一种基于行人位置描述的道路模拟表达方法

人们在户外行走时,通常使用自然语言表达其对自身位置的感知,在计算机中如何将定性的自然语言位置描述转换为定量的图形语言是地理信息系统、人工智能等领域面临的挑战。该文提出一种基于行人位置描述的道路模拟表达方法,将自然语言位置描述转换为道路模拟地图。首先设计一组空间认知实验,探讨道路上的行人在户外如何使用自然语言描述当前位置;然后基于行人的每条自然语言位置描述估算该位置的候选区域,在候选区域中随机产生该位置的一对坐标值;最后将行人在路上经过的多个位置点坐标数据组合,采用直线拟合和概率拟合两种方法对该道路进行模拟表达。实验结果表明,该文方法能达到较好的模拟表达效果,为自然语言到图形语言的转换研究奠定了基础。     

地理因素对语言学习的影响——评《地理空间的认知和语言学新视角》

正一般情况下,地理因素主要包括地理位置、气候条件、地理文化特征以及区域自然资源等。这些因素相互制约、相互影响,可以造就不同的区域文化地理和人文地理发展脉络。一直以来,民族文化和地理因素对语言学习都有着重要影响。由测绘出版社出版的《地理空间的认知和语言学新视角》一书,将语言作为现代地理信息科学研究的新视角,为读者展现了地理空间因素对地理语言的影响。全书由15篇严格遴选审阅的当代地理科学信息学术论文组成,详细讨论了当代地理学的空间计     

面向导游词的景区地理实体显著性排序方法

地理实体显著性排序是面向自然语言的层次化场景认知研究的重要内容之一。导游词作为系统描述特定景区环境、景点与重要资源的自然语言形式,包含大量的景区地理实体,但传统实体排序方法忽视了地理空间信息的重要作用,难以处理地理实体特有的非结构化或半结构化地理空间特征。该文提出一种面向导游词的景区地理实体显著性排序(Geographic Entity Significance Ranking, GESR)模型,通过分析包含空间拓扑关系、模糊形态描述在内的景区地理实体相关特征构建目标排序函数,迭代生成基于样本误差分布与随机梯度下降法的弱学习器,再通过加权平均集成与降误差剪枝获得提升后的强学习器,即排序模型。利用中文导游词文本对模型进行验证,结果表明：1)与3种基线方法对比,GESR模型的归一化折损累积增益达0.8841,AUC达0.7579,排序性能最优;2)空间拓扑关系和模糊形态描述特征对GESR模型的影响最显著;3)相比人群关注热度,GESR模型对导游词中地理实体空间特征的反映能力更强。     

基于带权Voronoi图与地标的空间位置描述

地标是最基本的空间知识,在空间知识的表达和推理中具有重要作用,常被用来作为空间位置描述的参照物.在实际中,不同地标在空间位置描述中的权重不同,如何考虑地标权重建立符合人类空间认知的形式化方法是空间知识表达的重要研究内容.该文从视觉、语义和空间结构等方面总结影响地标权重的因素,通过认知实验获取北京大学校园内10个地标的权重.在此基础上,基于带权Voronoi图提出生成指定目标对象空间位置描述的形式化方法,并采用认知实验中的数据,以北京大学为例,生成校园内4个指定目标对象的空间位置描述.最后分析了引起基于带权Voronoi图与地标空间位置描述不准确的因素,并提出下一步的研究方向.     

大数据时代的空间交互分析方法和应用再论

空间交互是理解地表人文过程的重要基础,与空间依赖一起共同体现了地理空间的独特性、关联性以及对嵌入该空间的地理分布格局的影响,具有鲜明的时空属性,因此对于地理学研究具有重要意义。大数据为空间交互研究带来了新的机遇,能够使我们在不同时空尺度感知和观察空间交互模式并对其动态演化特征进行模拟和预测,从而为揭示人类活动规律及区域空间结构提供有力支持。本文在探讨空间交互与地理空间模式关系的基础上,描述了利用地理大数据感知空间交互的方式和定量模型,介绍了空间交互分析方法的研究进展及其在空间规划与交通、公共卫生、旅游等领域的应用情况,并就一些基本问题进行了讨论,以期为大数据支持下空间交互相关研究提供指导。     

