Magnetotelluric data inversion with seismic data constraint

Introduction The research on the structure and physical property of ancient hidden hill, igneous rocks and basement is relatively difficult by using seismic data only. If we combine seismic data, magneto-telluric (MT) data and geophysical data together, better results can be obtained for the above problem. A number of geophysicists at home and abroad, such as CHEN and WANG (1990), Siri-punvarapor and Egbert (2000) have tried many methods to solve the problem by the inversion of seismic da…     

数据自相关多次波偏移成像

在常规偏移方法中一般都需要压制地震数据中的多次波,仅利用一次波信息成像,把自由表面反射的多次波视为噪声,但是在多次波中也包含着地下结构信息,应该将其充分利用到成像中来.事实上,已经有不少成像方法试图利用多次波信息,但是大部分方法都需要对多次波进行预测.本文提出了基于傅里叶有限差分偏移算子的数据自相关偏移方法.在这种偏移方法中,对含有一次波和多次波的地震数据,分别进行下行和上行延拓,然后直接利用常规的互相关成像条件成像.由于波场延拓采用了傅里叶有限差分算子,其计算效率高,能够很好地对复杂介质中的地震数据进行延拓.在数值试验中,使用了一个含散射点的三层模型和Marmousi模型.合成数据测试结果表明,这种方法可以对更大范围的地下构造成像,比常规的只利用一次波的傅里叶有限差分法照明度更好,并且在浅层可以提供更高的分辨率.我们提出的数据自相关策略易于实现且避免了繁杂的多次波预测,这对于复杂地下构造成像可能有着重大意义.     

Super-resolution data assimilation

Ocean Dynamics - Increasing model resolution can improve the performance of a data assimilation system because it reduces model error, the system can more optimally use high-resolution...     

Nonlinear data processing method for the signal enhancement of GPR data

An alternative data processing procedure is proposed in this paper for the purpose of enhancing the signal/noise (S/N) ratio of ground penetrating radar (GPR) data. The processing methodology is achieved by performing the logarithmic transform in conjunction with the ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD), a new nonlinear data analysis method in signal processing. The synthetic model study and field example indicate that the logarithmic transform is effective in alleviating the attenuation problem. Additionally, the spectrogram obtained from Hilbert-Huang transform (HHT) shows that the decomposition sensitivity of the EEMD method is greatly improved with the aid of the logarithmic transform. This new method allows us to extract the signal components from noisy GPR data efficiently. The success of this study suggests a possible nonlinear analysis application in future GPR investigation, particularly in the filter design and gain correction.     

An automatic method for data processing of seismic data in tunneling

We present a new method for the prediction of the discontinuities and lithological variations ahead of the tunnel face. The automatic procedure is applied to data collected by seismic reflection surveys, with the sources and sensors located along the tunnel. The method allows: i) to estimate an average value of the wave velocity; ii) to detect the discontinuities for each source point; and iii) to analyze and plot the number of superposing estimates for each node of the domain. The final result can be interpreted as the probability to detect a discontinuity at a certain distance from the tunnel face. The method automatically estimates the peaks in the seismograms that can be related to a reflection. On the base of this process, the method only requires the source–receiver geometry and the data acquisition parameters. The procedure has been tested on synthetic and real data coming from a seismic survey on a tunnel under construction. The results indicate that the method runs very fast and it is reliable in the identification of lithological changes and discontinuities, up to more than 100 m ahead of the tunnel face.     

基于大数据技术的地震数据处理新思路

现代地震观测积累了大量、种类繁多的地震前兆数据和震后数据,但数据中隐含的地震规律及趋势无法用经典的算例、数学公式、物理公式进行定量解释、分析和预测,需要探索新方法、新技术。案例表明,大数据分析具有预测事物发展趋势、改变传统观念和发现新事物的功能,有助于从错误信息中挖掘有价值信息。本文由此提出基于大数据技术处理地震数据的新思路,对地震监测预报新思路进行探索;通过在大数据平台上基于地震目录的余震预测研究,给出大数据技术在地震数据处理方面的一个应用实例,验证该思路的可行性。     

A platform for Kirchhoff data mapping in scalar models of data acquisition

Kirchhoff data mapping (KDM) is a procedure for transforming data from a given input source/receiver configuration and background earth model to data corresponding to a different output source/receiver configuration and background model. The generalization of NMO/DMO, datuming and offset continuation are three examples of KDM applications. This paper describes a 'platform' for KDM for scalar wavefields. The word, platform, indicates that no calculations are carried out in this paper that would adapt the derived formula to any one of a list of KDMs that are presented in the text. Platform formulae are presented in 3D and in 2.5D. For the latter, the validity of the platform equation is verified — within the constraints of high-frequency asymptotics — by applying it to a Kirchhoff approximate representation of the upward scattered data from a single reflector and for an arbitrary source/receiver configuration. The KDM formalism is shown to map this Kirchhoff model data in the input source/receiver configuration to Kirchhoff data in the output source/receiver configuration, with one exception. The method does not map the reflection coefficient. Thus, we verify that, asymptotically, the ray theoretical geometrical spreading effects due to propagation and reflection (including reflector curvature) are mapped by this formalism, consistent with the input and output modelling parameters, while the input reflection coefficient is preserved. In this sense, this is a 'true-amplitude' formalism. As with earlier Kirchhoff inversion, a slight modification of the kernel of KDM provides alternative integral operators for estimating the specular reflection angle, both in the input configuration and in the output configuration, thereby providing a basis for amplitude-versus-angle analysis of the data.     

