comprehensive field campaign conducted in Nanjing, China during 4-9 December 2013. In this episode, haze was transformed into fog and the fog lasted for dozens of hours. The impacts of meteorological factors such as wind, temperature (T) and relative humidity (RH) on haze, transition and fog during this episode were investigated. Results revealed significant differences between haze and fog days, due to their different formation mechanisms. Comparison was made for boundary-layer conditions during hazy days, haze-to-fog days and foggy days. Distributions of wind speed and wind direction as well as synoptic weather conditions around Nanjing had determinative impacts on the occurrences and characteristics of haze and fog. Weakened southerly wind in southern Nanjing resulted in high concentration of pollutants, and haze events occurred frequently during the study period. The wind speed was less than 1 m s-1 in the haze event, which resulted in a stable atmospheric condition and weak dispersion of the pollutants. The height of the temperature inversion was about 400 m during the period. The inversion intensity was weak and the temperature-difference was 4°C km-1 or less in haze, while the inversion was stronger, and temperature-difference was about 6°C km-1, approaching the inversion layer intensity in the fog event. Haze event is strongly influenced by ambient RH. RH values increased, which resulted in haze days evidently increased, suggesting that an increasing fraction of haze events be caused by hygroscopic growth of aerosols, rather than simply by high aerosol loading. When RH was above 90%, haze aerosols started to be transformed from haze to fog. This study calls for more efforts to control emissions to prevent haze events in the region.     

北京一次持续性雾、霾的特征和成因分析

基于2013年1月9-15日北京地区一次持续雾、霾过程,对环流形势、要素、物理量场以及污染监测情况进行分析。结果表明：高PM_2.5和SO₂事件持续时间超过100 h,浓度达到严重污染级别。高空为偏西或西南气流且850 hPa有弱暖平流输送和地面倒槽维持少动是有利于雾、霾持续的背景条件。持续轻雾或霾对湿层厚度要求不高,在925 hPa下即可,且湿层越厚,能见度越低。逆温维持是雾、霾持续的主要原因,且轻雾或霾为主时逆温层特点为厚度浅强度弱,高度或强度的突然增大可预示向大雾或雪转换; 850 hPa以下涡度平流较弱是轻雾或霾持续的动力结构;总温度平流垂直分布表现为闭合中心强度在500 hPa明显分界,且相对较弱的平流中心的高度一般在850-1000 hPa之间,当高度达到500 hPa时或可预示雾、霾天气消散。     

雾霾天气个例气象条件对比分析

应用常规观测资料、NCEP 1°×1°再分析资料和L波段探空资料从环流形势、扩散条件和边界层特征3个方面对2013年两次雾、霾天气个例进行对比分析,结果表明:500hPa西北气流冷平流、地面弱风场、垂直速度呈弱上升-下沉的垂直分层特点和逆温是两次雾、霾天气出现和维持的共同特征。地面西北风、850hPa弱冷平流、近地层浅薄的接地逆温(100~200m)和湿层与霾天气对应,地面偏东风、850hPa暖平流、925hPa以下深厚的悬浮逆温(400m)和湿层与雾天气对应,霾过程较雾过程逆温强度强,上升运动高度高。消散时雾较霾下沉运动中心高度低,强度弱;霾消散时接地逆温特征变化不大,雾消散时悬浮逆温有底部抬升和大气稳定层结向中性层结转变的变化特征;但均有下沉气流接地、垂直风切变较强和高层低露点干空气下传到地面的特点。     