土地利用空间格局的图形信息表达初步研究

土地利用表现为在自然要素和人类活动的综合作用下的一系列异质性的图形。不同的土地利用空间格局的地学形成机制、生态功能、演化方向和对环境的影响各不相同,其空间图形也千差万别。运用景观生态学原理、地理图形信息理论,以位于中国北方农牧交错带的吉林省前郭县作为研究区,在GIS的支持下,归纳、抽象了各主要土地利用类型斑块形状及其描述参数,探讨了土地利用空间格局和空间分布的表达方法(VCM曲线),实现了土地利用空间格局图形的数量化描述和分析。其结果为从图形信息机理的角度研究土地利用格局的地学形成机制及生态功能、时空演化等方面奠定了基础     

地理空间意像模式的Voronoi模型

提出用Voronoi空间模型来表达意像模式，Voronoi模型无岐义空间邻近关系，构建能封装对象间空间关系的拓扑网络，使用该模型将各种空间介词映射为不同的拓扑结构，GIS采用该模型，可按自然语言中空间介词描述的定性空间关系查询检索模糊地理信息。     

基于对象的GIS时空数据模型设计方法

GIS时空数据模型是描述空间实体的时间特性和空间特性的有机体,是GIS存储、再现、分析动态的现实世界的基础.该文采用面向对象的思想将地理实体抽象为空间对象,对空间对象的空间几何信息、属性信息、时间信息进行封装,提出了基于对象的GIS时空数据模型的构建方法.重点探讨了基于对象的地理实体描述方法、空间对象的时态特征和时态数据的存储方法,为时空信息的有机集成、共享管理、决策分析与应用提供了关于时空数据组织与管理模式的新思路.     

元阳县土地利用空间格局及其变化的图谱方法研究

信息图谱为区域土地利用空间格局及变化提供了一种谱系化、定量化与定位化相结合的研究方法.以云南省元阳县为例,在遥感、GIS空间分析和统计分析模型的支持下,从土地利用时空演变模式、空间扩展过程、斑块的空间分布特征三方面建立土地利用空间格局及变化信息图谱,并对其图谱特征进行分析.结果表明:土地利用时空演变征兆图谱更直观形象地揭示了区域土地利用变化的基本模式,提供了时空复合的表达方式;土地利用斑块形态与空间扩展图谱的建立应用空间格局研究中的相关概念和方法,将微观、宏观层次的图形信息与变化过程相结合;利用等步长变距离缓冲区分析法建立的VCM曲线可直观地描述不同土地利用类型斑块的空间分布特征及不同研究时段内其空间分布特征的变化情况.     

物联网时代信息地理研究的思考

近年来物联网在全球掀起巨大热潮。作为新一代信息技术,物联网不仅将给生产运行、经济和社会管理乃至个人生活带来极大影响,同时将会给地理学带来深刻变化,成为信息地理研究的重要对象。深入分析物联网对于地理学核心概念以及信息地理研究方法带来的影响,构建物联网时代信息地理研究的理论框架,主要包括:物联网构造了新的地理空间--现实地理空间与虚拟空间的统一体,推动人地关系的改善;物联网时代的信息实时收集与处理特征,使得空间结构、产品空间、行为空间发生重要变化,信息作为区位的影响因素将得到增强,城市交通、居住、工作和休憩功能空间受到影响,物联网从规范产业链和改变消费行为两个方面影响商业模式,人的环境感应能力增强,影响人们的空间感知和空间行为;基于物理世界的海量实时数据,信息地理研究方法发生变化,实证、时间维度、微观尺度等方面的研究将会增强。进而,系统性提出物联网时代信息地理的主要研究内容。     

Location approximation for local search services using natural language hints

Local search services allow a user to search for businesses that satisfy a given geographical constraint. In contrast to traditional web search engines, current local search services rely heavily on static, structured data. Although this yields very accurate systems, it also implies a limited coverage, and limited support for using landmarks and neighborhood names in queries. To overcome these limitations, we propose to augment the structured information available to a local search service, based on the vast amount of unstructured and semi‐structured data available on the web. This requires a computational framework to represent vague natural language information about the nearness of places, as well as the spatial extent of vague neighborhoods. In this paper, we propose such a framework based on fuzzy set theory, and show how natural language information can be translated into this framework. We provide experimental results that show the effectiveness of the proposed techniques, and demonstrate that local search based on natural language hints about the location of places with an unknown address, is feasible.     

