粤西及琼东北海区悬浮体浓度及海水浊度特征分析

通过对粤西及海南岛东北部海区现场调查,取得了大量悬浮体浓度及海水浊度数据,分析后发现调查海区悬浮体浓度值普遍较低,绝大部分海域为清洁海域。对悬浮体浓度及海水浊度平面图及断面图分析后发现,春夏季粤西悬浮物主要来源于珠江口及琼州海峡,且两处悬浮物在电白外海存在明显的分界,琼东北海域悬浮物主要来自于海南岛及外海。近岸及底层悬浮体浓度及海水浊度具有较好的相关性,浊度能够很好地反映悬砂含量,但是不能反映生物活动及分布状况,如琼东上升流区的生物活动较剧烈,虽然其悬浮物浓度值偏高,但其浊度值并没有明显升高。     

南海北部气烟囱成因及其与油气及水合物运聚成藏关系

南海北部大陆边缘盆地油气勘探及天然气水合物调查与勘查评价中,地球物理资料尤其是二维/三维地震剖面上常见不同类型、不同特征且与油气藏及天然气水合物藏密切相关的地震反射模糊带等地震地质异常体,即“气烟囱”或“流体底辟”或“含气陷阱”。本文拟重点研究“气烟囱”成因及其与油气及天然气水合物运聚成藏的关系。油气勘探实践表明,气烟囱往往与油气藏尤其是天然气水合物藏伴生,且油气及水合物多处于其上覆或两侧位置附近。通过大量油气及天然气水合物勘探实践、地质地球物理资料综合分析及油气地球化学分析等,充分证实了气烟囱与其上覆或两侧附近的油气及天然气水合物藏具有密切的成因联系。研究表明,气烟囱作为连接和沟通烃源/气源供给系统与油气藏及水合物藏之间的重要桥梁和纽带,是油气（水合物）勘探中判识追踪油气藏及水合物藏成因、确定其烃源/气源供给系统活动特征的重要依据和指示。因此,深入分析研究气烟囱系统成因及类型,不仅能够追踪探索和判识确定油气及水合物成因,阐明其运聚成藏规律及控制因素,而且能够指导油气及水合物勘探部署与综合评价工作。同时,通过油气及水合物成因的地球化学分析,亦可判识确定其气烟囱成因及其对油气和水合物运聚...     

南海北部边缘盆地天然气成因类型及运聚规律与勘探新领域

根据南海北部边缘盆地天然气(烃类气和非烃气)及非常规天然气-天然气水合物的勘探与研究,对所发现的烃类天然气、CO2等非烃气及天然气水合物等进行了类型划分.生物气及亚生物气在全区海底及浅层广泛分布,气源来自上新统及第四系海相沉积;成熟油型气(油田伴生气)主要分布于北部湾盆地及珠江口盆地北部裂陷带主要油气田分 布区,其气源...     

小黄鱼(Larimichthys polyactis)消化道形态与组织学结构特征及其消化酶活性的研究

为了解小黄鱼(Larimichthyspolyactis)消化道结构特点及其功能与食性的相关性,采用解剖、石蜡切片、AB-PAS反应及酶活检测技术,观察研究了小黄鱼消化道的形态及组织学结构、黏液细胞定位及消化酶活性。结果显示:消化道由口咽腔(舌)、食道、胃及肠构成,食道粗短,胃卜型,肠呈"S"型弯曲,肠指数为0.63;舌上皮中分布有味蕾及少量各型黏液细胞。食道、胃及肠均由黏膜层、黏膜下层、肌层及外膜组成;食道含初级及次级突起,分别被覆复层扁平及单层柱状上皮,大量黏液细胞分布于复层上皮内,以Ⅱ型为主。胃内胃腺发达,分布有大量Ⅰ及Ⅱ型黏液细胞;胃中蛋白酶活性较高。肠上皮为单层柱状上皮,上皮层分布有各型黏液细胞,以Ⅱ型为主;肠道肌层厚度、黏膜褶皱高度及黏液细胞总密度由前往后递增;肠道中胰蛋白酶、脂肪酶、淀粉酶及碱性磷酸酶活性较高,且后肠高于前、中肠。小黄鱼消化道形态、组织结构及酶活性分布特点与其肉食食性相适应,口咽腔(舌)及食道上皮具有较好的保护作用,胃在蛋白质消化吸收方面发挥重要作用,肠道在蛋白质、脂类、糖类、无机盐等物质的消化吸收方面起重要作用。     