南京冬季一次雾过程宏微观结构的突变特征及成因分析

2006年冬, 利用系留气球探测系统、雾滴谱仪、能见度仪等仪器在南京北郊进行了雾的综合观测。本文选取2006年12月14日的一次浓雾过程, 利用边界层廓线、雾滴谱、能见度以及NCEP再分析资料, 深入研究雾顶和地面雾浓度的突变特征 (爆发性增强和迅速减弱过程) 及其成因。结果表明: 雾顶的爆发性发展是湍流促使水汽向上输送、 在上层逆温下累积并伴随大幅降温引起的; 地面雾浓度爆发性增强时, 近地层冷平流降温导致饱和水汽压减小, 同时上层系统性的下沉增温引起逆温增强, 水汽得以累积; 雾顶的迅速下降过程中, 雾顶部湍流发展, 同时下沉运动引起了气层增温、 雾体双层结构和低空急流的出现; 地面雾的迅速减弱是太阳辐射和动量下传共同作用的结果; 下沉运动对雾生消的作用具有双重性; 雾的双层结构出现在雾顶大幅下降过程中, 并加快了雾顶的下降速度, 这与以往研究中双层结构促使雾顶爆发性发展有很大差异。     

长江中上游平原地区冬季雾观测分析

长江中上游年平均雾日数达到20~106 d,是我国主要雾区之一。利用2010年12月在江汉平原观测获得的边界层廓线和雾滴谱资料,重点分析了该地区冬季雾过程的边界层结构及其生消过程。结果表明:荆州冬季雾多出现在寒潮过境1~2 d后,多为平流辐射雾;雾顶发展是水汽在上层逆温下积累,并伴随200~300 m高度冷平流降温引起;近地层冷平流降温导致饱和水汽压减小,同时上层系统性下沉增温引起逆温增强,水汽积累促使强浓雾过程产生;低空急流促使外界偏干气流与雾体混合后雾滴蒸发,是该地区雾顶迅速下降的主要原因;平均数浓度为150~406个·cm-3,极大值达到1 983个·cm-3,平均液水含量为0.014~0.118 g·m-3,极值达到0.786 g·m-3,与南京和重庆强浓雾观测值相似,超过其他地区观测值。城市地区高气溶胶浓度,配合充足的水汽条件,使得荆州雾过程微物理参量数值较大,易出现能见度小于50 m,持续时间4~9 h的强浓雾过程。     

雾对城市边界层和城市环境的影响

根据1999年11、12月及2001年2月北京市几次雾过程的大气边界层探测资料,再配合大范围气象资料,分析了北京城市雾发生过程中的大气环流形势,对比研究了出现水雾和霾时不同的边界层结构特征,结合环境污染监测资料,分析了雾对城市大气环境的影响.结果表明,在雾的发生发展过程中,边界层的温度层结由雾前的逆温层转变为雾区内的近中性层结,雾的微物理结构变化也表现出对污染物的沉降作用明显减弱,造成在雾发生时,城市空气污染相对严重.同时,该文初步探讨了这种变化的物理机制.     

江苏地区连续性雾霾天气的污染物浓度变化和特征分析

针对2013年1月江苏淮安地区发生的一次连续性雾霾天气过程,分析该天气过程中PM10和PM2.5的质量浓度演变特征、能见度与气象要素之间的关系、中低层环流特征以及污染物来源。结果表明:雾霾期间PM10和PM2.5质量浓度最低值出现在05:00至07:00(北京时间,下同)和13:00至17:00,最高值出现在21:00至23:00,PM10和PM2.5质量浓度并非同时达到极大值;持续变化较小的气压梯度、较低的风速、相对湿度的增大以及PM2.5和PM10质量浓度的增高是雾霾发生发展的必要条件;能见度与气压、相对湿度、PM2.5质量浓度的相关性较好,建立回归方程,对能见度的整体变化趋势拟合效果较好;高空环流形势平稳、中低层的暖平流、持续稳定少动的地面高压场分布为雾霾天气的持续发生发展提供了有利的形势背景;稳定的层结结构、中低层偏东及偏东北方向气团的输送、本地污染源以及严重的空气污染是此次过程中能见度偏低、霾天数较多的主要原因。     