芜湖市城市居住区位研究

运用评价模型对芜湖市各个片区的居住区位进行了评价,利用问卷调查方式所获取的资料对芜湖市居民的居住满意度和择居意向进行了分析,并探讨了居住区位优势度对商品房价格的空间分异、居民居住满意度、居民择居偏好区位的影响。结果表明,处于芜湖市中心的城中片区在居住区位方面的优势最高;其次是镜湖北片区;再次是城南片区、城东片区、开发区片区;三山片区最次。可见对一个拥有中等规模,新区刚刚开发的城市而言,发展历程越久的片区,其区位优势越强,且商品房价格越高,居民的居住满意度越高,更成为居民理想的择居区位。     

Classifying natural-language spatial relation terms with random forest algorithm

The exponential growth of natural language text data in social media has contributed a rich data source for geographic information. However, incorporating such data source for GIS analysis faces tremendous challenges as existing GIS data tend to be geometry based while natural language text data tend to rely on natural language spatial relation (NLSR) terms. To alleviate this problem, one critical step is to translate geometric configurations into NLSR terms, but existing methods to date (e.g. mean value or decision tree algorithm) are insufficient to obtain a precise translation. This study addresses this issue by adopting the random forest (RF) algorithm to automatically learn a robust mapping model from a large number of samples and to evaluate the importance of each variable for each NLSR term. Because the semantic similarity of the collected terms reduces the classification accuracy, different grouping schemes of NLSR terms are used, with their influences on classification results being evaluated. The experiment results demonstrate that the learned model can accurately transform geometric configurations into NLSR terms, and that recognizing different groups of terms require different sets of variables. More importantly, the results of variable importance evaluation indicate that the importance of topology types determined by the 9-intersection model is weaker than metric variables in defining NLSR terms, which contrasts to the assertion of ‘topology matters, metric refines’ in existing studies.     

GIS作为新一代地理学语言的特征(英文)

Language plays a vital role in the communication, sharing and transmission of information among human beings. Geographical languages are essential for understanding, investigating, representing and propagating geo-spatial information. Geographical languages have developed and evolved gradually with improvements in science, technology and cognitive levels. Concerning the theoretical progress from geographical information ontology, epistemology and linguistic theory, this paper firstly puts forward the concept of a GIS language and discusses its basic characteristics according to changes in the structures, functions and characteristics of geographical languages. This GIS language can be regarded as a system of synthetic digital symbols. It is a comprehensive representation of geographical objects, phenomena and their spatial distributions and dynamic processes. This representation helps us generate a universal perception of geographical space using geographical scenarios or symbols with geometry, statuses, processes, spatio-temporal relationships, semantics and attributes. Furthermore, this paper states that the GIS language represents a new generation of geographical language due to its intrinsic characteristics, structures, functions and systematic content. Based on the aforementioned theoretical foundation, this paper illustrates the pivotal status and contributions of the GIS language from the perspective of geographical researchers. The language of GIS is a new geographical language designed for the current era, with features including spatio-temporal multi-dimension representation, interactive visualization, virtual geographical scenarios, multi-sensor perception and expedient broadcasting via the web. The GIS language is the highest-level geographical language developed to date, integrating semantic definitions, feature extraction, geographical dynamic representation and spatio-temporal factors and unifying the computation of geographical phenomena and objects. The GIS language possesses five important characteristics: abstraction, systematicness, strictness, precision and hierarchy. In summary, the GIS language provides a new means forpeople to recognize, understand and simulate entire geo-environments. Therefore, exploration of the GIS language’s functions in contemporary geographical developments is becoming increasingly important. Similarly, construction of the conceptual model and scientific systems of the GIS language will promote the development of the disciplines of geography and geographical information sciences. Therefore, this paper investigates the prospects of the GIS language from the perspectives of digital technology, geographical norms, geographical modeling and the disciplinary development of geography.     