从瞬变电磁测深数据到平面电磁波场数据的等效转换

中心回线源装置的瞬变电磁场是一种涡流场,在地下主要以扩散形式传播.平面电磁波在地下介质中传播时具有反射、折射等电磁学特性,为了借鉴平面电磁波场测深成熟的解释方法,文中开展了从瞬变电磁涡流场测深数据到平面波场数据的快速等效转换的研究.通过大量的理论模型的正演计算、曲线对比,误差统计,对瞬变电磁场、平面波场在地下传播机制特性的分析,建立了一种由瞬变电磁测深视电阻率数据向平面波场测深视电阻率数据转换的时间-频率等效对应关系.利用这一关系式,把扩散场数据快速转换成等效平面波场测深数据. 为进一步进行瞬变电磁拟平面波成像解释打下理论基础.     

Terracing potential field data

Terracing is an operator that is applied to potential field data to produce regions of constant field amplitude that are separated by sharp boundaries, as an aid to interpretation. When applied to map data, the boundaries are defined by the zero contour of the 2D Laplacian derivative operator. An improved method is described here that defines the boundaries by the zero contour of the profile curvature. This approach gives superior results because the 2D Laplacian operator is composed only of derivatives in the EW and NS directions, while the profile curvature uses the curvature in the 'uphill' direction at each point, whatever that direction may be. The method is demonstrated on gravity data from South Africa. Source code in Matlab format is available from the authors on request.     

Processing of magnetotelluric data

The processing of magnetotelluric data involves concepts from electromagnetic theory, time series analysis and linear systems theory for reducing natural electric and magnetic field variations recorded at the earth's surface to forms suitable for studying the electrical properties of the earth's interior.The electromagnetic field relations lead to either a scalar transfer impedance which couples an electric component to an orthogonal magnetic component at the surface of a plane-layered earth, or a tensor transfer impedance which couples each electric component to both magnetic components in the vicinity of a lateral inhomogeneity.A number of time series spectral analysis methods can be used for estimating the complex spectral coefficients of the various field quantities. These in turn are used for estimating the nature of the transfer function or tensor impedance. For two dimensional situations, the tensor impedance can be rotated to determine the principal directions of the electrical structure.In general for real data, estimates of the apparent resistivity are more stable when calculated from the tensor elements rather than from simple orthogonal field ratios (Cagniard estimates), even when the fields are measured in the principal coordinates.     

利用地基观测对卫星观测电离层结构参数的定量验证研究

本文采用散点图、趋势线、相关系数及观测偏差等统计方法,利用COSMIC卫星和SPIDR提供的垂测仪观测的F₂层峰值电子密度数据,开展了综合统计及按季节、地方时和纬度的分类统计.统计结果显示:地基垂测仪与卫星观测到的相应的F₂层峰值电子密度数据具有很高的相关性,两者之间的相关系数高达0.95,相对偏差的平均值为-3.38%,标准差为19.54%.基于上述研究结果,提出了利用地面垂测仪观测数据验证卫星观测的电离层结构参数的方法,并给出了定性的判别依据和定量的判别标准,可在我国电磁监测试验卫星发射后,为F₂层峰值电子密度观测数据的真实性和有效性提供检验方法和保障.      

Functional data clustering using K-means and random projection with applications to climatological data

In this paper, an efficient pattern recognition method for functional data is introduced. The proposed method works based on reproducing kernel Hilbert space (RKHS), random projection and K-means algorithm. First, the infinite dimensional data are projected onto RKHS, then they are projected iteratively onto some spaces with increasing dimension via random projection. K-means algorithm is applied to the projected data, and its solution is used to start K-means on the projected data in the next spaces. We implement the proposed algorithm on some simulated and climatological datasets and compare the obtained results with those achieved by K-means clustering using a single random projection and classical K-means. The proposed algorithm presents better results based on mean square distance (MSD) and Rand index as we have expected. Furthermore, a new kernel based on a wavelet function is used that gives a suitable reconstruction of curves, and the results are satisfactory.     

The utilization of the double focal transformation for sparse data representation and data reconstruction

In many cases, seismic measurements are coarsely sampled in at least one dimension. This leads to aliasing artefacts and therefore to problems in the subsequent processing steps. To avoid this, seismic data reconstruction can be applied in advance. The success and reliability of reconstruction methods are dependent on the assumptions they make on the data. In many cases, wavefields are assumed to (locally) have a linear space–time behaviour. However, field data are usually complex, with strongly curved events. Therefore, in this paper, we propose the double focal transformation as an efficient way for complex data reconstruction. Hereby, wavefield propagation is formulated as a transformation, where one‐way propagation operators are used as its basis functions. These wavefield operators can be based on a macro velocity model, which allows our method to use prior information in order to make the data decomposition more effective. The basic principle of the double focal transformation is to focus seismic energy along source and receiver coordinates simultaneously. The seismic data are represented by a number of localized events in the focal domain, whereas aliasing noise spreads out. By imposing a sparse solution in the focal domain, aliasing noise is suppressed, and data reconstruction beyond aliasing is achieved. To facilitate the process, only a few effective depth levels need to be included, preferably along the major boundaries in the data, from which the propagation operators can be calculated. Results on 2D and 3D synthetic data illustrate the method's virtues. Furthermore, seismic data reconstruction on a 2D field dataset with gaps and aliased source spacing demonstrates the strength of the double focal transformation, particularly for near‐offset reflections with strong curvature and for diffractions.