河南省一次大雾的数值模拟及生消机制分析

应用非静力平衡中尺度模式MM5及NCEP资料和高空地面资料,模拟分析了2006年1月28日发生在河南省的一次大雾天气过程,结果发现：这次雾体最强的时段在日出后1～2h内,相对湿度下降的拐点滞后于气温回升的拐点2h左右;先出现贴地逆温再出现大雾,逆温最强的时段也是雾体最强的时段,逆温层顶始终覆盖在雾体上方;近地面的微风和风向的转变,有利于雾体的形成和向上发展,风向转变的时间也是雾体形成的时间;增温、减湿和逆温层的破坏是大雾消散的主要原因。     

湛江地区近海岸雾产生的天气条件及宏微观特征分析

利用2011年2～3月广东省湛江市东海岛雷达站观测得到的12次雾过程中雾滴谱、能见度、边界层风温场资料以及常规气象资料,对沿岸海雾发生时的天气系统进行分类,分析了雾发生时的气象条件、边界层特点、微物理特征等,并对典型个例进行讨论。总结发现:海雾易出现在低压前部、高压后部和冷锋前部等天气形势下;雾过程中,地面以偏东风为主,高空以偏东、偏南风为主;雾滴数浓度(N)的平均值变化范围为170～372 cm-3,液态水含量(LWC)为0.018～0.170 g m-3,平均半径为1.71～3.28 μm。选取了一个典型个例来研究典型天气形势下海雾宏微观特征,该过程发展初期以核化凝结为主,在水汽不充足时,大量的雾滴凝结核争食水汽,使得N增加而平均半径几乎不变。根据自动转化阈值T可以看出,成熟时期碰并效率增加,大滴端数密度增加,滴谱拓宽。结合边界层气象要素演变分析发现,在夜间急流显著时,不利于雾滴生长,LWC较低;而高空风速较小,逆虚温较强可能是消散阶段平均半径出现跃增的原因。雾滴谱呈双峰分布,且瞬时谱符合Gamma分布;液态水含量与消光系数、有效半径呈正相关关系,相关系数分别为0.95和0.97。     

南京雾-霾天气个例湍流运动特征的对比研究

利用超声风速仪、能见度仪等探测资料,采用Fortran、Matlab、Origin等软件处理数据并绘图分析,对比了南京郊区2013年12月4日一次霾过程、2013年12月7—9日一次雾过程和2013年12月3日一个晴天的湍流运动特征。结果表明,霾天和晴天平均水平风速、平均动能、湍流动能、湍流强度、摩擦速度、动量通量和热量通量都有明显的日变化,而这些参量在雾天没有明显的日变化,不同天气湍流参量大小有差异;霾、雾、晴天近中性层结下,u、v、w三个方向风速归一化标准差近似为常数,霾天分别为3.15、2.72、1.17,雾天分别为3.11、2.45、1.25,晴天分别为3.40、3.45、1.50;不稳定条件下霾、雾、晴天风速归一化标准差和湍流动能归一化标准差符合1/3幂次律,稳定条件下霾、雾、晴天无因次湍流动能均满足1/3幂次律;不稳定条件下霾、雾、晴天温度和湿度归一化标准差满足-1/3幂次律,稳定条件下霾、雾、晴天温度归一化标准差符合-2/3幂次律;雾天归一化u、v、w谱与Kansas谱吻合度比霾天和晴天高,霾天u、v、w谱峰值频率约为0.01 Hz,雾天u谱峰值频率约为0.004 Hz,v、w谱峰值频率约为0.1 Hz,晴天u、v、w谱峰值频率约为0.01 Hz。得出结论:雾天的边界层结构与霾天和晴天有所不同;不稳定条件下霾、雾、晴天风速、湍流动能、温度、湿度归一化标准差均符合莫宁-奥布霍夫相似理论;雾天归一化u、v、w谱比霾天和晴天更加符合莫宁-奥布霍夫局地各向同性理论,且霾天和晴天以机械湍流为主,雾天既有机械湍流也有热力湍流。     