A new geographical language：A perspective of GIS

Language plays a vital role in the communication, sharing and transmission of information among human beings. Geographical languages are essential for understanding, investigating, representing and propagating geo-spatial information. Geographical languages have developed and evolved gradually with improvements in science, technology and cognitive levels. Concerning the theoretical progress from geographical information ontology, epistemology and linguistic theory, this paper firstly puts forward the concept of a GIS language and discusses its basic characteristics according to changes in the structures, functions and characteristics of geographical languages. This GIS language can be regarded as a system of synthetic digital symbols. It is a comprehensive representation of geographical objects, phenomena and their spatial distributions and dynamic processes. This representation helps us generate a universal perception of geographical space using geographical scenarios or symbols with geometry, statuses, processes, spatio-temporal relationships, semantics and attributes. Furthermore, this paper states that the GIS language represents a new generation of geographical language due to its intrinsic characteristics, structures, functions and systematic content. Based on the aforementioned theoretical foundation, this paper illustrates the pivotal status and contributions of the GIS language from the perspective of geographical researchers. The language of GIS is a new geographical language designed for the current era, with features including spatio-temporal multi-dimension representation, interactive visualization, virtual geographical scenarios, multi-sensor perception and expedient broadcasting via the web. The GIS language is the highest-level geographical language developed to date, integrating semantic definitions, feature extraction, geographical dynamic representation and spatio-temporal factors and unifying the computation of geographical phenomena and objects. The GIS language possesses five important characteristics: abstraction, systematicness, strictness, precision and hierarchy. In summary, the GIS language provides a new means for people to recognize, understand and simulate entire geo-environments. Therefore, exploration of the GIS language’s functions in contemporary geographical developments is becoming increasingly important. Similarly, construction of the conceptual model and scientific systems of the GIS language will promote the development of the disciplines of geography and geographical information sciences. Therefore, this paper investigates the prospects of the GIS language from the perspectives of digital technology, geographical norms, geographical modeling and the disciplinary development of geography.     

资源信息系统建设方法探讨

该文通过对资源管理理论和方法的分析 ,根据资源信息系统对地理信息的需求展开讨论 ,针对现有资源信息系统建设常用方法及其存在的问题 ,讨论了通用资源信息系统建设中若干关键技术问题。     

基于XML Schema的多源地名词典集成方法

目前,我国已经构建大量不同级别、面向不同应用的地名词典,网络大众化地名服务成为地名词典的必然发展趋势。该文提出一种基于XML Schema的多源异构地名词典集成方法,以XML Schema对地名词典进行数据描述,采用XSLT数据转换方法,运用MapForce软件,快速进行地名词典的数据结构映射,能够有效解决地名词典的跨平台及数据类型不统一问题。     

GIS and geometric representation in facility location problems

Abstract

A neglected aspect of facility location problems is the geometric representation of the facilities sited and clients served. Point objects represent these entities in most facility location problems. This can cause solution error and limit the range of potential solutions. The increasing capabilities of geographical information systems (GIS) to represent, store and manipulate spatial entities provides a substantial but unrealized potential for more sophisticated geometric representation in facility location problems. This paper provides a framework for realizing this potential. Specifically, this paper: (i) synthesizes existing formulations; (ii) develops a unified mathematical framework; (iii) identifies feasible computational strategies that can be implemented within a GIS framework, and; (iv) discusses potential GIS-based solution algorithms.     

'What a dolt one is': language learning and fieldwork in geography

This paper discusses aspects of the theory and practice of foreign language learning for fieldwork in geography, a rarely discussed set of issues despite the personal investment that language learning requires from the researcher. In some cases of cross-cultural research, it may be particularly desirable to learn a vernacular language for which there are few (or no) study aids. However, there is little guidance about how learning such a language should be approached, or discussion of its significance for the subsequent research. Through a discussion of personal experience in Ethiopia, the paper describes one way of learning a vernacular language, and explores the advantages that this brought to the fieldwork and to the resulting research understandings.