能源地质学的前缘科学：沉积盆地动力学

盆地动力学作为地球动力学的分支科学,是近几年来兴起的跨学科领域,其研究内容包括盆地深部过程及驱动力、盆地成因及演化、盆地分析、盆地模拟、盆地流体动力学及盆地成矿动力学等方面,其研究程度取决于地学中各相关学科的发展及新技术的应用。     

水声环境资料质量检核评估标准规范研究

为规范水声环境资料质量检核评估工作,开展了水声环境资料质量检核评估标准规范研究,参照水声环境数据后期处理一般程序,梳理分析了原始数据、处理算法、模型运用及处理流程等数据质量误差来源;结合标准化水声环境资料处理程序及成果形式,研究了数据及数据处理全流程检核评估方法,给出数据文件、处理代码及配套文档资料应包含的内容及检查方法;研判了数据质量检核评估要求,给出三级验收制度、检核评估形式及提交的资料清单要求,对开展水声环境资料验收汇交规程及相关标准规范的制定、修订工作,具有较强的参考价值。     

南海北部大陆边缘深水盆地成因机制与油气资源效应

南海北部陆缘深水油气及天然气水合物等多种资源分布及资源潜力与其深部地壳岩石圈结构构造特征,尤其是地壳浅表层沉积盆地类型及成盆机制等存在时空耦合配置关系及成因联系,亦是目前油气及水合物地质勘探研究调查部门和学术界重点关注领域。基于海洋地质调查地质地球物理资料和油气勘探开发成果,综合分析了南海北部陆缘深部岩石圈地壳结构构造特征,借鉴陆缘伸展地壳拆离薄化新模式的理念,阐明深部地壳结构构造特征与深水盆地的时空耦合配置关系,进而揭示了深水盆地成因及其与深水油气及水合物成藏等的成因联系及资源效应;预测陆坡-洋陆过渡带深水及超深水盆地油气资源潜力与勘探前景优于陆架浅水盆地,且水合物资源潜力巨大,是我国海洋油气勘探可持续发展与油气储量接替的重要战略选区。     

氨氮和亚硝酸盐对斜带石斑鱼苗的急性毒性效应

研究了水温(25±0.5)℃,盐度30~31,pH值7.9~8.1,溶解氧4.5~5.5 mg/L条件下氨氮和亚硝酸盐对不同规格斜带石斑鱼(Epinephelus coioides)苗的急性毒性效应。试验结果表明,氨氮对平均全长4.4cm的斜带石斑鱼苗的24、48、72、96 h LC50及安全质量浓度分别为5.62、3.50、2.93、2.68及0.27 mg/L,对应的非离子氨及安全质量浓度分别为0.23、0.14、0.12、0.11及0.011 mg/L;氨氮对平均全长10.5 cm斜带石斑鱼苗的24、48、72、96 h LC50及安全质量浓度分别为58.6、56.2、53.3、51.4及5.13 mg/L,对应的非离子氨及安全质量浓度分别为2.41、2.32、2.20、2.12及0.21 mg/L;亚硝酸盐对全长4.4 cm的斜带石斑鱼苗的24、48、72、96 h LC50及安全质量浓度分别为288.4、281.8、270.4、267.3及26.7 mg/L;亚硝酸盐对全长10.5 cm的斜带石斑鱼苗的24、48、72、96 h LC50及安全质量浓度分别为354.8、346.7、280.5、208.4及20.8 mg/L。     

浅谈水工工程投标中的预算和报价技巧

施工企业在投标时应在充分理解招标文件、施工图及做好投标前的现场考察的基础上,根据企业自身的管理水平及市场行情做好投标书。介绍了预算价编制、施工组织设计编制、定额及费用选取、报价分析及最终报价中的一些技巧性问题。     

2009～2010年冬季渤海及黄海北部冰情分析

从冷空气活动及气温变化的角度分析了2009～2010年冬季渤海及黄海北部气候背景状况,发现此冬季渤海及黄海北部沿岸平均气温较多年偏低.通过对海冰冰情的发展与变化状况和各海区严重冰期内冰情分析显示,该冬季渤海及黄海北部为偏重冰年.     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.