2009年11月江苏南部一次大雾天气诊断分析

利用地面观测和探空资料及NCEP 1^。×1^。再分析资料,分析了2009年11月25-27日江苏省南部大雾的成因。结果表明：逆温层的高度及强度与雾的浓度关系密切,弱冷暖平流有利于产生雾,但是温度平流在近地面一定高度迅速逆转使得温度层结由不稳定转为稳定更利于浓雾产生。边界层在低层辐合上升和高层辐散下沉的界面中形成逆温层,是产生浓雾的重要因素。对大雾天气进行诊断分析,有利于更加准确的对大雾天气进行数值预报,减轻此类灾害性天气的危害。     

濮阳一次持续性雾霾天气的阶段性特征和维持机制

2018年11月23日至12月3日,华北平原出现了一次较长时间的雾霾天气。利用常规气象观测资料、NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和污染物浓度资料,以河南省濮阳市为例,对此过程的大尺度环流背景场、边界层内气象要素特征、动力因素和污染状况等进行综合分析,分3个阶段探讨此过程形成的原因和维持机制。结果表明:(1)雾霾发生在高空纬向环流背景下,华北处于高压脊前西北气流中,频繁受下滑短波槽影响。(2)冷空气活动偏弱,中低层维持暖脊控制,使边界层内出现较强逆温,制约低层水汽和污染物的垂直扩散。(3)地面处于均压场或锋后弱冷高压控制,弱风条件不利于污染物的水平扩散。(4)前期大雾形成时,强逆温层在900 hPa以下的贴地高度,能见度很低,污染严重;中期霾严重时,较强逆温层上移至900—850 hPa,并出现双层逆温,能见度虽较好,污染仍然严重;后期的雾霾主要由高湿度环境中污染物聚集吸湿增长造成。(5)中低空弱的下沉气流及近地面辐合风场是雾霾天气得以发展维持的动力因子。     

Notes from council

A wide set of size‐distribution models of haze and fog droplets expressed in terms of the modified gamma distribution function have been used for evaluating the proportionality coefficient b in the empirical relationship between visibility V and liquid water content LWC, that is V=b (LWC)‐ ^2/3, as proposed by Eldridge (1966). The evaluations of b turn out to be consistent with the values proposed in the literature and give evidence for its close dependence on the shape‐parameters of the droplet size distribution, especially as regards the mode radius and the width of the larger‐droplet wing. Three average relationship curves are proposed respectively for dense haze, “dry and cold” fog and “wet and warm” fog.

Corresponding to these cases, three correlation lines are presented between b and the ratio of the volume extinction coefficient at 3.70 μm wavelength to that at 0.55 μm, evaluated for the same uniform path in hazy and foggy atmospheres. Applied to measurements of infrared and visible transmission such correlation lines give the possibility of estimating the most proper value of b to be used in Eldridge's relationship for different atmospheric conditions.     

Characteristics of Boundary Layer Structure during a Persistent Haze Event in the Central Liaoning City Cluster,Northeast China

The characteristics of boundary layer structure during a persistent regional haze event over the central Liaoning city cluster of Northeast China from 16 to 21 December 2016 were investigated based on the measurements of particulate matter (PM) concentration and the meteorological data within the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL). During the observational period, the maximum hourly mean PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations in Shenyang, Anshan, Fushun, and Benxi ranged from 276 to 355 μg m^–3 and from 378 to 442 μg m^–3, respectively, and the lowest hourly mean atmospheric visibility (VIS) in different cities ranged from 0.14 to 0.64 km. The central Liaoning city cluster was located in the front of a slowly moving high pressure and was mainly controlled by southerly winds. Wind speed (WS) within the ABL (< 2 km) decreased significantly and WS at 10-m height mostly remained below 2 m s^–1 during the hazy episodes, which was favorable for the accumulation of air pollutants. A potential temperature inversion layer existed throughout the entire ABL during the earlier hazy episode [from 0500 Local Time (LT) 18 December to 1100 LT 19 December], and then a potential temperature inversion layer developed with the bottom gradually decreased from 900 m to 300 m. Such a stable atmospheric stratification further weakened pollutant dispersion. The atmospheric boundary layer height (ABLH) estimated based on potential temperature profiles was mostly lower than 400 m and varied oppositely with PM_2.5 in Shenyang. In summary, weak winds due to calm synoptic conditions, strong thermal inversion layer, and shallow atmospheric boundary layer contributed to the formation and development of this haze event. The backward trajectory analysis revealed the sources of air masses and explained the different characteristics of the haze episodes in the four cities.     

四川盆地南部一次持续性雾霾过程的特征及成因分析

本文利用常规气象资料、NCEP (1°×1°)再分析资料和环监站实时监测数据,分析了2017年12月四川盆地南部一次持续性雾霾的气象特征和增强机制。结果表明:(1)中高纬平直纬向环流、低层弱偏南偏东气流、地面均压场组成的静稳天气长时间维持为雾霾天气的形成和维持提供了有利的环流背景条件。(2)上干下湿、逆温明显的大气稳定层结,连续无降水、近地层高湿和较弱的风场提供有利的气象要素条件。(3)低层弱冷平流、上层暖平流促进稳定层结长时间维持和近地层水汽凝结作用加强,为雾霾天气的增强和持续起到了重要作用。(4)冷空气、降水,水平和垂直扩散能力增强是空气污染物浓度降低的重要条件。      

Temperature stratification and altitude ozone variability in the low troposphere from acoustic and balloon sounding

Results of simultaneous balloon and acoustic sounding in the lower troposphere (in the surface layer up to 800 m) carried out in Velikie Luki in May–June 2002 jointly by the Moscow State University (MSU) and Central Aerological Observatory (CAO) are discussed. During the experiment, the tethered (captive) balloon for measuring air temperature and ozone partial pressure was ascended and descended 15 times. Simultaneously, gradient measurements were performed at a 4-m tower. During the intervals between ascents, the temperature stratification was determined by using the Ekho-1 sodar data. A dominating influence of temperature stratification and of some weather events on the ozone distribution with altitude is shown. In case of unstable stratification, its partial pressure is almost unchanged within the entire lower troposphere; in case of surface inversion, the ozone decrease is observed near the surface. In case of elevated inversion the ozone partial pressure is almost the same both below inversion and above it; in the layer of the inversion itself, it increases spasmodically with the altitude. Synoptic conditions largely influence the stratification regime: under conditions of the Arctic air mass, the thermal convection is observed more often and surface inversions are observed more rarely than when the local mass dominates. Artificial dynamic mixing can lead to the surface inversion dissipation in several minutes.     

Analysis of Coastal Fog from a Ship During the C-FOG Campaign

This work presents ship-based measurements of fog off St John’s, Newfoundland, on 13 September 2018 during the Coastal Fog field campaign. The measurements included cloud-particle spectra, cloud-base height and aerosol backscatter, radiation, turbulence, visibility, and sea-surface temperature. Radiosonde soundings were made at intervals of less than 2 h. Fog occurred in two episodes during the passage of an eastward-moving synoptic low-pressure system. The boundary-layer structure during the first fog episode consisted of three layers, separated by two saturated temperature inversions, and capped by a subsidence inversion. The lowest layer was fog, and the upper layers were cloud. The second fog episode consisted of one well-mixed fog layer capped by a subsidence inversion. Low wind speeds and stable stratification maintained low surface-layer turbulence during fog. Droplet size distributions had typical bimodal distributions. The visibility correlated with the droplet number concentration and liquid water content. The air temperature was higher than the sea-surface temperature for the first 30 min of the first fog episode but was lower than the sea for the remainder of all fog. The sensible heat flux was upward, from sea to air, for the first 62% of the first fog episode and then reversed to downward, from air to sea, for the remainder of the first fog episode and the second fog episode. The counter-gradient heat fluxes observed (i.e., opposite to what is expected from the instantaneous air–sea temperature difference) appear to be related to turbulence, entrainment, and stratification in the fog layer that overwhelmed the influence of the air–sea temperature difference. While the synoptic-scale dynamics preconditioned the area for fog formation, the final step of fog appearance in this case was nuanced by stratification–turbulence interactions, local advective processes, and microphysical environment.